scholarly journals The Epistemology of Disagreement: Why Not Bayesianism?

Episteme ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Thomas Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Epistemology Of Disagreement ◽  
Rational Person ◽  
Epistemic Peers ◽  
The Right

AbstractDisagreement is a ubiquitous feature of human life, and philosophers have dutifully attended to it. One important question related to disagreement is epistemological: How does a rational person change her beliefs (if at all) in light of disagreement from others? The typical methodology for answering this question is to endorse a steadfast or conciliatory disagreement norm (and not both) on a priori grounds and selected intuitive cases. In this paper, I argue that this methodology is misguided. Instead, a thoroughgoingly Bayesian strategy is what's needed. Such a strategy provides conciliatory norms in appropriate cases and steadfast norms in appropriate cases. I argue, further, that the few extant efforts to address disagreement in the Bayesian spirit are laudable but uncompelling. A modelling, rather than a functional, approach gets us the right norms and is highly general, allowing the epistemologist to deal with (1) multiple epistemic interlocutors, (2) epistemic superiors and inferiors (i.e. not just epistemic peers), and (3) dependence between interlocutors.

KONSEP DAN IMPLEMENTASI ETIKA ISLAM DALAM DUNIA BISNIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Fatima Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Business Ethic ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Business People ◽  
Islamic Business Ethics ◽  
The Right

Indeed, in terms of the whole implementation of life has been arranged in the view of Islamic teachings to regulate all human life including in relation to the implementation of the economy and business. Islam does not allow any person to work haphazardly to achieve his/her goals and desires by justifying any means such as committing fraud, cheating, false vows, usury, and any other vanity deeds. But, Islam has given a boundary or line between the allowable and the unlawful, the right and wrong and the lawful and the unlawful. These limits or dividing lines are known as ethics. Behavior in business or trade is also not escaped from the moral value or business ethics values. Islamic business ethics is of which adheres to the principle of unity, equilibrium principle, freewill principle, responsibility principle, It is important for business people to integrate that ethical dimension into the framework or scope of the business. Keyword: Ethics, Business Ethics, Islamic Business Ethic.

Recognizing Job Apathy Patterns of Iraqi Higher Education Employees Using Data Mining Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa S. Abd ◽  
Suhad Faisal Behadili
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Human Life ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Attribute Selection ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Using Data

Psychological research centers help indirectly contact professionals from the fields of human life, job environment, family life, and psychological infrastructure for psychiatric patients. This research aims to detect job apathy patterns from the behavior of employee groups in the University of Baghdad and the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. This investigation presents an approach using data mining techniques to acquire new knowledge and differs from statistical studies in terms of supporting the researchers’ evolving needs. These techniques manipulate redundant or irrelevant attributes to discover interesting patterns. The principal issue identifies several important and affective questions taken from a questionnaire, and the psychiatric researchers recommend these questions. Useless questions are pruned using the attribute selection method. Moreover, pieces of information gained through these questions are measured according to a specific class and ranked accordingly. Association and a priori algorithms are used to detect the most influential and interrelated questions in the questionnaire. Consequently, the decisive parameters that may lead to job apathy are determined.

CYBERCHONDRIA INFORMATION CLINIC: Internet's Impact on your Health (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Escotet Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Digital Design ◽  
Somatization Disorder ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

UNSTRUCTURED Over half of Americans report looking up health-related questions on the internet, including questions regarding their own ailments. The internet, in its vastness of information, provides a platform for patients to understand how to seek help and understand their condition. In most cases, this search for knowledge serves as a starting point to gather evidence that leads to a doctor’s appointment. However, in some cases, the person looking for information ends up tangled in an information web that perpetuates anxiety and further searches, without leading to a doctor’s appointment. The Internet can provide helpful and useful information; however, it can also be a tool for self-misdiagnosis. Said person craves the instant gratification the Internet provides when ‘googling’ – something one does not receive when having to wait for a doctor’s appointment or test results. Nevertheless, the Internet gives that instant response we demand in those moments of desperation. Cyberchondria, a term that has entered the medical lexicon in the 21st century after the advent of the internet, refers to the unfounded escalation of people’s concerns about their symptomatology based on search results and literature online. ‘Cyberchondriacs’ experience mistrust of medical experts, compulsion, reassurance seeking, and excessiveness. Their excessive online research about health can also be associated with unnecessary medical expenses, which primarily arise from anxiety, increased psychological distress, and worry. This vicious cycle of searching information and trying to explain current ailments derives into a quest for associating symptoms to diseases and further experiencing the other symptoms of said disease. This psychiatric disorder, known as somatization, was first introduced to the DSM-III in the 1980s. Somatization is a psycho-biological disorder where physical symptoms occur without any palpable organic cause. It is a disorder that has been renamed, discounted, and misdiagnosed from the beginning of the DSMs. Somatization triggers span many mental, emotional, and cultural aspects of human life. Our environment and social experiences can lay the blueprint for disorders to develop over time; an idea that is widely accepted for underlying psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. The research is going in the right direction by exploring brain regions but needs to be expanded on from a sociocultural perspective. In this work, we explore the relationship between somatization disorder and the condition known as cyberchondria. First, we provide a background on each of the disorders, including their history and psychological perspective. Second, we proceed to explain the relationship between the two disorders, followed by a discussion on how this relationship has been studied in the scientific literature. Thirdly, we explain the problem that the relationship between these two disorders creates in society. Lastly, we propose a set of intervention aids and helpful resource prototypes that aim at resolving the problem. The proposed solutions ranged from a site-specific clinic teaching about cyberchondria to a digital design-coded chrome extension available to the public.

scholarly journals Facing Death: Attitudes toward Physician-Assisted End of Life among Physicians Working at a Tertiary-Care-Hospital in Israel

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6396
Author(s):  
Keren Dopelt ◽  
Dganit Cohen ◽  
Einat Amar-Krispel ◽  
Nadav Davidovitch ◽  
Paul Barach
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Medical Assistance In Dying ◽  
Terminally Ill Patients ◽  
The Right

The demand for medical assistance in dying remains high and controversial with a large knowledge gap to support optimal patient care. The study aimed to explore physicians’ attitudes regarding euthanasia and examine the factors that related to these attitudes. We surveyed 135 physicians working at a tertiary-care hospital in Israel. The questionnaire was comprised of demographic and background information, DNR procedure information, encounters with terminally ill patients, familiarity with the law regarding end-of-life questions, and Attitudes toward Euthanasia. About 61% agreed that a person has the right to decide whether to expedite their own death, 54% agreed that euthanasia should be allowed, while 29% thought that physicians should preserve a patients’ life even when they expressed the wish to die. A negative statistically significant relationship was found between the level of religiosity and attitudes toward euthanasia. The physicians’ attitudes towards euthanasia are quite positive when compared to other countries. The data shows a conflict of values: the sacredness of human life versus the desire to alleviate patients’ suffering. The Coronavirus-19 outbreak reinforces the importance of supporting physicians’ efforts to provide ethical and empathic communication for terminally ill patients. Future studies should aim to improve our understanding and treatment of the specific types of suffering that lead to end-of-life requests.

On Fourier Series in Eigenfunctions of Elliptic Boundary Value Problems

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
M. S. Agranovich ◽  
B. A. Amosov
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Series ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Fourier Coefficients ◽  
Elliptic Boundary ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Adjoint Problem ◽  
Elliptic Boundary Value ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract We consider a general elliptic formally self-adjoint problem in a bounded domain with homogeneous boundary conditions under the assumption that the boundary and coefficients are infinitely smooth. The operator in 𝐿2(Ω) corresponding to this problem has an orthonormal basis {𝑢𝑙} of eigenfunctions, which are infinitely smooth in . However, the system {𝑢𝑙} is not a basis in Sobolev spaces 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) of high order. We note and discuss the following possibility: for an arbitrarily large 𝑡, for each function 𝑢 ∈ 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) one can explicitly construct a function 𝑢0 ∈ 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) such that the Fourier series of the difference 𝑢 – 𝑢0 in the functions 𝑢𝑙 converges to this difference in 𝐻𝑡 (Ω). Moreover, the function 𝑢(𝑥) is viewed as a solution of the corresponding nonhomogeneous elliptic problem and is not assumed to be known a priori; only the right-hand sides of the elliptic equation and the boundary conditions for 𝑢 are assumed to be given. These data are also sufficient for the computation of the Fourier coefficients of 𝑢 – 𝑢0. The function 𝑢0 is obtained by applying some linear operator to these right-hand sides.

scholarly journals QUALIFICATION OF CRIMES AGAINST LIFE: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Olha Peresada ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Criminal Protection ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

The article considers topical issues of definition and qualification of crimes against human life in Ukraine and abroad. It is proved that the problematic issue of criminal law protection of human life is a significant differentiation of approaches to determining the moment of its onset, which reflects the medical and social criteria for the formation of an individual who has the right to life. It is shown that Ukrainian criminal law gives a person the right to life from birth, while the correct approach is to recognize the beginning of human life and appropriate criminal protection from the moment of onset 10 days after conception, which is consistent with European experience (in particular, France) and sufficiently reflects the medical features of the period of formation of a full-fledged embryo. The article also addresses the issue of the fact that Section II of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine combines encroachment on two different generic objects - public relations for the protection of life and public relations for the protection of personal health. This provision of the criminal law of Ukraine does not correspond to the international practice on this issue. In addition, it is reasonable to believe that the two relevant categories of the object of criminal encroachment cannot be considered similar, as such an approach in certain cases can significantly complicate the classification of a criminal offense. It is emphasized that, given the exceptional importance of criminal law protection of human life, it is necessary to formulate a separate section of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which covers only crimes against life as the main object of criminal encroachment.

scholarly journals Tipologi Penindakan Kejahatan Korporasi Dalam Korupsi Dana Bantuan Pandemi Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Michelle Kristina
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The development of human life nowadays cannot be separated from various aspects such as economy, politics, and technology, including the impact of the coronavirus outbreak (Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2) which emerged at the end of 2019. Responding to this Covid-19 pandemic outbreak In Indonesia, the government has issued various policies as measures to prevent and handle the spread of Covid-19. One of these policies is to limit community activities. These restrictions have implications for the fulfilment of the economic needs of the affected communities. Responding to the urgency of this community's economic situation, the government held a social assistance program as a measure to ease the community's economic burden. However, the procurement of the program was used as a chance for corruption involving the Ministry of Social Affairs and corporations as the winning bidders. This study uses a qualitative methodology with a normative juridical approach and literature. The approach is carried out by conducting a juridical analysis based on a case approach. The results of the study show that the corporations involved cannot be separated from corporate responsibility. However, the criminal liability process against the corporation is deemed not to reflect justice for the current situation of Indonesia is experiencing. The crime was not carried out in a normal situation but in a situation when Indonesia was trying hard to overcome the urgent situation, the Covid-19 pandemic. Corporate crimes committed by taking advantage of the pandemic situation are deemed necessary to prioritize special action or the weight of criminal acts committed by corporations. The weighting of criminal sanction is the right step as a law enforcement process for corporate crimes during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Realism and Knowledge First. Interview with Timothy Williamson

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-204
Author(s):  
I. E. Pris
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Gettier Problem ◽  
Traditional Epistemology ◽  
Timothy Williamson ◽  
Skeptical Problem ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
The Right ◽  
Metaphysical Realist ◽  
First Interview ◽  
The Gettier Problem

The renowned British philosopher Timothy Williamson talks about his philosophical views and main lines of research. Williamson is a metaphysical realist in a broad sense. Fir him there are true or false answers to questions about all aspects of reality. Classical logic is a universal true theory. Knowledge-first epistemology is an alternative to the traditional belief-first epistemology. The former takes the concept of knowledge as a basic concept, explaining other epistemic concepts, including belief, in its terms, whereas the latter does the opposite. Knowledge, not truth, is the fundamental epistemic good. The Gettier problem and the skeptical problem that arise within traditional epistemology are ill posed and therefore cannot be solved. Hybrid epistemological theories do not satisfy the principles of simplicity and beauty and are refuted by counter-examples. Epistemic contextualism is problematic, and relativism violates the semantics of the phenomena being explained. Knowledge does not entail knowledge about knowledge. Knowledge-how is a kind of knowledge-that. The distinction between a priori and a posteriori is superficial, and there are no analytical truths. The concept of qualia is unhelpful for solving the problems related to consciousness. The so-called “hard problem” of consciousness points to an area of conceptual confusions in which we do not know how to reason properly. Speculative metaphysics is quite a respectable enterprise. But progress in metaphysics is not automatic; it requires the right methodology.

scholarly journals The Religious Responsibilities of the Rulers; Prophet PBUH as a Role Model

Al-Duhaa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdul Rehman ◽  
Ussama Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right ◽  
Material Values ◽  
Islamic Society

ISLAM is the religion that emphases on the overall human life. It covers all aspects of the physical body, the soul or the spirit, the emotion and the intellect. The Almighty Allah has stated that, True believers those who, if we give them power in the land, establish regular prayer and give zakat, enjoin the right and forbid wrong. That So, we can highlight from these directives of the holy Quran that the religious responsibilities of the Muslim rulers are that they protect the Divine bounds; defend the religion and invite the people to Allah by means of argument and good advice. A ruler is a trustee of the people and vicegerent of Allah. The ruler of a Muslim state has, among other things, to enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. What could be right and wrong has been clearly identified in the Quran and sunnah. Some of the acts and behaviors identified which can be promoted more appropriately through positive measures like counselling, motivation, preaching, guidance, creation of appropriate environment, and other similar measures. The most effective of these measures could, however, be what is called exemplifying. It would mean that the ruler should do himself what is right and refrain from doing what is wrong and thereby set an example. Leading by exemplifying has deep psychological and substantial effect on others to follow and emulate. Therefore, the Seerah of the prophet PBUH is the best source for us in this regard. However, it encompasses the efforts made to develop human-being or individual who is pure of heart, pure in mind and pure in deeds where he can function as a member of society, who is civilized and has a high self-esteem. An individual’s awareness towards one’s responsibilities and a high self-esteem can bring for a peaceful and harmonious nation. Thus, the establishment of the Islamic society base on the voice of development together with material values and humanity. Because of which, the role of leaders of Islamic society must be proactive in plotting the path of educational system of the nation based on piety and faith. As for the obligations of ruler in the light of Seerah, I shall refer to the principles which Al-Mawridi r.a has discussed: The preservation of the Faith, true to its origin and in keeping with the consensus of those who participated in the founding of the Ummah, Defense of the Realm. He must carry out the Hadd punishments to ensure the limits prescribed by Allah and so that the rights of general public shall be protected. The other responsibilities are implementation of the principles of Islamic Law, governing disputes, The active propagation of the Faith, The collection of various taxes required by the Shariah, The provision of financial assistance and the assessment of claims against the Treasury, To be solicitous of the public confidence, and to consider fully the council of his advisors in their areas of responsibility, To actively oversee all aspects of government, and to keep himself well and widely informed. This paper thus discusses on the responsibilities of a ruler from the Seerah perspective.

scholarly journals Medicine Facing Death: Attitudes Toward Physician-Assisted End of Life – A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Dopelt ◽  
Dganit Cohen ◽  
Einat Amar-Krispel ◽  
Davidovitch ◽  
Paul Barach
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical Assistance In Dying ◽  
Empathic Communication ◽  
Wish To Die ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: The demand for medical assistance in dying remains high and controversial. The "Dying Patient Act" (2005) legalized requiring Israeli patients to receive medical guidance regarding the care (or non-treatment) they seek at the end of life. Many doctors have made it clear that helping a patient die is opposed by their values and professional goals.Objective: To explore the attitudes of physicians regarding euthanasia and examine the factors that related to these attitudes.Methods: We conducted a cross sectional prospective study in Israel, during January-February 2019. We used logistic regression analyses to describe the association of demographic and professional factors with attitudes toward physician-assisted end of life.Results: We surveyed 135 physicians working at a tertiary-care-hospital about their attitudes regarding euthanasia. About 61% agreed that a person has the right to decide whether to expedite their own death, 54% agreed that euthanasia should be allowed, while 29% thought that physicians should preserve a patient's life even if they expressed the wish to die. Conclusion: The data shows a conflict of values: the sacredness of human life versus the desire to alleviate patient's suffering. Coronavirus outbreak reinforces the urgency of our findings and raises the importance of supporting physicians' efforts to provide ethical, and empathic communication for terminally ill patients. Future studies should aim to improve our understanding and treatment of the specific types of suffering that lead to end-of-life requests.

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