scholarly journals 4425 Anibiotic-Resistant Organism Acquisition in Nursing Facility Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Joyce Wang ◽  
Marco Cassone ◽  
Kristen Gibson ◽  
Bonnie Lansing ◽  
Lona Mody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bioinformatics Pipeline ◽  
Nursing Facility ◽  
Included Patient ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Miseq Platform

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We investigated the association between gut microbiota features in newly admitted nursing facility (NF) patients and the acquisition of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and/or resistant Gram-negative bacteria (rGNB) within 14 days. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Patients were recruited at 6 Michigan NFs from 09/16-08/18. VRE or rGNB colonization status was determined by culture swabs collected from multiple body sites at enrolment, day 7, and day 14. Our analysis focused on patients with no colonization at baseline, a perirectal swab collected at baseline, and at least one follow-up visit. The V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene from bacterial DNA in each sample was PCR-amplified and sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Sequencing results were then processed with the mothur bioinformatics pipeline to classify bacterial taxa present in each sample. Taxa typically associated with the skin microbiota were removed. The primary outcome was acquisition of VRE and/or rGNB within 14 days. Exposures of interest included patient and microbiota characteristics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 61 patients, 18 (30%) acquired AROs within 14 days of enrolment (3 VRE, 13 rGNB, 2 both) (Table 1). The baseline microbiota features differed significantly in those who acquired a new ARO. Of the major 8 phyla found across samples, patients who acquired an ARO were depleted in the number of phyla present (5.74 ± 1.20 vs 5.06 ± 1.43; p = 0.037) (Fig. 1). The log10-transformed relative abundance of Enterococcus was enriched in patients who acquired an ARO (−0.32 ± 1.47) compared to those who did not (−1.68 ± 1.76; p = 0.021) (Fig. 2). Patients who did not acquire an ARO tended to harbour more butyrate-producing bacterial taxa and strict anaerobes, although the differences were not statistically significant (relative abundance of butyrate producer: 29.49 ± 22.09 vs 22.05 ± 17.76; anaerobes: 64.78 ± 23.54 vs 53.68 ± 27.61). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Microbiota metrics calculated from perirectal samples are predictive of ARO acquisition. The clinical utility of perirectal samples thus warrants further assessment.

scholarly journals 2846. Perirectal Samples for Analysis of the Gut Microbiota as a Predictive Tool for Multi-drug-Resistant Organism (MDRO) Acquisition in Nursing Facility (NF) Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S69-S70
Author(s):  
Joyce Wang ◽  
Marco Cassone ◽  
Kristen Gibson ◽  
Bonnie Lansing ◽  
Lona Mody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bioinformatics Pipeline ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Nursing Facility ◽  
Included Patient ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Colonization Status

Abstract Background Most research examining the association between gut microbiota disruption and MDRO acquisition has been done in acute care settings. Obtaining stool samples in older NF adults is challenging. We hypothesized that perirectal samples can be used as a proxy of the gut microbiota. This prospective cohort study investigated the association between perirectal swab-derived gut microbiota features in newly admitted NF patients and the acquisition of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and/or resistant Gram-negative bacteria (rGNB) within 14 days. Methods Patients were recruited at 6 MI NFs from September 2016 to October 2018 as part of a larger NIH-funded trial. Colonization status was determined by culture swabs collected from multiple body sites at enrollment, d7, and d14. Our analysis focused on patients with no MDRO at baseline, a perirectal swab collected at baseline, and at least one follow-up visit. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from samples and processed with the mothur bioinformatics pipeline. Sequences typically associated with the skin microbiota were removed. The primary outcome was any MDRO acquisition. Exposures of interest included patient and microbiota characteristics. The Microbiome Health Index (MHI) was used to assess microbiota health. An MHI of 0 indicates a balanced abundance between taxa associated with protection and dysbiosis; an MHI above/below 0 suggests better/poorer health, respectively (Figure 1). Results Among 60 eligible patients (Table 1), 18 (30%) acquired MDROs within 14 days of enrollment (3 VRE, 13 rGNB, 2 both). The baseline microbiota features differed significantly in those who acquired a new MDRO. Of the major 8 phyla found across samples, patients who acquired an MDRO were depleted in the number of phyla present (4.4 ± 1.1 vs. 5 ± 1.1; P = 0.08) (Figure 2). The log-transformed relative abundance of Enterococcus was enriched in patients who acquired an MDRO (−0.7 ± 3.41) compared with those who did not (−4.2 ± 4.8; P < 0.01) (Figure 3). An MHI below 0 was predictive of MDRO acquisition after adjusting for catheter use within 30 days before baseline (adjusted OR 4.9; 95% CI 1.1–21.1). Conclusion Microbiota metrics calculated from perirectal samples are predictive of MDRO acquisition. The clinical utility of perirectal samples warrants further assessment. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

scholarly journals Faecal Microbiota of Dogs Offered a Vegetarian Diet with or without the Supplementation of Feather Meal and either Cornmeal, Rye or Fermented Rye: A Preliminary Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Julia Hankel ◽  
Amr Abd El-Wahab ◽  
Richard Grone ◽  
Birgit Keller ◽  
Eric Galvez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Illumina Miseq Platform ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Miseq Platform ◽  
Preliminary Study

Anthropomorphism of dogs has affected feeding and the choice of components present in diets for dogs. Conflicting trends are present: raw or vegetarian appear more prevalent. Animal-derived proteins seem to have unfavourable impacts on intestinal microflora by decreasing the presence of Bacteroidetes. This preliminary study evaluates whether effects of diets with animal proteins on intestinal microbiota can be compensated by the addition of certain carbohydrates to dog diet. Eight female beagles were included in a cross-over study and fed a vegetarian diet or the same diet supplemented with feather meal (2.7%) and either 20% of cornmeal, fermented or non-fermented rye (moisture content of the diets about 42%). A 16S rRNA gene amplification was performed within the hypervariable region V4 on faecal samples and sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio tended to shift to the advantage of Firmicutes when feather meal and cornmeal were added (Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of 5.12 compared to 2.47 when offered the vegetarian diet) and tended to switch back to the advantage of Bacteroidetes if rye: fermented (2.17) or not (1.03) was added. The addition of rye might have the potential to compensate possible unfavourable effects of diets with animal proteins on intestinal microbiota of dogs.

scholarly journals Dynamic Alterations of Oral Microbiota Related to Halitosis in Preschool Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Ce Zhu ◽  
Guizhi Cao ◽  
Jingyu Zhan ◽  
Xiping Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Tongue Coating

ObjectiveThis longitudinal study was aimed to evaluate the dynamic shift in oral microbiota during the process of halitosis progression among preschool children.MethodsThe oral examinations, questionnaires and tongue coating specimens were collected at the baseline and 12-month follow-up. All children were oral healthy at the enrollment. At the 12-month follow-up, children who developed halitosis were included to the halitosis group (n = 10). While children who matched the age, gender, kindergarten and without halitosis were included to the control group (n = 10). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to reveal the shift of the tongue coating microbiome in these children during the 12- month period with the Human Oral Microbiome Database.ResultsA remarkable shift in relative abundance of specific bacteria was observed prior to halitosis development. The principal coordinates and alpha diversity analyses revealed different shifting patterns of halitosis and the healthy participants’ microbiome structures and bacterial diversity over the 12-month follow-up. Both groups showed variable microbiota community structures before the onset of halitosis. Halitosis-enriched species Prevotella melaninogenica, Actinomyces sp._HMT_180 and Saccharibacteria TM7_G-1_bacterium_HMT_352 were finally selected as biomarkers in the halitosis-onset prediction model after screening, with a prediction accuracy of 91.7%.ConclusionsThe microbiome composition and relative abundance of the tongue coatings in the halitosis and control groups remarkably differed, even prior to the onset of the clinical manifestations of halitosis. The halitosis prediction model constructed on the basis of tongue coating microbiome biomarkers indicated the microbial shifts before the halitosis onset. Therefore, this can be considered for the timely detection and intervention of halitosis in children.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota of Fattening Pigs Offered Non-Fermented and Fermented Liquid Feed with and without the Supplementation of Non-Fermented Coarse Cereals

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bunte ◽  
Richard Grone ◽  
Birgit Keller ◽  
Christoph Keller ◽  
Eric Galvez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Genus Lactobacillus ◽  
Miseq Platform ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Introducing high numbers of lactic acid bacteria into the gastrointestinal tract of pigs via fermented liquid feed (FLF) could have an impact on intestinal bacterial ecosystems. Twenty piglets were allocated into four groups and fed a botanically identical liquid diet that was offered either non-fermented (twice), fully fermented or partially fermented but supplemented with 40% of non-fermented coarse cereals. Microbiota studies were performed on the small and large intestine digesta and faecal samples. A 16S rRNA gene amplification was performed within the hypervariable region V4 and sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform. R (version 3.5.2) was used for the statistical analyses. The digesta of the small intestines of pigs fed FLF were dominated by Lactobacillaceae (relative abundance up to 95%). In the colonic contents, the abundance of Lactobacillaceae was significantly higher only in the pigs fed the FLF supplemented with non-fermented coarse cereals. Additionally, the digesta of the small and large intestines as well as in the faeces of the pigs fed the FLF supplemented with non-fermented coarse cereals were significantly enriched for two operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The FLF supplemented with non-fermented coarse cereals had probiotic and prebiotic-like impacts on the intestinal and faecal bacterial composition of pigs.

scholarly journals The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nomura ◽  
Erika Kakuta ◽  
Noboru Kaneko ◽  
Kaname Nohno ◽  
Akihiro Yoshihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hypervariable Regions ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Granulicatella Adiacens

For a healthy oral cavity, maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential. However, data on healthy microbiomes are not sufficient. To determine the nature of the core microbiome, the oral-microbiome structure was analyzed using pyrosequencing data. Saliva samples were obtained from healthy 90-year-old participants who attended the 20-year follow-up Niigata cohort study. A total of 85 people participated in the health checkups. The study population consisted of 40 male and 45 female participants. Stimulated saliva samples were obtained by chewing paraffin wax for 5 min. The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were amplified by PCR. Pyrosequencing was performed using MiSeq. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned on the basis of a 97% identity search in the EzTaxon-e database. Using the threshold of 100% detection on the species level, 13 species were detected: Streptococcus sinensis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus salivarius, KV831974_s, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Veillonella dispar, Granulicatella adiacens, Streptococcus_uc, Streptococcus peroris, KE952139_s, Veillonella parvula, Atopobium parvulum, and AFQU_vs. These species represent potential candidates for the core make-up of the human microbiome.

scholarly journals Complications following 250 cemented modular hip hemiarthroplasties

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ekman ◽  
H. Nurmi ◽  
A. Reito ◽  
J. Paloneva
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Posterior Approach ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures ◽  
Included Patient ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Complications And Mortality ◽  
Active Patients

Background and Aims: Hemiarthroplasty is a common method of treating displaced femoral neck fractures, especially among elderly non-active patients with frailty syndrome. Complications arising from the use of a modern, modular hemiendoprosthesis via a posterior approach have been poorly reported in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate complications and mortality associated with the use of Lubinus sp II cemented, unipolar hemiarthroplasty prosthesis and posterior approach during a 9-year follow-up. Material and Methods: All patients (244) who received hemiarthroplasty due to an acute fracture of the femoral neck in Central Finland Hospital, Jyvaskyla, Finland, during 2007 and 2008 were included. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed for intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results and Conclusion: Women composed 70% (n = 171) of the study population. Mean age was 83 years for women and 80 years for men. A total of 31 (12%) complications were found in 30 patients. These were 12 dislocations (5% of all patients), 5 (2%) periprosthetic fractures, 2 (0.8%) superficial and 5 (2%) deep infections, 1 (0.4%) protrusion of the prosthesis, 2 (0.8%) intraoperative fractures, and 2 (0.8%) partial sciatic nerve palsies. Conversion to total hip replacement was performed in 9 cases (4%) and a reoperation was required in 15 (6%) cases. Mortality rate at 9 years was 78% (95% confidence interval = 72%–83%). The overall rate of complications was acceptable although mortality was high in this comorbid patient population. The need for conversion to total hip arthroplasty and reoperation is low.

scholarly journals Dietary Supplementation with Inulin Modulates the Gut Microbiota and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Prediabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Wang ◽  
Tong Wang ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Xinhua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Miseq Platform

Aims. Accumulating evidence indicates gut microbiota dysbiosis is involved in metabolic disorders, including prediabetes. The prebiotic inulin has been frequently reported to exert beneficial effects on the host metabolism. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with inulin modulates gut microbiota structure in prediabetes, affecting glucose and lipid metabolism. Methods. We performed a prospective single-arm study. A total of 49 subjects with prediabetes (WHO 1999 criteria) were voluntarily enrolled. Each subject received a daily supplement with 15 g of inulin for 6 months. Glucose and lipid metabolic parameters and gut microbiota were analyzed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after inulin intervention. Intestinal microbiota profile was evaluated using the Illumina MiSeq platform based on V3-V4 bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results. The mean age of 49 subjects was 56.6 ± 6.9 years and BMI was 25.07 ± 3.02 kg/m2. After 24 weeks of prevention, inulin significantly decreased fasting insulin (2.38 ± 0.50 vs. 2.22 ± 0.62, P = 0.03 ) and 2-hour post-OGTT insulin (4.01 ± 0.77 vs. 3.74 ± 0.76, P = 0.02 ) and improved HOMA-IR (1.05 ± 0.53 vs. 0.85 ± 0.66, P = 0.03 ). Gut microbiota analysis indicated that inulin supplement resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriales, Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Anaerostipes both at 3 and 6 months, while with a decrease in the relative abundance of Alistipes. Spearman correlation analysis revealed altered microbial community was associated with glucose and lipids metabolic parameters. Conclusions. Inulin supplementation improves insulin resistance of prediabetes and exerts beneficial effects on modulating the intestinal microbiota composition. These findings suggest that insulin may be a potentially novel and inexpensive intervention for prediabetes.

scholarly journals PSIX-5 Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis modified fecal microbiome of weaned pigs in comparison to antibiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 183-183
Author(s):  
Cynthia Jinno ◽  
Yijie He ◽  
Xunde Li ◽  
Yanhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
E Coli

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing Bacillus subtilis on fecal microbiota of pigs experimentally infected with F-18 Escherichia coli (E. coli), in comparison to carbadox. Forty-eight weaned pigs (6.17 ± 0.36 kg BW) were individually housed and randomly allotted to one of four treatment (n =12): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), antibiotics (50 mg/kg of carbadox), and direct fed microbials (DFM, 500 mf/kg of Bacillus subtilis). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days before and 21 days after first E. coli inoculation (d 0). Pigs in the NC, PC, and DFM groups were orally inoculated with F18 E. coli for 3 consecutive days with 1010 CFU/3 mL/dose. Fecal samples were collected on d -7 and 0 before E. coli inoculation, and d 7 and 21 post inoculation (PI). DNA were extracted from all fecal samples to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. All data were analyzed with QIIME2 (2019.4) and R. Chao1 index was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in feces collected on d 0 before E. coli inoculation and lowest (P &lt; 0.05) on d -7 feces. Pigs supplemented with DFM had lower (P &lt; 0.05) Chao1 index than pigs fed with antibiotics on d 21 PI. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed separate clusters among days but overlaps among treatments. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were most (P &lt; 0.05) abundant on d -7 and lowest (P &lt; 0.05) on d 21 PI. However, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were most (P &lt; 0.05) abundant on d 21 PI. Pigs in the NC and DFM groups had greater (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes than pigs fed with antibiotics on d 0 and 7. Supplementation of antibiotics reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae compared with other treatments on d 0 PI. In conclusion, both animal age and dietary treatments influenced the fecal microbiome of weaned pigs.

scholarly journals PSIX-6 Gastrointestinal microbiome of calves fed solid diets containing different levels and sources of NDF

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 418-419
Author(s):  
Gercino F Virgínio Júnior ◽  
Milaine Poczynek ◽  
Ana Paula Silva ◽  
Ariany Toledo ◽  
Amanda Cezar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Miseq Platform ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Different levels and sources of NDF can modify the gastrointestinal microbiome. This study evaluated 18 Holstein calves housed in not-bedded suspended individual cages and fed one of three treatments: 22NDF - conventional starter containing 22% NDF (n = 7); 31NDF - starter with 31% NDF, replacing part of the corn by soybean hull (n = 6); and 22NDF+H - conventional starter with 22% NDF plus coast-cross hay ad libitum (n = 5). All animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily (24% CP; 18.5% fat; diluted to 12.5% solids), divided into two meals, being weaned at 8th week of age. After weaning, animals were housed in tropical shelters, fed with the respective solid diet and coast-cross hay ad libitum for all treatments. To evaluate the microbiome, ruminal fluid samples were collected using a modified Geishauser oral probe at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, two hours after the morning feeding, and fecal samples were collected at birth (0) and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10. The microbial community was determined by sequencing V3 and V4 region amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene that was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Ruminal microbiome had no differences in diversity for the effects of weeks, treatments or interaction of both factors (Table 1). In feces, the diversity indices and evenness were higher for 22NDF+H when compared to 22NDF, with no difference for 31NDF. All indices were significantly affected by calves age. At birth, calves had the greatest diversity and richness. Week 1 and 2 had less evenness and diversity. Bacteroidota, Firmicutes_A and Firmicutes_C were the most abundant phylum in rumen and feces. The supply of hay was only effective in modifying the fecal microbiome of dairy calves, suggesting a resilience in the ruminal microbiome.

scholarly journals A Grain-Based SARA Challenge Affects the Composition of Epimural and Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Communities throughout the Digestive Tract of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1658
Author(s):  
Jan C. Plaizier ◽  
Anne-Mette Danscher ◽  
Paula A. Azevedo ◽  
Hooman Derakhshani ◽  
Pia H. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Clustering Patterns ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Distal Jejunum

The effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge on the composition of epimural and mucosa-associated bacterial communities throughout the digestive tract were determined in eight non-lactating Holstein cows. Treatments included feeding a control diet containing 19.6% dry matter (DM) starch and a SARA-challenge diet containing 33.3% DM starch for two days after a 4-day grain step-up. Subsequently, epithelial samples from the rumen and mucosa samples from the duodenum, proximal, middle and distal jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were collected. Extracted DNA from these samples were analyzed using MiSeq Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Distinct clustering patterns for each diet existed for all sites. The SARA challenge decreased microbial diversity at all sites, with the exception of the middle jejunum. The SARA challenge also affected the relative abundances of several major phyla and genera at all sites but the magnitude of these effects differed among sites. In the rumen and colon, the largest effects were an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and a reduction of Bacteroidetes. In the small intestine, the largest effect was an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. The grain-based SARA challenge conducted in this study did not only affect the composition and cause dysbiosis of epimural microbiota in the rumen, it also affected the mucosa-associated microbiota in the intestines. To assess the extent of this dysbiosis, its effects on the functionality of these microbiota must be determined in future.

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