scholarly journals Kuglarze w dramat walą. Adam Polewka i szopkowo-farsowe inspiracje w dramaturgii dwudziestolecia międzywojennego

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Magda Nabiałek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Stage Performances ◽  
Post War ◽  
A Performance

The article reflects on the connections between the Polish drama of the interwar period with such stage performances as a nativity play, farce, cabaret, and circus. The text attempts to point to the possible inquiries into this important problem of the dramaturgy of the 1920s and 1930s. The author concentrates on Adam Polewka himself and his political farse plays, especially the record of Igrce w Barbakanie, a performance prepared for the Cracow Days in 1938. She reads critically the introduction to the post-war edition of this text. In her opinion, this authorial commentary includes precious information about such stage forms of the interwar period as a farse play and circus.

Party and Democracy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The State ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Post War ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

The book integrates philosophical, historical, and empirical analyses in order to highlight the profound roots of the limited legitimation of parties in contemporary society. Political parties’ long attempts to gain legitimacy are analysed from a philosophical–historical perspective pinpointing crucial passages in their theoretical and empirical acceptance. The book illustrates the process through which parties first emerged and then achieved full legitimacy in the early twentieth century. It shows how, paradoxically, their role became absolute in the totalitarian regimes of the interwar period when the party became hyper-powerful. In the post-war period, parties shifted from a golden age of positive reception and organizational development towards a more difficult relationship with society as it moved into post-industrialism. Parties were unable to master societal change and favoured the state to recover resources they were no longer able to extract from their constituencies. Parties have become richer and more powerful, but they have ‘paid’ for their pervasive presence in society and the state with a declining legitimacy. The party today is caught in a dramatic contradiction. It has become a sort of Leviathan with clay feet: very powerful thanks to the resources it gets from the state and to its control of societal and state spheres due to an extension of clientelistic and patronage practices; but very weak in terms of legitimacy and confidence in the eyes of the mass public. However, it is argued that there is still no alternative to the party, and some hypotheses to enhance party democracy are advanced.

A global New Deal

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Jens Steffek
Keyword(s):  
New Deal ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
World Order ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Post War ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Second World ◽  
The New Deal ◽  
Nations System

This chapter shows how technocratic internationalism survived the crisis of world order utopias in the 1940s and gained influence on the negotiation of the post-war order. The first section discusses the critique of modern rationalism in the war and post-war years. In the field of international thought, that critique came in the guise of a ‘realist’ backlash against the ‘idealism’ of the interwar period. The second section documents the enduring prominence of technocratic ideas during the Second World War. David Mitrany re-proposed his functional approach in his Working Peace System, a pamphlet that addressed policy-makers rather than academics. Regardless, this wartime version of Mitrany’s functionalism became the point of reference for subsequent generations of scholars. Technocratic thought gained political influence when American policy-makers projected the New Deal and its institutions onto the international plane in the founding of the United Nations system. The final section studies the co-existence of realist and technocratic figures of thought. Realist Hans J. Morgenthau came to advocate international cooperation in the field of low politics, but also multilateral control over nuclear technology. In doing so, he drew directly on Mitrany’s functionalism. E. H. Carr, the eminent British critic of utopianism, in the 1940s suggested a technocratic European planning authority and a bank of Europe to unite the continent.

Émigré Politics and the Cold War: The National Labor Alliance (NTS), United States Intelligence Agencies and Post-War Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tromly
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Strategies ◽  
World War ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article examines the post-war activities of the National Labor Alliance (NTS), a far-right Russian exile organisation whose members had served in German intelligence and propaganda structures during the Second World War. Using declassified CIA documents and previously untapped sources pertaining to NTS, it analyses the transformation of a semi-fascistic, collaborationist and anti-Semitic organisation into a Cold War asset of the CIA. The NTS played a role in shaping its association with US power by applying deceptive political strategies it had adopted during the interwar period and the Second World War to the new geopolitical context of divided Europe.

American Orientalism in Korea

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Charles Kraus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
English Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Korean People ◽  
American Orientalism ◽  
Post War ◽  
North And South

People express and exercise power as much through words as through actions. Yet scholars never have examined systematically how officials and others in the United States actually talked and wrote about Korea, both north and south, during the momentous interwar period. This article unearths crude depictions of the Korean people common in American writings from the 1940s and 1950s, arguing that this rhetoric created and reinforced an unequal power relationship between the United States and Korea. These negative discourses about Koreans, as expressions of American Orientalism, had important implications for u.s.policy in Korea and for the post-war trajectory of developments on the entire Korean peninsula. They also have left a perceptible imprint on English-language scholarship engaging in assessments of Korea ever since.

scholarly journals Legacies From a Holocaust of the Mind

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Joanna Diane Caytas
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Mathematical Ideas ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Polish Intelligentsia

In the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Hitler and Stalin devised to partition Poland for all future. Toward their goal of enslaving the nation, the Nazis systematically exterminated the Polish intelligentsia and prohibited tertiary education to create a nation of serfs. Still, the Soviets and their lieutenants continued a policy with similar if largely non-lethal effects for another 45 years under the banner of social engineering. The fate of the Lwów School of Mathematics is a prominent example of brute atrocities but also of great resilience, enduring creativity and irrepressible revival. Among the world’s most advanced biotopes of mathematics in the interwar period, the Lwów School suffered debilitating losses from Hitler’s genocide, wartime emigration, and the post-war brain drain of defections inspired by communism. The Scottish Café was perhaps the best-known liberal scholarly hotbed of cutting-edge mathematical ideas east of Göttingen, the caliber of its patrons reflective of the most noteworthy mine of mathematical talent outside of Oxford, Cambridge, Paris and Moscow in its day. It is a conclusion strikingly evidenced by the Scottish Book: three-quarters of a century later, a quarter of the mathematical challenges described therein is still awaiting resolution.

scholarly journals Echa międzywojnia w muzycznym folklorze powojennej Lubelszczyzny. Na podstawie zapisów Włodzimierza Dębskiego

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Agata Kusto
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
School Age ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
Wedding Songs ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Post War

<p>Artykuł jest próbą uchwycenia wpływów pieśniowej tradycji międzywojnia, jakim podlegał repertuar udokumentowany po drugiej wojnie światowej na terenie Lubelszczyzny. Inspiracją dla podjęcia tematu stały się niepublikowane zapiski rękopiśmienne Włodzimierza Dębskiego (1922-1998) – kompozytora, teoretyka muzyki, etnomuzykologa, animatora edukacji muzycznej. W latach 1963-1976 Dębski aktywnie współtworzył szkolnictwo muzyczne w Lublinie, jednocześnie dokumentował i badał lubelski folklor muzyczny. Większość wykonawców, których Dębski uwzględnił w swoich badaniach, to osoby urodzone w przedziale lat 1910-1925. Byli to więc przedstawiciele pokolenia, którego wiek szkolny przypadł na okres międzywojenny. Konstrukcja niniejszego tekstu opiera się na porównaniach kultury muzycznej w międzywojennym Lublinie i regionie lubelskim z repertuarem lat 70-tych i 80-tych XX w. Na pieśniowy materiał z Lubelszczyzny utrwalony fonicznie i w przekazach pisanych (teksty) w okresie powojennym składają się śpiewy kilku wykonawców. W repertuarze Teresy Sołtys z podlubelskich Zemborzyc znajdowały się pieśni harcerskie, patriotyczne, żołnierskie/wojenne, obrzędowe, m.in.: <em>Cicho w stepie</em>, <em>Do polskiego wojska chłopców zaciągają</em>,<em> Gdy kogut zapiał w kurniku</em>, <em>Gdybym był hulaką</em>,<em> Hej, tam w karczmie, za stołem</em>, <em>Na nowej górze jadą żołnierze</em>,<em> Pod Krakowem czarna rola</em>, <em>Przyszedł nam rozkaz stanąć do boju</em>, <em>Szabla dzwoni o ostrogę</em>, <em>W suterynie daleko za miastem</em>, <em>Wesoła marynarska pragnie powitać nas wiara</em>, <em>Zmarł biedaczysko w szpitalu wojskowym</em>. Innym źródłem powojennego repertuaru przechowującego pieśni z okresu przedwojennego są nagrania Józefa Struskiego, obejmujące śpiewy kolędowe (<em>Za kolędę dziękujemy</em>, <em>Nie bój się królu żadnej</em>), weselne (<em>Już ci teraz, Kasiuleńko, welon zdejmiemy</em>,<em> Uklęknijże, córko</em>), biesiadne (<em>Chociaż są na świecie różne alkohole</em>, <em>Przyjacielu mój, rób bimber swój</em>), żołnierskie/wojenne (<em>Chcąc podwyższyć kadrę armii Beselera</em>, <em>Zawodzą dzwony w kościele</em>), zalotne/miłosne (<em>Szedłem sobie drożyneczką</em>, <em>Zaszło słonko, zaszło za góry</em>) i inne. Do cennych informatorów, zwłaszcza gdy chodzi o tradycję muzyki wojskowej, należeli Bolesław Strawa i Stanisław Zdybała. Ten ostatni pomięta wiele tytułów przedwojennych pieśni, które żyły w powojennym śpiewie wojskowym (<em>Było późno z wieczora</em>, <em>Do polskiego wojska</em>,<em> </em><em>Oj, bieda, bieda</em>,<em> Karpaccy górale</em>,<em> Tam we pękach bzu altana</em>).</p><p><strong>Echoes of the Interwar Period in Music Folklore of Postwar Lublin Province. On the Basis of Włodzimierz Dębski’s Notes</strong></p>SUMMARY<p>The article is an attempt to present the infl uences of the song tradition of the interwar period on the repertoire documented after World War 2 on the Lublin province territory. The unpublished handwritten notes of Włodzimierz Dębski (1922- 1998), a composer, theoretician of music, ethnomusicologist, animateur of music education, were the inspiration for undertaking this subject. In 1963-1976 Dębski actively co-created the music education in Lublin; simultaneously he documented and studied Lublin’s musical folklore. The majority of performers included in Dębski’s studies were born between 1910 and 1925. Therefore, they were the representatives of the generation whose school age fell on the interwar period. The construction of this paper is based on the comparison of musical culture in interwar Lublin and in the Lublin region with the repertoire of the 1970s and 1980s. The song material from the Lublin region phonically recorded and in written form (texts) in the interwar period consists of the singing of several performers. In her repertoire, Teresa Sołtys from Zemborzyce near Lublin had scouts’, patriotic, military/war, and ritual songs, inter alia, Cicho w stepie, Do polskiego wojska chłopców zaciągają, Gdy kogut zapiał w kurniku, Gdybym był hulaką, Hej, tam w karczmie,za stołem, Na nowej górze jada żołnierze, Pod Krakowem czarna rola, Przyszedł nam rozkaz stanąć do boju, Szabla dzwoni o ostrogę, W suterynie daleko za miastem, Wesoła marynarska pragnie powitać nas wiara, Zmarł biedaczysko w szpitalu wojskowym. Another source of the postwar repertoire that includes songs from the pre-war period are the recordings of Józef Struski, which comprised Christmas carols (Za kolędę dziękujemy, Nie bój się królu żadnej), wedding songs (Już ci teraz, Kasiuleńko, welon zdejmiemy, Uklęknijże córko), drinking songs (Chociaż są na świecie różne alkohole, Przyjacielu mój, rób bimber swój), military/war songs (Chcąc podwyższyć kadrę armii Beselera, Zawodzą dzwony w kościele), courtship/love songs (Szedłem sobie drożyneczką, Zaszło słonko, zaszło za góry) and others. Bolesław Strawa and Stanisław Zdybała were precious informants, especially as far as military music was concerned. The latter remembers many titles of the pre-war songs which were present in post-war military singing (Było późno z wieczora, Do polskiego wojska, Oj, bieda, bieda, Karpaccy górale, Tam we pękach bzu altana).</p>

scholarly journals Between Physiology and Psychology—Ethology and Animal Feelings

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Claas Kirchhelle
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Post War ◽  
Progressive Force ◽  
The University

AbstractThis chapter explores scientific thinking about animal behaviour and welfare from the late nineteenth century onwards. After a period of unsystematic investigations of animal cognition and feelings (affective states), many researchers abandoned allegedly anthropomorphic approaches in favour of new mechanistic behaviourist models. Interest in the evolutionary roots and purpose of behaviour was gradually revived by ethologists from the interwar period onwards. While senior continental ethologists shied away from research on animal feelings, a growing number of Anglo-American ethologists questioned supposed divides between animal and human cognition and anthropomorphic taboos associated with studying affective states. In post-war Britain, the University Federation of Animal Welfare and ethologists Julian Huxley and William Homan Thorpe used research on behaviour and stress to call for improved welfare. Their actions were strongly influenced by Edwardian concepts of science as a progressive force for the moral and spiritual improvement of human society.

scholarly journals Traditional Japanese pottery and its influence on the American mid 20th century ceramic art

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-153
Author(s):  
Johannis Tsoumas
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Order ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ceramic Art ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Post War ◽  
Aesthetic Values

The Japanese ceramic tradition that was to emerge along with other forms of traditional crafts through the Mingei Movement during the interwar period, as a form of reaction to the barbaric and expansive industrialization that swept Japan from the late nineteenth century, brought to light the traditional, moral, philosophical, functional, technical and aesthetic values that had begun to eliminate. Great Japanese artists, art critics and ceramists, such as Soetsu Yanagi and Shōji Hamada, as well as the emblematic personality of the English potter Bernard Leach, after caring for the revival of Japanese pottery, believed that they should disseminate the philosophy of traditional Japanese pottery around the world and especially in the post-war U.S.A. where it found a significant response from great American potters and clay artists, but also from the educational system of the country.  This article aims to focus precisely on the significant influence that postwar American ceramic art received from traditional Japanese pottery ideals. The author in order to document the reasons for this new order of things, will study and analyze the work of important American potters and ceramic artists of the time, and will highlight the social, philosophical and cultural context of the time in which the whole endeavor took place. 

scholarly journals ‘If We Are to Believe the Psychologists …’: Medicine, Psychoanalysis and Breastfeeding in Britain, 1900–55

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Rowold
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Private Practice ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Health Visitors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theories

In 1942, the British Minister of Health commissioned a report from the newly established Advisory Committee on Mothers and Young Children into ‘What can be done to intensify the effort to secure more breast feeding of infants?’. To make their case, the members of the sub-committee put in charge of the report sought expert testimony on the benefits of breastfeeding. They consulted medical officers of health, maternity and child-welfare officers, health visitors, midwives, obstetricians, paediatricians and a physician in private practice. They also consulted five ‘psychologists’ (a contemporary umbrella term for psychologists, psychoanalysts and psychiatrists). It is not surprising that the committee turned to medical professionals, as infant feeding had long been an area of their expertise. However, seeking the views of ‘psychologists’ when establishing the benefits of breastfeeding marked a more innovative development, one which suggested that a shift in conceptualising the significance of breastfeeding was gathering pace. In the interwar period, psychoanalysts and psychoanalytically oriented psychiatrists showed growing interest in early infancy. It led to an extensive psychoanalytic engagement with contemporary feeding advice disseminated by the medical profession. This article will explore the divergences and intersections of medical and psychoanalytic theories on breastfeeding in the first half of the twentieth century, concluding with a consideration of how medical ideas on breastfeeding had absorbed some of the contentions of ‘psy’-approaches to infant feeding by the post-war period.

The Music of Edison Denisov

Tempo ◽  
1984 ◽  
pp. 2-9
Author(s):  
Susan Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early Environment ◽  
The Road ◽  
20Th Century Music ◽  
Edison Denisov ◽  
Post War ◽  
Forward Looking ◽  
A Performance

At a time when scarcely any Soviet composer of the post-war generation had been heard of, let alone heard, in this country, it was quite a coup for the 1967 Brighton Festival to have been able to present a performance of Sun of the Incas by Edison Denisov—and this only three years after the work was composed. Rough and ready as the Brighton performance undoubtedly was (with poorly cued parts and too little rehearsal time), it was readily apparent to performers and audience alike that this was no safe, middle-of-the-road music, but the work of a forward-looking composer with a voice of his own as distinctive as that of any of his western contemporaries. The same audience would certainly have been astonished to know that Denisov—like other now distinguished Soviet composers of the same generation—had been totally cut off from the literature of non-Russian 20th-century music in its entirety until the late 1950's: not a hint of any of the historic musical events of our time had been allowed to reach them—not even of the developments in pre-1914 Vienna. In Denisov's case it is still more surprising to learn that his own early environment had denied him the experience of music of any kind.

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