‘If We Are to Believe the Psychologists …’: Medicine, Psychoanalysis and Breastfeeding in Britain, 1900–55

In 1942, the British Minister of Health commissioned a report from the newly established Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children into ‘What can be done to intensify the effort to secure more breast feeding of infants?’. To make their case, the members of the sub-committee put in charge of the report sought expert testimony on the benefits of breastfeeding. They consulted medical officers of health, maternity and child-welfare officers, health visitors, midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians and a physician in private practice. They also consulted five ‘psychologists’ (a contemporary umbrella term for psychologists, psychoanalysts and psychiatrists). It is not surprising that the committee turned to medical professionals, as infant feeding had long been an area of their expertise. However, seeking the views of ‘psychologists’ when establishing the benefits of breastfeeding marked a more innovative development, one which suggested that a shift in conceptualising the significance of breastfeeding was gathering pace. In the interwar period, psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists showed growing interest in early infancy. It led to an extensive psychoanalytic engagement with contemporary feeding advice disseminated by the medical profession. This article will explore the divergences and intersections of medical and psychoanalytic theories on breastfeeding in the first half of the twentieth century, concluding with a consideration of how medical ideas on breastfeeding had absorbed some of the contentions of ‘psy’-approaches to infant feeding by the post-war period.

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Party and Democracy

10.1093/oso/9780198735854.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Piero Ignazi

Keyword(s):

Political Parties ◽

Organizational Development ◽

Interwar Period ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

The State ◽

Societal Change ◽

Contemporary Society ◽

Mass Public ◽

Post War ◽

Totalitarian Regimes

The book integrates philosophical, historical, and empirical analyses in order to highlight the profound roots of the limited legitimation of parties in contemporary society. Political parties’ long attempts to gain legitimacy are analysed from a philosophical–historical perspective pinpointing crucial passages in their theoretical and empirical acceptance. The book illustrates the process through which parties first emerged and then achieved full legitimacy in the early twentieth century. It shows how, paradoxically, their role became absolute in the totalitarian regimes of the interwar period when the party became hyper-powerful. In the post-war period, parties shifted from a golden age of positive reception and organizational development towards a more difficult relationship with society as it moved into post-industrialism. Parties were unable to master societal change and favoured the state to recover resources they were no longer able to extract from their constituencies. Parties have become richer and more powerful, but they have ‘paid’ for their pervasive presence in society and the state with a declining legitimacy. The party today is caught in a dramatic contradiction. It has become a sort of Leviathan with clay feet: very powerful thanks to the resources it gets from the state and to its control of societal and state spheres due to an extension of clientelistic and patronage practices; but very weak in terms of legitimacy and confidence in the eyes of the mass public. However, it is argued that there is still no alternative to the party, and some hypotheses to enhance party democracy are advanced.

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A global New Deal

10.1093/oso/9780192845573.003.0006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 109-131

Author(s):

Jens Steffek

Keyword(s):

New Deal ◽

Interwar Period ◽

World Order ◽

Political Influence ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Post War ◽

United Nations System ◽

Second World ◽

The New Deal ◽

Nations System

This chapter shows how technocratic internationalism survived the crisis of world order utopias in the 1940s and gained influence on the negotiation of the post-war order. The first section discusses the critique of modern rationalism in the war and post-war years. In the field of international thought, that critique came in the guise of a ‘realist’ backlash against the ‘idealism’ of the interwar period. The second section documents the enduring prominence of technocratic ideas during the Second World War. David Mitrany re-proposed his functional approach in his Working Peace System, a pamphlet that addressed policy-makers rather than academics. Regardless, this wartime version of Mitrany’s functionalism became the point of reference for subsequent generations of scholars. Technocratic thought gained political influence when American policy-makers projected the New Deal and its institutions onto the international plane in the founding of the United Nations system. The final section studies the co-existence of realist and technocratic figures of thought. Realist Hans J. Morgenthau came to advocate international cooperation in the field of low politics, but also multilateral control over nuclear technology. In doing so, he drew directly on Mitrany’s functionalism. E. H. Carr, the eminent British critic of utopianism, in the 1940s suggested a technocratic European planning authority and a bank of Europe to unite the continent.

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Émigré Politics and the Cold War: The National Labor Alliance (NTS), United States Intelligence Agencies and Post-War Europe

Contemporary European History ◽

10.1017/s0960777318000590 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 44-59

Author(s):

Benjamin Tromly

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cold War ◽

Interwar Period ◽

Second World War ◽

Political Strategies ◽

World War ◽

Far Right ◽

Post War ◽

The Cold War ◽

Second World

AbstractThis article examines the post-war activities of the National Labor Alliance (NTS), a far-right Russian exile organisation whose members had served in German intelligence and propaganda structures during the Second World War. Using declassified CIA documents and previously untapped sources pertaining to NTS, it analyses the transformation of a semi-fascistic, collaborationist and anti-Semitic organisation into a Cold War asset of the CIA. The NTS played a role in shaping its association with US power by applying deceptive political strategies it had adopted during the interwar period and the Second World War to the new geopolitical context of divided Europe.

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American Orientalism in Korea

Journal of American-East Asian Relations ◽

10.1163/18765610-02202004 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 147-165

Author(s):

Charles Kraus

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Interwar Period ◽

Korean Peninsula ◽

English Language ◽

The United States ◽

Power Relationship ◽

Korean People ◽

American Orientalism ◽

Post War ◽

North And South

People express and exercise power as much through words as through actions. Yet scholars never have examined systematically how officials and others in the United States actually talked and wrote about Korea, both north and south, during the momentous interwar period. This article unearths crude depictions of the Korean people common in American writings from the 1940s and 1950s, arguing that this rhetoric created and reinforced an unequal power relationship between the United States and Korea. These negative discourses about Koreans, as expressions of American Orientalism, had important implications for u.s.policy in Korea and for the post-war trajectory of developments on the entire Korean peninsula. They also have left a perceptible imprint on English-language scholarship engaging in assessments of Korea ever since.

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Dermatopathology and Social Media

Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.5858/arpa.2017-0064-oa ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 142 (2) ◽

pp. 184-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Erin Carlquist ◽

Nathan E. Lee ◽

Sara C. Shalin ◽

Michael Goodman ◽

Jerad M. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Medical Profession ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

Patient Confidentiality ◽

Collaborative Tool ◽

The World ◽

The Future ◽

Use Of Social Media

Context.— Use of social media in the medical profession is an increasingly prevalent and sometimes controversial practice. Many doctors believe social media is the future and embrace it as an educational and collaborative tool. Others maintain reservations concerning issues such as patient confidentiality, and legal and ethical risks. Objective.— To explore the utility of social media as an educational and collaborative tool in dermatopathology. Design.— We constructed 2 identical surveys containing questions pertaining to the responders' demographics and opinions regarding the use of social media for dermatopathology. The surveys were available on Twitter and Facebook for a period of 10 days. Results.— The survey was completed by 131 medical professionals from 29 different countries: the majority (81%, 106 of 131) were 25 to 45 years of age. Most replied that they access Facebook or Twitter several times a day (68%, 89 of 131) for both professional and social purposes (77%, 101 of 131). The majority agreed that social media provides useful and relevant information, but stated limitations they would like addressed. Conclusions.— Social media is a powerful tool with the ability to instantaneously share dermatopathology with medical professionals across the world. This study reveals the opinions and characteristics of the population of medical professionals currently using social media for education and collaboration in dermatopathology.

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New Professionals in Private Practice

The Counseling Psychologist ◽

10.1177/0011000092201002 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 10-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael O. Buckner

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Care Provider ◽

Private Practice ◽

Self Management ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

New Professionals ◽

Ethical Decisions ◽

Professional Needs ◽

Health Related ◽

Professional Self

The independent private practice of psychology as a health care provider necessitates that a new professional in psychology acquire a great deal of knowledge. Beyond the actual practice of psychology, knowledge is needed to make ethical decisions, to operate within the laws of one's state, and to operate a business. Additionally, the new professional needs methods for making the daily decisions required within private practice. Mentors in the private practice of psychology can help the new professional find such information and learn methods for making decisions. Aid from legal, business, and medical professionals is also an important resource for operating a private practice. The nature of private practice can easily create stress for the new professional. Self-management, case management, and stress management are important for practicing competently and comfortably within the private sector of health-related psychology.

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Kuglarze w dramat walą. Adam Polewka i szopkowo-farsowe inspiracje w dramaturgii dwudziestolecia międzywojennego

Białostockie Studia Literaturoznawcze ◽

10.15290/bsl.2021.18.07 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 121-135

Author(s):

Magda Nabiałek ◽

Keyword(s):

Interwar Period ◽

Stage Performances ◽

Post War ◽

A Performance

The article reflects on the connections between the Polish drama of the interwar period with such stage performances as a nativity play, farce, cabaret, and circus. The text attempts to point to the possible inquiries into this important problem of the dramaturgy of the 1920s and 1930s. The author concentrates on Adam Polewka himself and his political farse plays, especially the record of Igrce w Barbakanie, a performance prepared for the Cracow Days in 1938. She reads critically the introduction to the post-war edition of this text. In her opinion, this authorial commentary includes precious information about such stage forms of the interwar period as a farse play and circus.

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Legacies From a Holocaust of the Mind

Review of European Studies ◽

10.5539/res.v11n1p86 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 86

Author(s):

Joanna Diane Caytas

Keyword(s):

Interwar Period ◽

Brain Drain ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Social Engineering ◽

Lethal Effects ◽

Mathematical Ideas ◽

The World ◽

Post War ◽

The Mind ◽

Polish Intelligentsia

In the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Hitler and Stalin devised to partition Poland for all future. Toward their goal of enslaving the nation, the Nazis systematically exterminated the Polish intelligentsia and prohibited tertiary education to create a nation of serfs. Still, the Soviets and their lieutenants continued a policy with similar if largely non-lethal effects for another 45 years under the banner of social engineering. The fate of the Lwów School of Mathematics is a prominent example of brute atrocities but also of great resilience, enduring creativity and irrepressible revival. Among the world’s most advanced biotopes of mathematics in the interwar period, the Lwów School suffered debilitating losses from Hitler’s genocide, wartime emigration, and the post-war brain drain of defections inspired by communism. The Scottish Café was perhaps the best-known liberal scholarly hotbed of cutting-edge mathematical ideas east of Göttingen, the caliber of its patrons reflective of the most noteworthy mine of mathematical talent outside of Oxford, Cambridge, Paris and Moscow in its day. It is a conclusion strikingly evidenced by the Scottish Book: three-quarters of a century later, a quarter of the mathematical challenges described therein is still awaiting resolution.

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Understanding the impact of professional motivation on the workforce crisis in medicine

BJGP Open ◽

10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. BJGPO.2021.0005

Author(s):

Efioanwan Andah ◽

Blessing Essang ◽

Charlotte Friend ◽

Sarah Greenley ◽

Kathryn Harvey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thematic Analysis ◽

English Language ◽

Medical Profession ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Rapid Review ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

Medical Workforce ◽

Design Quality ◽

The Impact

BackgroundThe NHS is facing a workforce crisis. Responses to date have focused on improving recruitment of staff, but with less attention paid to retention.AimTo conduct a rapid review using Moss Kanter’s 3M’s model of workforce motivation as a sensitising framework to examine the current medical workforce crisis. Our work considers how insights from research in other professions offers new thinking for understanding what motivates doctors to continue working.Design & settingRapid literature review with secondary analysis of existing research examining reasons for leaving medicine.MethodA systematic search strategy was developed with the aid of an Information Specialist. (Search terms: medical professionals, retention, NHS; exclusions: commentaries, non-medical professionals, non-English language etc; limited to post-1990). Applied to three electronic databases, MEDLINE, EMBASE and HMIC. This produced a dataset describing study design/quality; and factors related to motivation for leaving the medical profession. Comparative thematic analysis distilled core themes explaining the reasons for leaving and their relation to the 3M’s model.ResultsOf 3,389 abstracts identified, screening and assessment produced 82 papers included in the final analysis. Thematic analysis identified four key themes: low morale, disconnect, unmanageable change and lack of personal and professional support. The themes of mastery, membership and meaning were substantially present within the dataset.ConclusionThe 3M’s model of motivation can be applied to the medical workforce to understand retention issues. This work supports the development of targeted solutions to tackle the worsening workforce crisis.

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Echa międzywojnia w muzycznym folklorze powojennej Lubelszczyzny. Na podstawie zapisów Włodzimierza Dębskiego

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska sectio L – Artes ◽

10.17951/l.2018.16.1/2.63-86 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1/2) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Agata Kusto

Keyword(s):

Music Education ◽

Interwar Period ◽

School Age ◽

World War ◽

Musical Culture ◽

World War 2 ◽

Wedding Songs ◽

Written Form ◽

Post War

Artykuł jest próbą uchwycenia wpływów pieśniowej tradycji międzywojnia, jakim podlegał repertuar udokumentowany po drugiej wojnie światowej na terenie Lubelszczyzny. Inspiracją dla podjęcia tematu stały się niepublikowane zapiski rękopiśmienne Włodzimierza Dębskiego (1922-1998) – kompozytora, teoretyka muzyki, etnomuzykologa, animatora edukacji muzycznej. W latach 1963-1976 Dębski aktywnie współtworzył szkolnictwo muzyczne w Lublinie, jednocześnie dokumentował i badał lubelski folklor muzyczny. Większość wykonawców, których Dębski uwzględnił w swoich badaniach, to osoby urodzone w przedziale lat 1910-1925. Byli to więc przedstawiciele pokolenia, którego wiek szkolny przypadł na okres międzywojenny. Konstrukcja niniejszego tekstu opiera się na porównaniach kultury muzycznej w międzywojennym Lublinie i regionie lubelskim z repertuarem lat 70-tych i 80-tych XX w. Na pieśniowy materiał z Lubelszczyzny utrwalony fonicznie i w przekazach pisanych (teksty) w okresie powojennym składają się śpiewy kilku wykonawców. W repertuarze Teresy Sołtys z podlubelskich Zemborzyc znajdowały się pieśni harcerskie, patriotyczne, żołnierskie/wojenne, obrzędowe, m.in.: Cicho w stepie, Do polskiego wojska chłopców zaciągają, Gdy kogut zapiał w kurniku, Gdybym był hulaką, Hej, tam w karczmie, za stołem, Na nowej górze jadą żołnierze, Pod Krakowem czarna rola, Przyszedł nam rozkaz stanąć do boju, Szabla dzwoni o ostrogę, W suterynie daleko za miastem, Wesoła marynarska pragnie powitać nas wiara, Zmarł biedaczysko w szpitalu wojskowym. Innym źródłem powojennego repertuaru przechowującego pieśni z okresu przedwojennego są nagrania Józefa Struskiego, obejmujące śpiewy kolędowe (Za kolędę dziękujemy, Nie bój się królu żadnej), weselne (Już ci teraz, Kasiuleńko, welon zdejmiemy, Uklęknijże, córko), biesiadne (Chociaż są na świecie różne alkohole, Przyjacielu mój, rób bimber swój), żołnierskie/wojenne (Chcąc podwyższyć kadrę armii Beselera, Zawodzą dzwony w kościele), zalotne/miłosne (Szedłem sobie drożyneczką, Zaszło słonko, zaszło za góry) i inne. Do cennych informatorów, zwłaszcza gdy chodzi o tradycję muzyki wojskowej, należeli Bolesław Strawa i Stanisław Zdybała. Ten ostatni pomięta wiele tytułów przedwojennych pieśni, które żyły w powojennym śpiewie wojskowym (Było późno z wieczora, Do polskiego wojska, Oj, bieda, bieda, Karpaccy górale, Tam we pękach bzu altana).Echoes of the Interwar Period in Music Folklore of Postwar Lublin Province. On the Basis of Włodzimierz Dębski’s NotesSUMMARYThe article is an attempt to present the infl uences of the song tradition of the interwar period on the repertoire documented after World War 2 on the Lublin province territory. The unpublished handwritten notes of Włodzimierz Dębski (1922- 1998), a composer, theoretician of music, ethnomusicologist, animateur of music education, were the inspiration for undertaking this subject. In 1963-1976 Dębski actively co-created the music education in Lublin; simultaneously he documented and studied Lublin’s musical folklore. The majority of performers included in Dębski’s studies were born between 1910 and 1925. Therefore, they were the representatives of the generation whose school age fell on the interwar period. The construction of this paper is based on the comparison of musical culture in interwar Lublin and in the Lublin region with the repertoire of the 1970s and 1980s. The song material from the Lublin region phonically recorded and in written form (texts) in the interwar period consists of the singing of several performers. In her repertoire, Teresa Sołtys from Zemborzyce near Lublin had scouts’, patriotic, military/war, and ritual songs, inter alia, Cicho w stepie, Do polskiego wojska chłopców zaciągają, Gdy kogut zapiał w kurniku, Gdybym był hulaką, Hej, tam w karczmie,za stołem, Na nowej górze jada żołnierze, Pod Krakowem czarna rola, Przyszedł nam rozkaz stanąć do boju, Szabla dzwoni o ostrogę, W suterynie daleko za miastem, Wesoła marynarska pragnie powitać nas wiara, Zmarł biedaczysko w szpitalu wojskowym. Another source of the postwar repertoire that includes songs from the pre-war period are the recordings of Józef Struski, which comprised Christmas carols (Za kolędę dziękujemy, Nie bój się królu żadnej), wedding songs (Już ci teraz, Kasiuleńko, welon zdejmiemy, Uklęknijże córko), drinking songs (Chociaż są na świecie różne alkohole, Przyjacielu mój, rób bimber swój), military/war songs (Chcąc podwyższyć kadrę armii Beselera, Zawodzą dzwony w kościele), courtship/love songs (Szedłem sobie drożyneczką, Zaszło słonko, zaszło za góry) and others. Bolesław Strawa and Stanisław Zdybała were precious informants, especially as far as military music was concerned. The latter remembers many titles of the pre-war songs which were present in post-war military singing (Było późno z wieczora, Do polskiego wojska, Oj, bieda, bieda, Karpaccy górale, Tam we pękach bzu altana).

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