The effect of type of concentrate and level of concentrate feeding on milk production

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Organic Matter Concentration ◽  
Matter Concentration

ABSTRACTTwenty-four British Friesian dairy cows in early lactation were used in a change-over design experiment with three periods, each of 4 weeks duration. The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of both the type of concentrate and the level of concentrate supplementation on the utilization of grass silage for milk production. Four treatments consisted of offering 10 kg/day of either a barley (10B) or a sugar beet pulp-based concentrate (10S), each concentrate being offered at two crude protein concentrations of 175 (low) and 245 (high) g/kg dry matter. In a further two treatments the barley-based concentrates containing the low and high protein concentrations were offered at 7 kg/day (7B). All concentrates were offered in addition to the cows having ad libitum access to grass silage containing a dry-matter concentration of 213 g/kg and a digestible organic matter concentration of 668 g/kg dry matter.Silage dry-matter intakes (kg/day) for cows given the low- and high-protein concentrates respectively were: 9·06 and 9·28 for the 7B treatments; 8·21 and 8·33 for the 10B treatments; and 8·04 and 7·97 for the 10S treatments (pooled s.e. 0·11). Fat-corrected milk yields for cows given the low- and high-protein concentrates respectively were: 24·0 and 24·1 for the 7B treatments; 25·9 and 27·0 for the 10B treatments; and 25·7 and 26·2 for the 10S treatments (pooled s.e. 0·57).The higher level of concentrate feeding significantly increased milk yield (P < 0·001) whereas neither energy source nor protein concentration in the concentrates had a significant effect on milk yield (P > 0·05). There was a trend towards a greater response to increased protein concentration at the higher level of feeding.

scholarly journals Comparison of part-time grazing and indoor silage feeding on milk production

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SAIRANEN ◽  
H. KHALILI ◽  
P. VIRKAJÄRVI
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Ad Libitum

Cows were assigned randomly to indoor silage feeding (with 2 h outdoor exercise) or part-time grazing treatment in two different experiments. One group was kept in confinement with ad libitum grass silage within each experiment. The other group had ad libitum grass silage indoors and they were put out on grass pasture during part of the 24 hour period, 12 hours (night, Experiment 1) and 6 hours (day, Experiment 2) in June, July and August. In Experiment 2, the concentrate (9 kg d-1) was given at two crude protein levels: high crude protein [185 g kg-1 dry matter (DM)] and low crude protein (135 g kg-1 DM). In Experiment 1, night-time grazing increased total DM intake and milk (3.9 kg d-1) production. There was interaction between month and forage feeding strategy, the difference in milk yield being smallest between treatments in June. In Experiment 2, day-time grazing had no significant main effect on milk production but there was significant interaction between month and forage feeding strategy showing 2.5 kg d-1 difference between treatments in July. High-protein concentrate tended to increase the milk yield more on the silage diet compared with the group grazing during daytime. .The differences in milk yield between the forage feeding treatments were mainly due to the higher dry matter intake and higher metabolizable energy content of the pasture grass compared with silage. The lower milk responses to concentrate crude protein in the cows grazing during daytime compared with the silage group indicate a high protein value of pasture grass. It is concluded that part-time grazing increases the milk yield and decreases the need for supplementary concentrate protein.;

Milk production from grass silage diets: effects of silage characteristics and the amount of supplementary concentrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
C. Thomas ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Design Experiments

AbstractHigh digestibility ryegrass was ensiled using either good methods including formic acid application (HDG) or poor methods without formic acid (HDP). Low digestibility ryegrass (LDG) and lucerne (LUC) were ensiled using similar methods to HDG. Digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DM) in vivo (DOMD) for HDG, HDP, LDG and LUC were 0·756, 0·774, 0·645 and 0·562 respectively. Silages were offered ad libitum to 40 HolsteinFriesian cows in two Latin-square design experiments during weeks 8 to 22 of lactation either alone (experiment 1) or with 3, 6, 9 or 12 kg concentrate DM per day (experiment 2). Relative intakes of silage given alone were respectively 1·00, 0·44, 0·98 and 0·79. Low intake of HDP could not be predicted from silage analysis. In experiment 2, DM intake increased by 0·11 kg and milk yield by 0·24 kg for each 0·010 change in grass silage DOMD. Intake of HDG, LDG and LUC declined linearly with increasing concentrate, on HDP the effect was non-linear and intake increased up to the 6 kg level.In experiment 1, milk and protein yields were greatest on HDG, protein yield was higher on LDG than LUC and fat concentration higher on HDP and LUC. With supplementation milk yield was greatest on HDG up to the 6 kg level, at higher levels differences between silages were not significant. Fat concentration was highest on LDG and protein highest on HDG and lowest on LUC. On all silages giving the highest concentrate level reduced the concentration and yield of fat. Protein concentration increased up to the 9 kg level. Fat plus protein yields reached a maximum on HDG with 6 kg concentrate DM per day and with 9 kg on the remaining silages.

The effects of the frequency of feeding concentrates on milk production and eating behaviour in Ayrshire dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Gill ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTTwo separate experiments were conducted with 12 lactating and four non-lactating Ayrshire cows to compare three frequencies of feeding concentrates per day. Milk production was measured in a 16-week experiment in which the lactating cows were given either a low- or a high-protein concentrate 2, 4 or 22 times (×) per day. Eating behaviour was measured in a 15-week experiment in which the non-lactating cows were also given the low- and high-protein concentrates 2 and 22 × per day. The low- and high-protein concentrates had concentrations of 128 and 202 g crude protein/kg dry matter respectively. Grass silage with a digestibility of organic matter in the dry matter of 0·655 was offered ad libitum to all the cows. Frequency of feeding had no significant effects on silage intake, total nutrient intake, milk yield and live weight. The milk fat concentration increased as the frequency of feeding increased but none of the differences in this and the other milk constituents was significant. Total eating time per day and eating and ruminating time per kg dry matter were not significantly different on the 2 × and the 22 × feeding treatments. There were no interactions between the feeding-frequency treatments and the two types of concentrates. It is concluded that there were no advantages in offering concentrates in more than two separate feeds per day when the daily amount averaged about 7 kg per cow and good-quality silage was available ad libitum

Effects of feeding low levels of high protein concentrates differing in protein source on milk production of dairy cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
S. Fitzgerald ◽  
J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Feed Costs

Studies reported by Mayne (1990) and Slater (1989) have shown that the yield of milk achieved by feeding a low level of a high protein concentrate with a good quality silage fed to appetite was comparable to that obtained by feeding higher levels of a conventional concentrate containing a normal level of protein (160-180g CP/kg). These results would indicate that there is considerable scope to reduce concentrate feeding levels and reduce feed costs when good quality grass silage is available. However, in previous studies at this centre (Murphy, 1987) very low levels (2.4 kg/d) of high protein concentrates (400-450 g CP/kg) fed with a good quality grass silage reduced milk production compared with a moderate level (6 kg/d) of a normal protein concentrate (160-180 g CP/kg).The present study was carried out to clarify the position and to establish the benefit of including a source of undegradable protein, e.g. maize distillers grains or fishmcal in place of soyabcanmeal in the prolein concentrate.

Forage mixtures for dairy cows: the effect on dry-matter intake and milk production of incorporating either fermented or urea-treated whole-crop wheat, brewers' grains, fodder beet or maize silage into diets based on grass silage

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
B. A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Forage Mixtures

AbstractOne hundred and two multiparous Holstein/Friesian dairy coivs were used to examine the effect on food intake and milk production of replacing 330 g/kg dry matter (DM) of first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS) with either fermented (FW) or urea (40 g/kg DM) treated (UW) whole-crop wheat, brewers' grains (BG), fodder beet (FB) or maize silage (MS). A forage mixture containing GS and 750 g/kg DM of maize silage (MSH) was also offered. Dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations were equalized by offering all cows 6 kg DM per day of an appropriate concentrate supplement. DM intake and milk yield of cows offered GS (15·3, 23·0 kg/day) were increased (F < 0·01) by the inclusion of BG (16·3, 26·7 kg/day), FB (17·6, 25·9 kg/day), MS (16·6, 26·4 kg/day) and MSH (18·5, 27·6 kg/day). BG, FB and MS all produced similar increases in milk yield. Although the inclusion of FW and UW increased (F < 0·05) DM intake, milk yield was not significantly affected. The differences between the highest and lowest milk fat concentration, produced by FB (42·9 g/kg) and BG (40·1 g/kg) respectively, and the highest and lowest milk protein concentration produced by FB (32·1 g/kg) and GS (29·9 g/kg) respectively, were statistically significant (F < 0·001). Milk fat and protein yields of cows offered GS (0·97, 0·71 kg/day) were increased (F < 0·01) by BG (1·07, 0·82 kg/day), FB (1·11, 0·83 kg/day), MS (1·11, 0·83 kg/day) and MSH (1·12, 0·88 kg/day). Intermediate values were recorded for FW (1·01, 0·72 kg/day) or UW (1·00, 0·73 kg/day). Results show that farmers should consider replacing a major part of the grass silage component with an alternative forage or forage substitute.

scholarly journals Intake of Tifton 85 chopped hay have positive effects on protein digestibility, and milk production and composition of Lacaune sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e347985005
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bernardi ◽  
Antonio Waldimir Leopoldino da Silva ◽  
Catia Capeletto ◽  
Felipe Junior Portela da Silva ◽  
Renata Cristina Defiltro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
D 12

This study compared the effects of unchopped and chopped hay on milk production and composition, feed digestibility, and physiology of Lacaune sheep. Eighteen ewes were stratified by parity (two or three), days of lactation (60 ± 3.7 days), and milk production (1.04 L/ewe/day), and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) Unchopped or 2) Chopped Tifton 85 hay. Corn silage and concentrate were also provided. Chopped hay ewes gave lower (P≤0.01) dry matter intake and greater (P=0.02) crude protein digestibility. No effects of treatment were detected (P≥0.38) for the digestibility of dry matter, or of neutral and acid detergent fibers. Chopped hay ewes had greater (P≤0.01) milk production (d 7 and d 12), lactation persistence, and feed efficiency. Ewes eating chopped hay had greater (P=0.03) protein concentration in their milk. However, there were no effects of treatment × day and treatments (P≥0.16) for concentrations of fat, lactose, minerals, deffated dry extract, or density. Ewes eating chopped hay presented lower (P<0.01) serum concentrations of urea and tended to have lower (P=0.10) serum concentrations of glucose only on d 12. However, there were no effects of treatment × day and treatments (P≥0.16) for serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, or cholesterol. These data suggest that chopped hay promotes lower dry matter intake and serum concentrations of glucose and urea, but improves milk production, lactation persistence, feed efficiency, and protein concentration.

scholarly journals Replacing grass silage with pea-barley intercrop silage in the feeding of the dairy cow

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PURSIAINEN ◽  
M. TUORI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Barley Silage

The effect of replacing wilted grass silage (GS) with pea-barley intercrop silage (PBS) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk production was studied with 8 multiparous Ayrshire-cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Proportion of PBS was 0 (PBS0), 33 (PBS33), 67 (PBS67) or 100 (PBS100) % of silage dry matter (DM). The DM content was 559 and 255 g kg-1 for GS and PBS. Crude protein content was 131 and 170 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Pea-barley silage was more extensively fermented than GS with total fermentation acid content of 120 vs. 12 g kg-1 DM. Silage was fed for ad libitum intake and supplemented with on the average 13 kg concentrate per day. Silage DM intake was 9.2 (PBS0), 9.7 (PBS33), 9.0 (PBS67) and 7.1 (PBS100) kg per day (Pquadr. < 0.05). The energy corrected milk yield [30.3 (PBS0), 29.8 (PBS33), 30.3 (PBS67), 31.3 (PBS100) kg per day] was not significantly affected by the treatment. Milk protein concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to feeding PBS. It is concluded that PBS can replace up to two thirds of wilted, moderate quality GS in the feeding of dairy cows because in this experiment pure pea-barley silage reduced silage intake.

scholarly journals Formic acid treated whole crop barley and wheat silages in dairy cow diets: effects of crop maturity, proportion in the diet, and level and type of concentrate supplementation

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. JAAKKOLA ◽  
E. SAARISALO ◽  
T. HEIKKILÄ
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Crop Maturity

Three trials in dairy cows were carried out to study the effects of replacing grass silage (GS) with wholecrop silage (WCS) made of barley (BS) or wheat (WS) harvested at dough stage with a dry matter (DM) concentration of 300-450 g kg-1. All silages were ensiled using a formic acid based additive 5 l t-1. Milk production responses to energy and protein supplementation of diets were studied. In Exp. 1, BS replaced GS at the rates of 0, 200, 400 or 600 g kg-1 forage DM. Also 10 kg of concentrate containing 0 or 2 kg of rape seed meal was fed. In Exp. 2, barley was harvested at three times (BS1, BS2, BS3) at one week intervals. Barley silages were fed as a mixture with GS (40:60) and in addition BS2 and GS alone. Silages were supplemented with a cereal based farm-made concentrate (FC) or a commercial compound having a lower concentration of starch than FC. In Exp. 3, barley and wheat were harvested at two week intervals, fed as a mixture with GS (40:60) and supplemented with low or high amount of concentrate. The fermentation quality of whole crop silages was good. Weather conditions and maturity affected the proportion of ear in the crop and subsequently the ratio of non-structural carbohydrates to NDF in the silage. The inclusion of WCS depressed diet OM digestibility depending on the digestibility of GS and the proportion of WCS in the diet. However, mixing GS and WCS did not depress intake. Subsequently the use of mixtures maintained or even increased milk yield as compared with GS diet in Exp. 2 and 3. In Exp. 1, higher proportions (400, 600 g kg-1) of BS decreased milk yield. Minor effects of growth stage on milk production were observed with barley whereas delaying wheat harvest increased milk yield. Different types and levels of concentrate induced mainly similar intake and milk yield responses with diets based on GS alone or on mixtures of GS and WCS. The synergistic effect of mixing GS and WCS was more positive in experiments where the protein concentration of concentrate was high (200 g kg-1 DM).;

scholarly journals The Mode of Grass Supply to Dairy Cows Impacts on Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profile of Milk

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1256
Author(s):  
Senén De La Torre-Santos ◽  
Luis J. Royo ◽  
Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽  
Cristina Chocarro ◽  
Fernando Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Zero Grazing

The optimization of milk production includes a rational use of forages, respect for the environment and offers the best quality to consumers. Milk production based on grass and forages produces healthier milk and it is widely spread throughout the Atlantic arc to maximize milk yield per hectare. However, the mode of offering the grass can have a major influence on milk composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grass supply mode (grazing, zero-grazing or ensiling) on dairy cows’ performance, with particular reference to fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentration. A three by three Latin square experiment was performed with 18 dairy cows. Experimental treatments consisted of exclusive feeding with grass silage and zero-grazing, both offered ad libitum indoors, or grazing for 24 h. The results showed that grazing cows had a higher dry matter intake and greater milk yield than cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, as well as higher concentrations of protein, lactose, nonfat-solids and urea in milk than housed cows. Milk fat from grazing cows had a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than from cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, with significant differences in the proportion of vaccenic and rumenic acids. The 18:1 trans-11 to 18:1 trans-10 ratio is proposed as biomarker to identify the milk produced from the management system of grazing cattle. Milk from grazing cows had a greater proportion of lutein than cows eating grass silage, with the zero-grazing system having intermediate values. In conclusion, the mode of grass supply affects fatty acid and antioxidant profiles of milk.

Production responses by cows to grass-clover swards maintained at different heights with or without concentrate supplementation

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 99-99
Author(s):  
C. A. Huckle ◽  
A. J. Rook ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Friesian Cows

Clements, Huckle and Wilkins (1991) reported that milk yield did not differ significantly between cows grazing grass-clover swards with compressed sward heights maintained at either 4.5 or 6 cm in early season. However, cows grazing the shorter sward produced milk with a lower protein concentration. The feeding of 4 kg concentrates/day resulted in an increase in milk yield at both sward heights but there was no effect on milk constituent concentrations. The present experiment was designed to investigate the effect of a wider range of sward heights and their interaction with concentrate supplementation.Forty eight, multiparous, Holstein Friesian cows with a mean calving date of 21 March were continuously stocked on mixed grass-clover swards. The cows were blocked by calving date, parity and milk yield and randomly allocated to one of six treatments, 0 (U) or 4 kg concentrate supplementation (S) with swards maintained at 4, 6 or 8 cm compressed sward height. Sward heights were maintained by adjusting the grazed area. The swards were permanent pastures which had received no fertilizer nitrogen.

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