The effect on nitrogen retention in lambs of feeding protein supplements direct to the abomasum. Comparisonof liquid and dry feeding and of various sources of protein

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to investigate the influence on nitrogen retention of feeding protein supplements to early weaned lambs direct to the abomasum via the oesophageal groove. In Exp. 1 the lambs received a basal diet of barley and a protein mixture consisting of soyabean meal, sunflower meal and fish meal which was given either in a liquid suspension from a bottle or as dry feed incorporated with the barley. The results showed that the regression coefficients of nitrogen retention on intake were 0.48 and 0.33 with liquid and dry feeding respectively. The regressions of urinary nitrogen on intake were with liquid and dry feeding respectively 0.26 and 0.44.In Exp. 2, various sources of protein were compared isonitrogenously as substitute for part of a barley concentrate ration. The nitrogen intakes and retentions were 14·28 and 5·09, 20·16 and 9·39, 20·53 and 8·19, 19·00 and 7·80, and 18·87 and 7·86 g/day for the control diet and fish meal, yeast, soyabean meal and sunflower meal supplemented diets respectively.In Exp. 3 the fish meal supplement was compared with a high lysine, bloodmeal and with casein as liquid supplements to a basal diet of barley concentrate. The intake and retention of nitrogen were for bloodmeal, casein and fish meal respectively 23·41 and 7·48, 22·56 and 9·11, and 21·88 and 8·31 g/day. It appeared that the protein sources high in methionine resulted in the highest nitrogen retention. The implications of these findings in relation to the nutrition of young ruminants is discussed together with an evaluation of the experimental method as a technique to study postruminal digestion.

The nutrition of the early-weaned calf. X. The effect of replacement of fish meal with either urea or ammonium acetate on growth rate and nitrogen retention in calves fed ad libitum

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
G. McKiddie ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. A growth trial and nitrogen balance studies were carried out on 32 early-weaned calves fed on a basal diet containing fish meal or diets in which the fish meal nitrogen was partially replaced by urea or ammonium acetate or totally replaced by urea.2. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were highest on the fish meal diet and fell as urea replaced the fish meal.3. Rumen ammonia levels and urinary nitrogen excretion were highest, and nitrogen retention lowest, in the calves receiving the diet in which fish meal nitrogen was completely replaced by urea nitrogen.

Use of wool growth response to estimate escape of protein supplements from the rumen

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Neutze
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Soyabean Meal

Wool growth response to formaldehyde-treated (HCHO) casein was used as an index of protein escaping degradation in the rumen. Merino wethers, 3 years old and weighing 41-49 kg, were given a basal diet of oat husks and urea, supplemented with HCHO-treated casein or 1 of 10 protein supplements. All sheep were given DL-methionine 2.4 g. Wool growth indices (%) were casein 10, linseed oilmeal 82, sunflower oilmeal 84, groundnut oilmeal 68, fish meal 113, lupins 83, peas 29, cottonseed meal 83, soyabean meal 73, HCHO-sunflower oilmeal 83 and HCHO-casein 100%. It was concluded that the technique was not sensitive enough to estimate loss of protein from the rumen with accuracy.

scholarly journals The effect on protein utilization of feeding different protein supplements via the rumen or via the abomasum in young growing sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
Elizabeth L. Corse
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Sixteen lambs were used to compare two methods of administering various protein supplements to weaned lambs. In one method the protein supplement was mixed with the dry feed, consisting mainly of rolled barley, so that it passed to the rumen. In the second method the supplement was suspended in water which the lambs were trained to suck from a bottle; the suspension then passed directly to the abomasum by way of the oesophageal groove and so escaped rumen fermentation.2. When the protein supplements were given in amounts that provided less than the estimated protein requirement of the animals, giving the liquid suspension led to significantly lower urinary nitrogen excretion (P < 0.001), greater nitrogen retention (P<0.05) and greater live-weight gain (0.05<P<0.1) than giving the feed in the dry form.3. The body-weight gain was greater with white fish meal than with casein (P<0.05) and soya-bean meal (P<0.001), whichever method of feeding was adopted. There was no significant interaction between method of feeding and protein source, but the faecal nitrogen excretion was highest when soya-bean meal was given in liquid suspension.4. From a regression of nitrogen retention on nitrogen intake with lambs receiving the basal ration only, it was calculated that the improvement in retention of the protein supplement effected by giving it in liquid suspension was 31 % for casein, 27 % for fish meal and 24 % for soya-bean meal.

Effect of abomasal infusions of methionine, casein, and starch plus methionine on the wool production of Merino wethers fed on lucerne or wheaten chaff

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GE Robards
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Merino wethers received daily abomasal infusions of (a) 2.6 g DL-methionine, (b) 80 g casein protein or (c) 2.6 g DL-methionine plus 87 g maize starch, while consuming either lucerne chaff or wheaten chaff. Responses in wool growth, nitrogen metabolism and body weight were measured. Sheep fed on lucerne chaff had a higher urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention than those fed on wheaten chaff regardless of the presence or type of infusion. The infusion of methionine did not markedly alter these parameters from their original levels on either diet. On both diets, casein infusion led to increased urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention. Compared with sheep given starch plus methionine infusions, those given casein had higher urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retention. Changes in fleece-free body weight gain followed a similar pattern. There were no pronounced differences in faecal nitrogen excretion. Regardless of the presence or type of infusion, sheep fed on lucerne grew more wool than those on wheaten chaff. On both diets, all infusions were accompanied by higher wool growths than on the basal diet alone. The effect of the casein infusion, compared with methionine infusion, was apparent only in sheep on wheaten chaff. Wool growth rates in sheep infused with starch plus methionine were not higher than the rates in the same sheep infused with methionine alone. The results suggest that the wool production of sheep will show a greater response to abomasal supplements of sulphur amino acids or casein if they are consuming a high quality diet such as lucerne chaff, compared with a low quality diet such as wheaten chaff. The apparent failure of starch infusion to stimulate wool growth above the level obtained with methionine infusions alone is discussed in relation to the interaction of protein and energy in the growth of wool.

scholarly journals Nutritional effects of autoxidized fats in animal diets

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Lea ◽  
L. J. Parr ◽  
J. L. L'estrange ◽  
K. J. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Group I ◽  
Anchovy Oil

1. Turkey poults were fed from day-old to 6 weeks on a practical-type diet containing 10 % white fish meal (supplying 0.7 % lipid) and other constituents, mainly cereals (supplying 3.3 % lipid), together with either 1.5 % of anchovy oil that had been allowed to autoxidize under various conditions or 1.5 % of fresh beef fat.2. For group I the whole diet with anchovy oil was stored in air at 15° for 3 months before feeding. Its lipid oxidized only slowly, with no appreciable rise in peroxide value and little destruction of its polyunsaturated fatty acids. For groups 2 and 3 the anchovy oil was mixed with the white fish meal, and the mixture was stored for 3 months, by which time most of its polyunsaturated fatty acids had been destroyed by autoxidation and the pv of the extractable lipid, after reaching a peak of 260 μmoles/g, had fallen again to 110. At this point the anchovy oil-fish meal premixture was further mixed with the basal diet and used, either immediately (group 2) or after 3 months' further storage (group 3). 3. The turkeys in all three groups receiving ‘fish oil’ remained healthy and grew well, with only slightly apparent (and not significantly) lower weight gains than those on the control diet. There was no significant treatment effect on liver weight, serum aspartate amino-transferase or serum alanine aminotransferase activity. All the birds stored vitamin A in their livers, though the diets had provided not more than adequate supplies of this vitamin, but the reserves accumulated were significantly lower when the diets contained oxidized fat. On roasting, the turkeys of group 1 had a definite and objectionable fishy flavour, whereas those of groups 2 and 3 were as palatable as the controls on the beef fat diet.

scholarly journals The nutritional value and quality of squid (Illex illecebrosus) meal as source of dietary protein for broiler chicken

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Hulan ◽  
F. G. Proudfoot ◽  
C. G. Zarkadas
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles

1. Squid meal (SqM), produced by grinding and drying the whole squid (Illex illecebrosus) common to the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, contained 645 g protein/kg and appeared limiting with respect to lysine, methionine and cystine.2. Although a comparison of the essential amino acid profiles of SqM with other protein concentrates indicated that SqM was higher than fish meal andsoya-beanmeal but lower than casein or whole-egg protein, these tests could not accurately predict protein quality.3. A new approach is reported for evaluating protein quality of SqM. It was based on the direct chromato-graphic determination of its collagen content, from the amounts of 5-hydroxylysine or 5-hydroxyproline present, and elastin, from the amounts of desmosine or iso-desmosine present. This method can alsobe routinely used to assess the connective tissue content and protein quality of animal protein supplements such as fish, meat-and-bone meals.4. A nutritional evaluation of SqM as a source of protein for poultry was carried out using 320 male and 320 female Cobb chicks fed from I-d-old to 48 d, a control diet containing 50 g/kg fish meal or test diets containing 50 g, 100 g or 150 g SqM/kg.5. Feeding of SqM at a rate of up to IOO g/kg diet resulted in optimum biological response and monetary returns.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cassava foliage as a protein supplement for sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
J. K. Alli-Balogun ◽  
C. A. M. Lakpini ◽  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
A. Mohammed ◽  
J. A. Nwanta
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Metabolic Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage (leaves and petioles) as a protein supplement for sheep. In the first trial, nylon bag degradability of cassava foliage was studied. Proximate analysis of cassava foliage was conducted before and after the incubation. Rumen Ammonia Concentration (RAC) and pH were determined at 0, 4 and 8 hours after feeding cassava foliage diet (30%). Proximate composition of sundried cassava foliage was (%) DM 91.25, CP 18.55, NDF, 31.41, ADF, 29.2, EE, 6.6, Ash, 12.95. Nylon-bag dry matter disappearance (DMD) increased significantly (P<0.05) from 15.75% to 75.5% RAC values increased significantly from 8.20mg NH3/100ml at zero hour to 11.41mg NH3/100ml at 8 hours post feeding. Rumen fluid pH was not significantly changed by the 30% cassava foliage diet. In the second trial lasting 56 days, twenty-eight Yankasa/ WAD yearling rams of initial average weight of 18kg were balanced for weight and randomly allotted to seven treatments. All rams except those on control diet were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or both at 1.0% or 1.5% of body weight (BW) as supplements to a basal diet of Gamba hay. Feeding Gamba hay alone (control) resulted in weight loss (-30.5g/day) but with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms supplementation at 1.0% BW, significantly higher gains of 39.2 and 44.6g/day were achieved respectively. At 1.5%BW level of supplementation with cassava foliage or groundnut haulms higher weight gains of 41.2 and 51.7g/day were achieved while feeding the (50.50) combined supplements at 1.0 and 1.50% BW resulted in live weight gains of 65.1 and 69.3g/day respectively. The third trial consisted of a four week grazing trial followed by a metabolic study. Twenty-one Yankasa/WAD yearling rams were randomly allotted to seven treatments and were balanced for live weight. All rams were allowed to graze standing digitaria hay as basal diet, except the rams on control diet. Those on treatment were fed cassava foliage or groundnut haulms or a (50:50) combination of both at 0.5% and 1.0% (BW). The metabolic study consisted of a seven day adjustment period and a seven day total collection period. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the live weight gains of rams on the control diet compared with those supplemented except for those supplemented with cassava foliage and groundnut haulms combined at 1% level where the weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by feeding either supplement. Supplementing digitaria hay with cassava foliage at both 0.5% and 1.0% BW did not significantly increase the nitrogen retention values, but groundnut haulms supplemented at 1.0% BW significantly (P<0.05) increased the nitrogen retention values.

Effects of supplemental D-methionine in comparison to L-methionine on nitrogen retention, gut morphology, antioxidant status, and mRNA abundance of amino acid transporters in weanling pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine D Espinosa ◽  
John K Mathai ◽  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Transporters ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Linear Slope

Abstract A N-balance experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that D-Methionine (D-Met) has the same bioavailability and efficacy as L-Methionine (L-Met) when fed to weanling pigs. A Met-deficient basal diet containing 0.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met was formulated. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 0.036, 0.072, or 0.108% D-Met or L-Met to the basal diet, and these diets, therefore, contained 77, 87, or 97% of the requirement for SID Met. Fifty-six barrows (10.53 ± 1.17 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to the 7 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected quantitatively with 7-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. Blood and tissue samples from pigs fed the basal diet and pigs fed diets containing 0.108% supplemental Met were collected on the last day. Results indicated that N retention (%) linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) as supplemental D-Met or L-Met increased in diets. Based on N retention (%) as a response, the linear slope-ratio regression estimated the bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met to be 101% (95% confidence interval: 57 to 146%). The villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum were not affected by Met level or Met source. Total antioxidant capacity or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations in plasma or tissue samples from pigs fed the control diet or diets containing 0.108% supplemental D-Met or L-Met were not different. Abundance of mRNA for some AA transporters analyzed in intestinal mucosa of pigs also did not differ. Therefore, it is concluded that D-Met and L-Met are equally bioavailable for weanling pigs.

Lysine supplementation of diets for pigs between 7 and 56 days of age

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
J. R. Parks
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTSixty entire male pigs between 7 and 28 days and 60 entire male pigs between 28 and 56 days of age were given ad libitum basal diets using peanut meal and wheat gluten with or without dried milk as the protein supplements. The diets contained between 7·0 and 10·7 g lysine per kg. These diets were supplemented with graded additions of synthetic L-lysine hydrochloride.It was found that the lysine required for maximum performance and nitrogen retention was at least 12·7 g/kg dry matter (DM) between 7 and 28 days of age and not greater than 12 g/kg DM between 28 and 56 days of age. These values are 4·7 and 5·3 g/kg dietary crude protein for the two ages or 0·81 and 0·79 g/MJ digestible energy.A method is discussed for the calculation of the most economical level of lysine supplementation. This is dependent on the cost of the basal diet and lysine, and the value of the weight gain.The concentration of free lysine in the blood plasma did not give a clear indication of lysine requirement of the pigs.

scholarly journals Response of broilers to graded levels of microbial phytase added to maize–soyabean-meal-based diets containing three levels of non-phytate phosphorus

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Kornegay ◽  
D. M. Denbow ◽  
Z. Yi ◽  
V. Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Phytate Phosphorus ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Non Linear Equations ◽  
Total P

Male 1-d-old broilers (n 920) were given 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 U microbial pbytase/kg diet in combination with 2·0, 2·7 or 3·4 g non-phytate P (nP)/kg or 4·0, 5·1 or 5·8 g total P (tP)/kg in a 21 d trial to assess the effectiveness of phytase in a maize–soyabean-meal diet. In addition to the above twenty-one diets, a positive control P diet supplied 4·5 g nP/kg, 6·9 g tP/kg and 10 g Ca/kg. The basal diet contained 230g crude protein/kg, 8·8 g Ca/kg, 4·4 g tP/Fg and 2/0 g nP/kg. Defluorinated phosphate and limestone were used to supply P and Ca. A Ca:tP ratio of 2:l was maintained except in the positive control diet which had a ratio of 1·45: 1. Phytase additions linearly increased (P < 0·01) body-weight (SW) gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, and apparent retention (% of intake) or total amount (g/bird) of retained Ca and P, and linearly decreased (P < 0·01) P excretion (g/kg of DM intake) at each level of nP with the magnitude of the response inversely related to the level of nP. Above-normal mortality was only observed in the group receiving 2·0 g nP/kg diet without phytase. Adding nP linearly increased (P < 0·01) BW gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, Ca retention, total amount (g/bird) of P retained, and P excretion, and iinearly decreased (P < 0·01) apparent retention (%) of P. Derived linear and non-linear equations for BW gain and toe ash percentage at the two lower nP levels, 2·0 and 2·7 g/kg, were used to calculate P equivalency value of microbial phytase. The results show that 939 U microbial phytase is equivalent to 1 g P from defluorinated phosphate in broilers fed on maize–soyabean-meal diets. The amount of P released per 100 U phytase decreased as the total amount of phytase increased.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document