Early-life conditioning strategies to reduce dietary phosphorus in broilers: underlying mechanisms

Abstract Chickens adapt to P and Ca restriction during the very first days of life by improving P utilisation efficiency. The present study was built to identify the mechanisms underlying this adaptive capacity, and to identify the optimal window of application of the restriction (depletion). A total of 1600 Cobb 500TM male broilers were used. During each phase (from age 0 to 4 d, 5 to 8 d, 9 to 18 d and 19 to 33 d), the animals received either a control diet (H) or a restricted diet (L) with reduced levels of non-phytate P (nPP) and Ca (between −14 and −25 % for both) with four dietary sequences: HHHH, HLHL, LHHL and LLHL. None of the feeding strategies affected growth. Tibia ash content at day 4 and 8 was impaired when the L diet was fed from 0 to 4 and 5 to 8 d, respectively (P = 0⋅038 and P = 0⋅005). Whatever the early restriction period or length between 0 and 8 d of age, the mineralisation delay was compensated by day 18. This was accompanied by an increased mRNA expression of the Ca transporter, CALB1, and an increased apparent ileal digestibility of Ca at day 8 (P < 0⋅001). This adaptation was limited to the starter phase in restricted birds. No effect was seen on P transporters mRNA or protein expression. In conclusion, birds adapted to mineral restriction by increasing Ca and nPP utilisation efficiencies. Depletion−repletion strategies are promising in improving the sustainability of broiler production but need to be validated in phytase-supplemented diets.

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Increasing levels of phytase in diets formulated with reduced available phosphorus content supplied to male and female broilers

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20130493 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 1479-1485 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luciana de Paula Naves ◽

Paulo Borges Rodrigues ◽

Levy do Vale Teixeira ◽

Antônio Gilberto Bertechini ◽

Renata Ribeiro Alvarenga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phosphorus Content ◽

Control Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Ash Content ◽

Nutritional Requirements ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Male And Female ◽

Broiler Diet ◽

Tibia Ash

The reduction of the available phosphorus (avP) content in the broiler diet must be followed by the supplementation of adequate phytase. One experiment was conducted with broilers from 15 to 28 days of age to determine the level of necessary phytase when the mashed diet is formulated with 0.213% of avP to enable the results of performance, tibia ash content, and calcium (Ca) utilization similar to those determined for birds fed with diet formulated to meet their nutritional requirements. Thus, 120 broilers were distributed in (4+1) x2 factorial arrangement corresponding to four deficient diets in avP (0.213%) supplemented with phytase (0; 750; 1,500 or 2,250FTU kg-1) plus one positive control diet without phytase (0.426% of avP), supplied to male and female broilers. Males showed better performance and higher totalP retention. Decrease in the avP content of the diet without phytase use worsened the performance, tibia ash content, and Ca retention; however, these parameters were improved gradually with the increase of the phytase level in the diet. Regardless of sex, using 2,250FTU kg-1, it is possible to reduce the avP to 0.213% without impairing performance, tibia ash content, and Ca retention; in addition to reducing the totalP excretion in 56.75% and improving its utilization in 38.58%.

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Diets with reduced levels of nutrients supplemented with phytase and amino acids for broilers

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542012000100013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 100-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elisangela Minati Gomide ◽

Paulo Borges Rodrigues ◽

Luciana de Paula Naves ◽

Verônica Maria Pereira Bernardino ◽

Luziane Moreira dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Control Diet ◽

Abdominal Fat ◽

Ash Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽

Fat Diets ◽

Tibia Ash ◽

Broiler Feed

One performance experiment and another metabolism experiment were conducted simultaneously with broilers from 22 to 35 days of age, evaluating five diets in six replicates. The control diet, without phytase, contained 19% of crude protein (CP); 0.412% of available phosphorus (aP) and 0.824% of calcium (Ca). The other diets were supplemented with phytase and were formulated with 0.262% of aP and 0.524% of Ca, with the CP level ranging from 19 to 16%. In the performance assay, 750 birds were used, in which were evaluated the performance, the tibia ash content and yields of carcass, cuts, and abdominal fat at 35 days of age. The metabolism assay was conducted with 90 birds, evaluating the apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance; the metabolizability coefficient of dry matter (MCDM) of the diets, and also the balance and retention of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Diets did not affect performance, tibia ash content and yields of carcass, breast and thigh + drumstick. However, birds fed diet containing 16% of CP showed greater abdominal fat. Diets containing 19% of CP had the smaller energetic value and MCDM. The retention of N and P was higher in birds fed diets formulated with reduced CP content and phytase. Therefore, when the broiler feed is supplemented with phytase and amino acids it is possible to reduce the CP, aP and Ca for up to 16; 0.262 and 0.524%, respectively.

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Effect of two commercial limestone sources with different solubility on the efficacy of two phytases in 0-21 d old broilers

Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition ◽

10.3920/jaan2020.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 61-73

Author(s):

R. Davin ◽

C. Kwakernaak ◽

Y. Dersjant-Li

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Two Phases ◽

Tibia Ash

A study evaluated the effects of limestone sources with different solubility on the efficacy of two phytases in broilers. A 2×5 factorial arrangement was employed with two commercial limestone sources and five diet treatments; a positive control (PC) diet with 7.2 g/kg P and 9.6 g/kg Ca, and a negative control diet containing reductions of 1.87 g/kg available P, 1.99 g/kg Ca and 0.4 g/kg Na, supplemented with either Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) or Escherichia coli phytase (PhyE) at 500 or 1000 FTU/kg diet. The two limestone sources were feed-grade commercial products with different particle sizes and solubility (fast-soluble (FS) 100%; slow-soluble (SS) 26% soluble after 30 minutes at pH 3) containing similar levels of Ca. Diets were fed to one-day-old Ross 308 males (n=2,400) with 30 birds/pen and eight pens/treatment in two phases (starter 0-10 d and grower 10-21 d). On d 21, ileal digesta was collected from 12 birds/pen to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and Ca, and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) disappearance, and tibias from four birds/pen for ash determination. The SS limestone improved body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and FCR vs FS limestone in starter/grower phases (P<0.05), and improved AID of P (P<0.05) and IP6 disappearance (P<0.05) at d 21. There was an interaction between limestone and phytase on BWG, FI and FCR in the grower phase (P≤0.05) whereby FS (vs SS) limestone reduced BWG at either dose of PhyE, but only at 500 FTU/kg of PhyB. At an equivalent dose, PhyB had higher BWG and feed intake than PhyE (P<0.05). At 1000 FTU/kg, performance was equivalent (BWG and FI) or superior (FCR) to the PC, PhyB produced greater tibia ash, AID of P and IP6 disappearance (P<0.05). The findings showed that the effects of limestone particle size on phytase efficacy varied with phytase source and dose.

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A Novel Dietary Intervention Reduces Circulatory Branched-Chain Amino Acids by 50%: A Pilot Study of Relevance for Obesity and Diabetes

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Imran Ramzan ◽

Moira Taylor ◽

Beth Phillips ◽

Daniel Wilkinson ◽

Kenneth Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Control Diet ◽

Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Restricted Diet ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Branched Chain

Elevated circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; isoleucine, leucine, and valine) are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reducing circulatory BCAAs by dietary restriction was suggested to mitigate these risks in rodent models, but this is a challenging paradigm to deliver in humans. We aimed to design and assess the feasibility of a diet aimed at reducing circulating BCAA concentrations in humans, while maintaining energy balance and overall energy/protein intake. Twelve healthy individuals were assigned to either a 7-day BCAA-restricted diet or a 7-day control diet. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric, with only BCAA levels differing between the two. The BCAA-restricted diet significantly reduced circulating BCAA concentrations by ~50% i.e., baseline 437 ± 60 to 217 ± 40 µmol/L (p < 0.005). Individually, both valine (245 ± 33 to 105 ± 23 µmol/L; p < 0.0001), and leucine (130 ± 20 to 75 ± 13 µmol/L; p < 0.05), decreased significantly in response to the BCAA-restricted diet. The BCAA-restricted diet marginally lowered Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) levels: baseline 1.5 ± 0.2 to 1.0 ± 0.1; (p = 0.096). We successfully lowered circulating BCAAs by 50% while maintaining iso-nitrogenous, iso-caloric dietary intakes, and while meeting the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for protein requirements. The present pilot study represents a novel dietary means by which to reduce BCAA, and as such, provides a blueprint for a potential dietary therapeutic in obesity/diabetes.

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Utilisation of reactive lysine from meat and bone meals of different ash content by growing-finishing pigs

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72850 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kirsi Partanen ◽

Hilkka Siljander-Rasi ◽

Timo Alaviuhkola ◽

Nina Van Gilse van der Pals

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Live Weight ◽

Ash Content ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Meat And Bone Meal ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Soyabean Meal ◽

Feed Unit

A growth experiment was conducted using 50 pigs (25-100 kg) to evaluate the use of meat and bone meals of different ash content as a substitute for soyabean meal (SBM) for growing pigs and the potential of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) reactive lysine in diet formulation. The control diet consisted of barley and SBM. For test diets, either 33 or 67% of SBM was replaced with meat and bone meal of low (ML, 205 g ash/kg) or high (MH, 349 g ash/kg) ash content. SBM, ML33, ML67, MH33 and MH67 diets contained 7.8, 7.8, 8.2, 7.8 and 7.9 g FDNB-reactive lysine/feed unit (feed unit is equivalent to 9.3 MJ NE), respectively. For these diets, average daily live weight gains (ADG) were 859, 830, 805, 854 and 813 g/d with feed conversion ratios of 2.25, 2.40, 2.41, 2.31 and 2.44 feed units/kg, respectively. Pigs fed the SBM diet grew faster (P

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Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on localisation and extent of gastrointestinal calcium absorption in dairy cattle

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14344 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1394 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

V. Oehlschlaeger ◽

M. Wilkens ◽

B. Schroeder ◽

S. Daenicke ◽

G. Breves

Keyword(s):

Calcium Absorption ◽

Control Diet ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Phosphorus Absorption ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Bone Minerals ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Intestinal Ca Absorption ◽

Ca Homeostasis

The combination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) and a diet negative in dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) has recently been shown to have beneficial effects on peripartal calcium (Ca) homeostasis in dairy cows. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, it was the aim of the experiments to investigate the effects of 25-OHD3 in combination with DCAD values about –70 meq/kg DM on pre-duodenal and overall gastrointestinal Ca absorption. A group of six ruminally fistulated lactating cows equipped with a cannula in the proximal duodenum were assigned to three dietary treatments (Control diet, anionic salts, anionic salts +25-OHD3) of 5 weeks each. Urine and faeces were collected quantitatively and flow of duodenal contents was calculated by applying chromium oxide. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals. Treatment with anionic salts and 25-OHD3 resulted in an increased Ca net absorption from the total gastrointestinal tract, which was mainly due to respective increases in intestinal Ca absorption. Furthermore, anionic salts and 25-OHD3-treated animals had significantly higher plasma phosphate concentrations and lower plasma levels of CrossLaps and the overall net absorption of phosphorus was significantly higher in these animals. From these data, it can be concluded that anionic salts in combination with 25-OHD3 positively influence the overall net Ca and phosphorus absorption, which is obviously associated with a reduced mobilisation of bone minerals as indicated by decreases in plasma CrossLaps concentrations.

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The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) in the Physiological Response to Dietary Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction (OR27-01-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz046.or27-01-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

William Jonsson ◽

Nicholas Margolies ◽

Emily Mirek ◽

Thomas Gettys ◽

Tracy Anthony

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Transcriptional Control ◽

Control Diet ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Restricted Diet ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Activating Transcription Factor 4 ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives Dietary restriction of the sulfur amino acids (SAAs) improves metabolic health in part via hepatic production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Transcriptional control of Fgf21includes regulation by ATF4 during low protein feeding. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of Atf4 deletion on FGF21 levels and associated metabolic outcomes in mice fed a SAA restricted diet. Methods Male and female mice lacking Atf4 globally or in hepatocytes only were fed either a SAA restricted diet (0.17% Met, 0% Cys) or a control diet (0.86% Met, 0% Cys) alongside littermate controls for up to 10 wk. Body mass and composition, energy expenditure and intake were measured. Blood and tissues were collected at specific time points. Transcript (RT-qPCR) and protein (ELISA and Western blot) abundances were analyzed by two factor ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis Test, with alpha = 0.05. Results Independent of genotype, SAA restriction attenuated weight gain and reduced adiposity despite increased food intake. Improvements in body weight and composition strongly associated with increased energy expenditure regardless of genotype. Deletion of Atf4 did not prevent hepatic Fgf21 nor circulating FGF21 from increasing during chronic SAA restriction (P < 0.05, effect of diet). However, loss of hepatic Atf4 prevented increased circulating FGF21 at 12 h. Overall, males fed the SAA restricted diet induced hepatic Fgf21and serum FGF21 to a greater degree than females. Other known ATF4 targets in liver such as asparagine synthetase, Asns, showed significant induction in the livers of only intact SAA restricted mice. Conversely, loss of Atf4 exacerbated induction of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor Chop (P < 0.05) by SAA restriction. Conclusions Genetic loss of Atf4 delays but does not impede FGF21 production during dietary SAA restriction. Biological sex is a contributing factor to some of the physiological responses to dietary SAA restriction. Funding Sources DK109714 (TGA) and DK096311 (TWG).

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Modeling the metabolic fate of dietary phosphorus and calcium and the dynamics of body ash content in growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas.2014-8519 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M. P. Létourneau-Montminy ◽

A. Narcy ◽

J. Y. Dourmad ◽

T. D. Crenshaw ◽

C. Pomar

Keyword(s):

Ash Content ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolic Fate ◽

Dietary Phosphorus

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Total body phylloquinone and its turnover in human subjects at two levels of vitamin K intake

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2002565 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 543-553 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Robert E. Olson ◽

Jean Chao ◽

Donna Graham ◽

Margaret W. Bates ◽

Jessica H. Lewis

Keyword(s):

Vitamin K ◽

Turnover Rate ◽

Decay Curve ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Control Diet ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Turnover Time ◽

Restricted Diet ◽

Faecal Excretion ◽

Total Body

The aims of this study were to determine the total body phylloquinone and its metabolic turnover in human subjects using a tracer dose of [5-H3]phylloquinone containing 55·5×104MBq/mmol. Seven subjects aged 22 to 49 years were given 0·3 μg isotopic phylloquinone intravenously on a control diet (75 μg phylloquinone/d) and blood, urine and faeces were sampled periodically for 6 d. Five of these subjects were studied a second time after 3–8 weeks on a low-vitamin K diet (8 μg/d). The changes in the radioactivity of plasma phylloquinone with time were analysed by the method of residuals and fitted to a curve composed of two exponential components. The size of the exchangeable body pool was calculated by isotope dilution. Plasma phylloquinone levels fell during vitamin K restriction but the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors did not change. After injection the first exponential decay curvet1/2was 1·0 (SD 0·47) H IN THE SUBJECTS ON THE CONTROL DIET AND 0·49 (sd 0·27) h after vitamin K restriction. On the control diet, the second exponentialt1/2was 27·6 (sd 124) h that did not change on the low-vitamin K diet (t1/2=25·1 (sd 13·5) h). These results indicate that the turnover time for phylloquinone in human subjects is about 1·5 d. Urinary excretion of3H-metabolites ranged from 30 % of the administered dose on the control diet to 38 % on the restricted diet and had the same turnover rate as the second component of the plasma decay curves. The exchangeable body pool of phylloquinone declined from about 1·0 μg/kg before restriction to lower values after vitamin K restriction. The faecal excretion of phylloquinone and its metabolites fell from 32 % of the administered dose on the control diet to 13 % on the restricted diet.

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Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing and finishing pigs fed multienzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 602-615

Author(s):

Kevin Jerez-Bogota ◽

Cristian Sánchez ◽

Jimena Ibagon ◽

Maamer Jlali ◽

Pierre Cozannet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Control Diet ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Negative Control ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Ash Content ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Bone Ash ◽

Diet Type

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn–soybean meal-based diets with a multienzyme on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (body weight [BW] = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multienzyme. The multienzyme used supplied at least 1,800, 1,244, 6,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase, and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC diet was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The PC diet had greater net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (AA) content than NC1 diet by 3%, and than NC2 diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW: Phase 1: 34–50 kg; Phase 2: 50–75 kg; Phase 3: 75–100 kg; and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization were determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (P < 0.05) ADG and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than those fed PC diet. Pigs fed PC diet had greater (P < 0.05) bone ash content and ATTD of P than those fed NC1 diet. The ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that for NC2 diet, and tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for NC1 diet. Multienzyme interacted (P < 0.05) with negative control diet type on overall ADG and AID of GE such that multienzyme did not affect overall ADG and AID of GE for the NC1 diet, but increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and AID of GE for NC2 diet by 5.09 and 8.74%, respectively. Multienzyme did not interact with negative control diet type on overall G:F, bone ash content, AID of AA, and ATTD of nutrients. Multienzyme increased (P < 0.05) overall G:F, AID of methionine, ATTD of GE and P, and tended to increase (P = 0.056) bone ash content. The ADG, bone ash content, and ATTD of GE and P for the multienzyme-supplemented diets were similar to (P > 0.10) PC diet. Thus, NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤5% in multienzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance and bone ash of pigs.

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