A note on the use of the ‘Danscanner’ for prediction of the composition of a sample joint from beef cattle

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
C. E. Hinks
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Single Indicator ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat

ABSTRACTForty-five crossbred cattle were scanned by ultrasonics at three sites on the body and were ‘condition scored’ before slaughter and subsequent dissection of a sample rib joint.Ultrasonic measurements gave a better indicator of fat content than did ‘condition score’. The third lumbar vertebra site on the body gave a better prediction of sample joint composition than did the 10th or 13th rib.The mean ultrasonic measurement of fat depth at the three sites did not improve the prediction of composition as compared with the value obtained at the third lumbar vertebra. The overall standard deviation for total fat concentration was 42·1 g/kg and for lean concentration was 35·4 g/kg. Area of fat at the third lumbar vertebra was the best single indicator of fat concentration and lean concentration in the sample joint, with residual standard deviations of 25·1 and 23·1 g/kg respectively. A combination of fat measurements at the 3rd lumbar position was the best overall predictor (residual standard deviation: 23·8g fat and 23·0g lean per kg).

The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Lice

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.

A model for the effect of bias for cholesterol on the population at risk.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2256-2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Kroll ◽  
M Ruddel ◽  
R J Elin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The location of the Reference Value for an analyte within the population distribution affects the magnitude of error due to methodological bias. Using the gaussian distribution, we evaluated the effects of systematic and proportional biases of the method (positive and negative), mean value, and standard deviation on the magnitude of error. We chose four Reference Values for cholesterol as a model. For a population with a mean of 2.0 and SD of 0.36 g of cholesterol per liter, a 3% positive proportional bias causes sixfold more error at the 50th percentile than at the 97.5th. In general, the error for a given bias (proportional or systematic) is greater for a Reference Value within the body than at the tails of the distribution. Further, the magnitude of the error varies as a function of the mean and standard deviation of the population.

The rumen as a water store in sheep

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Hecker ◽  
OE Budtz-Olsen ◽  
M Ostwald
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

The rumen fluid volume in sheep was measured by the method of phenol red dilution. Serial determinations made in 22 sheep deprived of food and water for up to 8 days showed that the greatest decrease in rumen fluid volume occurred during the first 2–3 days, the magnitude of the decrease depending on the initial volume. After the third day, the rate of loss of rumen fluid became slower as the rumen fluid volume became depleted. Sheep deprived of food only gave similar results to those deprived of both food and water. This absorption of rumen fluid during the first 2–3 days of food and water deprivation may account for the expansion of plasma volume which has been recorded on the third day. In a group of eight sheep deprived of food and water for 4 days, the mean rumen volume loss for the period amounted to about half the body weight loss. These results support the view that in the sheep, the water balance of the body proper is kept virtually unaltered by fluid drawn from the alimentary tract during the first days of water deprivation. The animal does not become dehydrated, in the physiological sense, until this reserve is depleted. For this reason, the rumen may be regarded as a water "store" in sheep.

scholarly journals The Influence of Heating on Toe pressure in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Settembre ◽  
T. Kagayama ◽  
P. Kauhanen ◽  
P. Vikatmaa ◽  
Y. Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Baseline Measurement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Toe Pressure

Background and Aim: The toe skin temperature in vascular patients can be low, making reliable toe pressure measurements difficult to obtain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heating on the toe pressure measurements. Materials and Methods: A total of 86 legs were examined. Brachial pressure and toe pressure were measured at rest in a supine position using a laser Doppler device that also measured skin temperature. After heating the toes for 5 min with a heating pad, we re-measured the toe pressure. Furthermore, after heating the skin to 40° with the probe, toe pressures were measured a third time. Results: The mean toe skin temperature at the baseline measurement was 24.0 °C (standard deviation: 2.8). After heating the toes for 5 min with a warm heating pad, the skin temperature rose to a mean 27.8 °C (standard deviation: 2.8; p = 0.000). The mean toe pressure rose from 58.5 (standard deviation: 32) to 62 (standard deviation: 32) mmHg (p = 0.029). Furthermore, after the skin was heated up to 40 °C with the probe, the mean toe pressure in the third measurement was 71 (standard deviation: 34) mmHg (p = 0.000). The response to the heating varied greatly between the patients after the first heating—from −34 mmHg (toe pressure decreased from 74 to 40 mmHg) to +91 mmHg. When the toes were heated to 40 °C, the change in to toe pressure from the baseline varied between −28 and +103 mmHg. Conclusion: Our data indicate that there is a different response to the heating in different clinical situations and in patients with a different comorbidity.

Cleaning of Matched License Plate Data

2002 ◽  
Vol 1804 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Clark ◽  
S. Grant-Muller ◽  
Haibo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Mean Absolute Deviation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean

Three methods for identifying outlying journey time observations collected as part of a motorway license plate matching exercise are presented. Each method is examined to ensure that it is comprehensible to transport practitioners, is able to correctly classify outliers, and is efficient in its application. The first method is a crude method based on percentiles. The second uses a mean absolute deviation test. The third method is a modification of a traditional z- or t-statistical test. Results from each method and combinations of methods are compared. The preferred method is judged to be the third method alone, which uses the median rather than the mean as its measure of location and the inter-quartile range rather than the standard deviation as its measure of variability. This method is seen to be robust to both the outliers themselves and the presence of incident conditions. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated under a number of typical and atypical road traffic conditions. In particular, the method is applied to a different section of motorway and is shown to still produce useful results.

Vedic mathematics training in specific learning difficulty: A study on upper primary children

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jini K Gopinath ◽  
Rita Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Learning Difficulty ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Training Assessment ◽  
Vedic Mathematics ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Specific Learning

The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of vedic mathematics training on children with specific learning difficulty. The mean age of the participants was 11.39 with a standard deviation of 0.63, and were divided into three groups. One group underwent training in Vedic Mathematics, the second group underwent conventional remediation for mathematics and the third group had sessions on general knowledge. The tools included Diagnostic Arithmetic Test (DAT) from the NIMHANS index of learning disability and a Visual Analogue Scale. One way Analysis of Variance showed that children who underwent Vedic Mathematics training and Remediation training performed significantly better on the DAT at post training assessment. The study points the option of including Vedic Mathematics Training in Schools to help children understand mathematics concepts better.

scholarly journals Bodyweight at Birth and Growth Rate during the Neonatal Period in Three Canine Breeds

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Schrank ◽  
Antonio Mollo ◽  
Barbara Contiero ◽  
Stefano Romagnoli
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Weight Gain ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Neonatal Growth ◽  
Daily Gain

Weight at birth (bBW) and early weight gain have been linked to the risk of neonatal mortality. Pups are described to be of low bBW if weighing less than one standard deviation (SD) below the mean. Most studies classified breeds according to their expected adult bodyweight. Our aim was to evaluate the breed specificity of these parameters. We assessed the bBW of 213 puppies of Bernese Mountain Dog (BMD), Tibetan Terrier (TT), and Lhasa Apso (LA) breeds, as well as the neonatal growth rate of 133 puppies of BMD and TT. BMD puppies were born relatively smaller than puppies of TT and LA (p ≤ 0.0001) and gained less weight than TT puppies during the first 14 days (p ≤ 0.05). Litter size had a significant impact on bBW and daily gain until the onset of the third week for BMD (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005, respectively) and TT (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0064, respectively). When using bBW means and SD specifically assessed according to breed, 29 out of the 213 neonates of our study were judged as being of low bBW, whereas, when using the classical criteria (based on breed groups), the number of low bBW pups was 160 of 213. These results suggest that evaluations of bBW and neonatal growth should be performed in a breed-specific manner.

The use of a danscanner ultrasonic machine to predict the body composition of Hereford bulls

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Alliston
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Ultrasonic Machine ◽  
Ultrasonic Scanning ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Total Fat

ABSTRACTUltrasonic measurements, using a Danscanner, were taken of the m longissimus dorsi and overlying fat at the 10th and 13th ribs, and 3rd lumbar vertebra, of 50 Hereford bulls with ages ranging from 400 to 600 days, just prior to slaughter and side dissection.The analysis adjusted the data for live weight and day of slaughter, and the precision of carcass lean and fat prediction was examined. The standard deviations of total fat and lean in the carcass at constant live weight were 40 and 33 g/kg respectively.The best single measurement of fat depth for predicting fat proportion was fat depth taken 125 mm from the midline at the 13th rib (residual s.d. = 21·8g/kg). The best combined predictors of both total fat and lean proportions in the side were fat depth 125 mm from the midline at the 13th rib, fat depth 75 mm from the midline at the 3rd lumbar vertebra, and fat area at the 10th and 13th ribs, and 3rd lumbar vertebra, with residual s.d. of 20·5 and 19·6 g/kg for fat and lean proportions respectively.The results confirm that ultrasonic scanning is now able to give a useful indication of the body composition of live cattle.

Speed of ultrasound in Hereford bulls and its correlation with carcass composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. J. Fursey ◽  
C. A. Miles ◽  
S. J. Page ◽  
A. V. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lipid Concentration ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Speed Of Ultrasound ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Animal Interaction

ABSTRACTMeasurements were made of the speed of ultrasound transmission through sites in the hind limbs of 125 pedigree Hereford bulls. Twenty-five of these were measured twice at weekly intervals on three occasions prior to slaughter to assess the short-term repeatability of the measurement and the magnitude of long-term changes. Analyses of variance of the means of the measurements at two sites showed that the residual standard deviation (within animal and occasion), was 0·01 (μs/cm. There was a decrease of 0·01 (μs/cm in the group mean over the 2-week period and a significant time × animal interaction. This showed that lipid concentration at the measurement sites decreased as the bulls adjusted to their new surroundings following delivery to the Institute's farm. When a separate group of 64 bulls was measured at the farm at which they were being reared an increase in the group mean of 0·006 iμs/cm was recorded over a 30·day period, indicating an increase in lipid concentration. The residual standard deviation for that group was 0·007 μs/cm, similar to that recorded above.The mean of the reciprocal speeds at the two sites, when used in a multiple regression with live mass, yielded a residual standard deviation in predicted proportion of lean in the side of 20·0 g/kg and in total fat proportion of 22·1 g/kg. These corresponded to population standard deviations, adjusted for live mass, of 29·7 and 34·1 g/kg respectively. It was concluded that the measurement of ultrasound speed in the hind limbs of Hereford bulls could be used to predict lean proportion in the carcass. The method does not require subjective interpretation and responds equally to subcutaneous and interand intra-muscular fat.

scholarly journals One Possible Cause for the Frequent Occurrence and Nonunion of Type II Odontoid Fracture 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixin Dong ◽  
Yong Hu ◽  
Jian-bin Zhong ◽  
Zhen-shan Yuan ◽  
Bing-ke Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Odontoid Fracture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ct Value ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Possible Cause

Abstract Background. To analyze the underlying causes of frequent occurrence and nonunion of type II odontoid fracture.Methods. CT scans along with 3D imaging software (Mimics software) were used to measure the bone density of the axis. The axis was divided into three parts, including the odontoid of the axis (the first part), the base of the odontoid (the second part) and the body of the axis (the third part). The CT value of the axis was measured and analyzed in different axial planes from top to bottom, followed by calculation and comparison of the mean CT value of the three parts of the axis.Results. The mean CT value of the odontoid (the first part), base of the odontoid (the second part) and body of the axis (the third part) was 651.35±188.32, 318.38±98.82 and 397.45±93.59, respectively. In addition, the interval variation of CT value of different axial planes was initially decreased and further increased with the change of axial planes from top to bottom.Conclusion. The mean CT value of the base of the odontoid was significantly lower than that of the odontoid or the body of the axis. Therefore, the base of the odontoid was the transition region of shape and bone density, which may be one possible cause for the frequent occurrence and nonunion in the type II odontoid fracture in axis fracture.

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