Factors affecting the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. 2. The composition and particle size of the basal diet

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Elimam ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effect Of The Composition

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the composition and particle size of the basal diet on the outflow of chromium-treated fish meal from the rumen of lactating British Friesian dairy cows, using Cr-concentrations in faeces. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used and the cows were fed at twice the estimated energy requirements for maintenance in two equal meals.Fractional outflow rates per h were, 0·079, 0·088, 0·086 and 0·064 for the 1·00 hay: 0·00 concentrate, 0·75 hay: 0·25 concentrate, 0·50 hay: 0·50 concentrate and 0·25 hay: 0·75 concentrate respectively. The difference between 0·75 and 0·50 concentrate was significant (P < 0·05).Grinding of long dried grass through 40 or 20 mm screens had no significant effect on the outflow of Cr-treated fish meal from the rumen, however fine grinding (5 mm) and pelleting significantly reduced the outflow from rumen (P < 0·05). Fractional outflow rates per h were 0·080, 0·086, 0·088 and 0·047 for the long, 40, 20 mm and the 5 mm and pelleted diets respectively.

Factors affecting the fractional outflow of protein supplements from the rumen 3. Effects of frequency of feeding, intake of water induced by the addition of sodium chloride, and the particle size of protein supplements

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Elimam ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTFour experiments were conducted with lactating dairy cows offered a hay and concentrate diet (0·5:0·5) to investigate the effects of (1) the frequency of feeding a completely mixed diet (experiment 1) compared with feeding the concentrate fraction and the roughage fraction separately (experiment 2), and (2) the addition of sodium chloride to a completely mixed diet (experiment 3), on the fractional rate of outflow (FRO) of chromium (Cr)-treated fish meal from the rumen, and on milk yield and composition. The cows were offered the diet at either twice the maintenance requirement (experiments 1 and 2), or 2-5 x maintenance (experiment 3) in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. The effect of the particle size of the Cr-treated soya bean meal was investigated in experiment 4.The frequency of feeding of the completely mixed diet had no significant effect on the rate of outflow of Cr-treated fish meal from the rumen, or on milk yield or composition. FRO per h were 0·070, 0·085, 0·079 and 0·086 when the diet was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively. Increasing the frequency of feeding of the concentrate fraction of the diet had no significant effect on FRO. FRO per h were 0·073, 0·078, 0·081 and 0·081 when the concentrate fraction was offered once, twice, four times or 12 times per day respectively.The addition of NaCl to the diet significantly increased water intake (P < 0·001), but had no significant effects on FRO or milk yield. FRO per h were 0·074, 0·075, 0·076 and 0080 when 50, 265, 529 or 794 g of NaCl were added into the diet respectively. The respective intakes of water were 66·6, 74·1, 88·4 and 101·6 kg/day.The FRO per h of fine particles of Cr-treated soya bean meal was 0·085 and for coarse particles, 0·096. The difference was not significant.

Effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on the concentrations of ammonia and insulin in peripheral blood of cows receiving an intraruminal infusion of urea

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai-Jun Choung ◽  
David G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Urea Infusion

SUMMARYTo test the hypothesis that propionate can reduce hepatic capacity to detoxify ammonia, effects of the inclusion of propionate in intraruminal infusions of urea on the concentrations of ammonia, other metabolites and insulin in peripheral blood were investigated in two experiments with non-lactating dairy cows. Both experiments were of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four animals, four treatments and four experimental periods of 7 d; feed was given in two equal meals each day, all intraruminal infusions were given for 1 h at the time of the morning feed, and propionic acid was partly neutralized with NaOH. In Expt 1, the treatments were a basal diet of pelleted lucerne and chopped hay alone or with the following infusions (g/d): urea 80, propionic acid 350, urea 80 plus propionic acid 350. The inclusion of propionate in the urea infusion markedly increased (P < 0·001) the concentration of ammonia in plasma compared with infusion of urea alone. Moreover, the inclusion of urea with the propionate infusion abolished (P < 0·01) the increase in blood insulin level seen with the infusion of propionate alone. In Expt 2, less severe treatments were imposed, the aim being to reproduce metabolic loads of propionate and ammonia that might be expected from a diet of high-protein grass silage rich in lactic acid. The treatments were a basal diet of grass silage alone or with the following infusions (g/d): NaCl 145, NaCl 145 plus urea 50, propionic acid 200, urea 50 plus propionic acid 200. Effects were less pronounced than in Expt 1 but, in the period immediately after infusion, similar effects were seen. It is concluded that propionate–ammonia interactions may have potentially important effects on milk production especially for diets with high proportions of grass silage containing high levels of protein and lactic acid.

Double-low rapeseed meal for pigs: ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids in diets containing various proportions of rapeseed meal, fish meal and soya-bean meal

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
A. G. Low ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative nutritional value of rapeseed meal (var. Tandem) in comparison with soya-bean meal and fish meal, seven barley-based diets were formulated to provide 13·1 MJ digestible energy and 8·8 g total lysine per kg. They contained soya-bean meal (S), rapeseed meal (R) or fish meal (F) alone, or equal proportions (on a total nitrogen basis) of soya and rapeseed, soya and fish meal, rapeseed and fish meal or soya, rapeseed and fish meal. The study involved 14 pigs growing from 40 to 90 kg, each fitted with a T cannula in the terminal ileum. Dietary treatments were applied during 7-day periods according to a 7 × 7 Latin-square design, replicated twice. The pigs were fed at 12-h intervals. Ileal digesta were collected during two 12-h periods from each pig after adaptation to each diet. Nutrient apparent digestibilities were measured using chromium III oxide as a marker; for diets S, R and F, respectively, values were: dry matter, 0·58, 0·51 and 0·66 (s.e. 0·014); N, 0·72, 0·67 and 0·73 (s.e. 0·011); lysine, 0·79, 0·72 and 0·83 (s.e. 0·010), with a similar relationship between diets for most other amino acids. In general, values for diets containing combinations of the protein supplements were intermediate between those for diets containing the respective single supplements. Following the main trial, seven pigs were given a semi-purified diet containing rapeseed meal as the only protein source; this gave amino acid digestibility values similar to or slightly higher than diet R. Diet R, which contained 375 g rapeseed meal per kg, presented no palatability problem. Rapeseed meal of the quality used in this trial could contribute a substantial proportion of the protein supplement for growing pigs. Its value should be enhanced by formulating diets according to the ileal digestibility of the limiting amino acids.

Factors affecting the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. 1. Feeding level

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Eliman ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACT1. Two experiments were conducted with four sheep and four lactating Friesian cows to investigate the effect of food intake on the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. Protein supplements treated with sodium dichromate were used.2. Dichromate treatment had little or no effect on particle size distribution or density of the protein supplements. The dichromate-treated proteins were rendered completely undegradable in the rumen and the rate of outflow of chromium-treated protein from the rumen was estimated from the concentrations of chromium recovered in the faeces.3. There were highly significant linear effects of feeding level on fractional outflow rate per h of chromium-treated protein supplements from the rumen of sheep and cows. Fractional outflow rates of chromium-treated fish meal and soya-bean meal, respectively, from the rumen of sheep were 0·0080 and 0·0076; 0·0182 and 0·0259; 0·0319 and 0·0335; and 0·0383 and 0·0385 per h at 0·2, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·0 times the energy requirements for maintenance, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two tested chromium-treated protein supplements in fractional outflow rates per h when the particle size was similar, nor any difference in particle size or density. Soya-bean meal was ground to achieve a particle size distribution similar to that of fish meal. For the dairy cows, the fractional outflow rates of fish meal from the rumen were 0·065, 0·072, 0·091 and 0·088 per h, at 1·5, 2·0, 2·5 and 3·0 times the energy requirements for maintenance.4. There were significant differences between sheep in fractional outflow rates per h of protein supplements from the rumen due to the considerably higher values obtained for one animal.

The effect on nitrogen retention in lambs of feeding protein supplements direct to the abomasum. Comparisonof liquid and dry feeding and of various sources of protein

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to investigate the influence on nitrogen retention of feeding protein supplements to early weaned lambs direct to the abomasum via the oesophageal groove. In Exp. 1 the lambs received a basal diet of barley and a protein mixture consisting of soyabean meal, sunflower meal and fish meal which was given either in a liquid suspension from a bottle or as dry feed incorporated with the barley. The results showed that the regression coefficients of nitrogen retention on intake were 0.48 and 0.33 with liquid and dry feeding respectively. The regressions of urinary nitrogen on intake were with liquid and dry feeding respectively 0.26 and 0.44.In Exp. 2, various sources of protein were compared isonitrogenously as substitute for part of a barley concentrate ration. The nitrogen intakes and retentions were 14·28 and 5·09, 20·16 and 9·39, 20·53 and 8·19, 19·00 and 7·80, and 18·87 and 7·86 g/day for the control diet and fish meal, yeast, soyabean meal and sunflower meal supplemented diets respectively.In Exp. 3 the fish meal supplement was compared with a high lysine, bloodmeal and with casein as liquid supplements to a basal diet of barley concentrate. The intake and retention of nitrogen were for bloodmeal, casein and fish meal respectively 23·41 and 7·48, 22·56 and 9·11, and 21·88 and 8·31 g/day. It appeared that the protein sources high in methionine resulted in the highest nitrogen retention. The implications of these findings in relation to the nutrition of young ruminants is discussed together with an evaluation of the experimental method as a technique to study postruminal digestion.

scholarly journals PSVII-36 Late-Breaking Abstract: Protein concentrations in basal diets affect metabolizable energy of feed ingredients determined by difference procedure in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Jung Yeol Sung ◽  
Beob G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The objective was to investigate the influence of crude protein (CP) concentrations in the basal diet on the metabolizable energy (ME) of feed ingredients determined using the difference procedure in pigs. Twelve barrows (73.7 ± 5.5 kg body weight) individually housed in metabolism crates were used. A low-protein basal diet (LPBD, 7.4% CP) was composed of 97.5% corn as the sole energy source and a high-protein basal diet (HPBD, 14.3% CP) was composed of 78.0% corn and 19.6% soybean meal. Four additional diets were prepared by replacing 20% of the energy sources in the basal diets with full-fat soybean (FFSB, 37.7% CP) or soy protein isolate (SPI, 87.6% CP). The 6 experimental diets were fed to 12 pigs employing a replicated 6 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods. Each period was consisted of 4 days of adaptation and 4 days of collection period and the marker-to-marker method was used for fecal collection. Urinary gross energy output was greater (243 vs. 176 kcal/d; P &lt; 0.05) in the HPBD group compared with the LPBD group. While ME in the HPBD was greater (3,418 vs. 3,322 kcal/kg; P &lt; 0.05) than in the LPBD, ME in FFSB diets (3,585 and 3,633 kcal/kg in the LPBD and HPBD group, respectively) and SPI diets (3,537 and 3,537 kcal/kg, respectively) were not different between the 2 basal diet groups. Metabolizable energy of the test ingredients was less (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed the HPBD group (4,565 and 4,111 kcal/kg in FFSB and SPI, respectively) compared with pigs fed the LPBD group (4,756 and 4,517 kcal/kg in FFSB and SPI, respectively). In conclusion, as the protein in the basal diet increases, metabolizable energy in a test ingredient determined using the difference procedure decreases mainly due to greater urinary energy output in pigs.

Use of wool growth response to estimate escape of protein supplements from the rumen

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Neutze
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Soyabean Meal

Wool growth response to formaldehyde-treated (HCHO) casein was used as an index of protein escaping degradation in the rumen. Merino wethers, 3 years old and weighing 41-49 kg, were given a basal diet of oat husks and urea, supplemented with HCHO-treated casein or 1 of 10 protein supplements. All sheep were given DL-methionine 2.4 g. Wool growth indices (%) were casein 10, linseed oilmeal 82, sunflower oilmeal 84, groundnut oilmeal 68, fish meal 113, lupins 83, peas 29, cottonseed meal 83, soyabean meal 73, HCHO-sunflower oilmeal 83 and HCHO-casein 100%. It was concluded that the technique was not sensitive enough to estimate loss of protein from the rumen with accuracy.

scholarly journals Lipid metabolism of liquid-associated and solid-adherent bacteria gin rumen contents of dairy cows offered lipid-supplemented diets

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bauchart ◽  
F. Legay- Carmier ◽  
M. Doreau ◽  
B. Gaillard
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Food Particles

The lipid distribution and fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids, polar lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined in liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) and solid-adherent bacteria (SAB) isolated from the rumen contents of seven dairy cows fitted with rumen fistulas. Two experiments, arranged according to a 4 x 4 and 3 x 3 Latin Square design, were performed using two basal diets consisting of one part hay and one part barley-based concentrate, and five lipid-supplemented diets consisting of the basal diet plus (g/kg dry matter): 53 or 94 rapeseed oil, 98 tallow, 87 soya-bean oil or 94 palmitostearin. For all diets used, total lipids were 1.7–2.2 times higher in SAB than in LAB (P < 005); this probably resulted from a preferential incorporation of dietary FA adsorbed onto food particles. Addition of oil or fat to the diets did not modify the polar lipid content but increased the FFA content of SAB and LAB by 150%. Lipid droplets were observed in the cytoplasm in SAB and LAB using transmission electron microscopy, which suggested that part of the additional FFA was really incorporated into the intracellular FFA rather than associated with the cell envelope by physical adsorption. Linoleic acid was specifically incorporated into the FFA of SAB, which emphasized the specific role of this bacterial compartment in the protection of this acid against rumen biohydrogenation.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of enzyme-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1359-1368
Author(s):  
Jinsu Hong ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Dan Pettersson ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Carinata meal is increasingly available for livestock feeding. However, the effects of supplemental phytase and fiber degrading enzymes on nutritive value of carinata meal for pigs have not been reported. Objective of the study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA), and digestible energy (DE) and net energy (NE) values of phytase- and fiber-degrading enzymes-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs. Ten ileal-cannulated pigs (initial body weight = 53.9 ± 4.76 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with two additional columns to give 10 replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet, basal diet with 25% carinata meal, basal diet with 25% carinata meal plus phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg and multi-carbohydrase at 0.2 g/kg, and in addition a nitrogen-free diet. The multicarbohydrase supplied 4 units of xylanase, 10 units of β-glucanase, and 1,000 units of pectinase per kilogram of diet. The ratio of corn to SBM and soybean oil in carinata meal-containing diets was identical to that in the corn-SBM-based basal diet to allow calculation of AA and energy digestibility of carinata meal by the difference method. On a dry matter basis, carinata meal contained 50.2% crude protein, 0.88% ether extract, 15.37% acid detergent fiber, 1.82% Lys, 0.96% Met, 1.89% Thr, and 0.64% Trp, respectively. The SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp for carinata meal were 51.4%, 82.2%, 65.9%, and 85.9%, respectively. The DE and NE values for carinata meal were 3,427 and 1,828 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. Supplementation of a combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did not affect the apparent ileal digestibility of AA and SID of AA for the corn-SBM-carinata meal-based diet, and for the carinata meal. However, the combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did improve (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility, and DE and NE values for carinata meal by 9.4%, 9.5%, and 12.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the enzymes used in the current study could be added in carinata meal-based diets for growing pigs to improve the energy value.

scholarly journals Concentration and estimated flow of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen entering the omasum of dairy cows as influenced by different protein supplements

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-W. CHOI ◽  
A. VANHATALO ◽  
P. HUHTANEN
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Limiting Step ◽  
Meal Protein ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Four ruminally fistulated Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of different protein supplements on concentration and flow of soluble non-ammonia N (SNAN)into the omasum.The treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were a basal diet of grass silage and barley and the basal diet supplemented with fishmeal, soybean meal and maize gluten meal. Protein supplements significantly increased concentrations of peptide N (P=0.009)and total SNAN (P =0.03)fractions in omasal digesta.Peptide constituted the largest proportion of SNAN flow into the omasum indicating that hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids is the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis.The microbial contribution to SNAN was on an average 0.64 indicating that a large proportion of SNAN flow leaving the rumen was of microbial origin.The estimated SNAN flow per kg dry matter intake from the basal diet and protein supplemented diets indicated that approximately 49,22 and 37 g kg-1 of fishmeal,soybean meal and maize gluten meal protein, respectively, escaped from ruminal degradation as SNAN.;

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