Use of wool growth response to estimate escape of protein supplements from the rumen

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Neutze
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Soyabean Meal

Wool growth response to formaldehyde-treated (HCHO) casein was used as an index of protein escaping degradation in the rumen. Merino wethers, 3 years old and weighing 41-49 kg, were given a basal diet of oat husks and urea, supplemented with HCHO-treated casein or 1 of 10 protein supplements. All sheep were given DL-methionine 2.4 g. Wool growth indices (%) were casein 10, linseed oilmeal 82, sunflower oilmeal 84, groundnut oilmeal 68, fish meal 113, lupins 83, peas 29, cottonseed meal 83, soyabean meal 73, HCHO-sunflower oilmeal 83 and HCHO-casein 100%. It was concluded that the technique was not sensitive enough to estimate loss of protein from the rumen with accuracy.

The effect on nitrogen retention in lambs of feeding protein supplements direct to the abomasum. Comparisonof liquid and dry feeding and of various sources of protein

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to investigate the influence on nitrogen retention of feeding protein supplements to early weaned lambs direct to the abomasum via the oesophageal groove. In Exp. 1 the lambs received a basal diet of barley and a protein mixture consisting of soyabean meal, sunflower meal and fish meal which was given either in a liquid suspension from a bottle or as dry feed incorporated with the barley. The results showed that the regression coefficients of nitrogen retention on intake were 0.48 and 0.33 with liquid and dry feeding respectively. The regressions of urinary nitrogen on intake were with liquid and dry feeding respectively 0.26 and 0.44.In Exp. 2, various sources of protein were compared isonitrogenously as substitute for part of a barley concentrate ration. The nitrogen intakes and retentions were 14·28 and 5·09, 20·16 and 9·39, 20·53 and 8·19, 19·00 and 7·80, and 18·87 and 7·86 g/day for the control diet and fish meal, yeast, soyabean meal and sunflower meal supplemented diets respectively.In Exp. 3 the fish meal supplement was compared with a high lysine, bloodmeal and with casein as liquid supplements to a basal diet of barley concentrate. The intake and retention of nitrogen were for bloodmeal, casein and fish meal respectively 23·41 and 7·48, 22·56 and 9·11, and 21·88 and 8·31 g/day. It appeared that the protein sources high in methionine resulted in the highest nitrogen retention. The implications of these findings in relation to the nutrition of young ruminants is discussed together with an evaluation of the experimental method as a technique to study postruminal digestion.

Whey Disposal: Recovery of Nutrients for Animal Feeding

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Guirguis ◽  
C. Brosnahan ◽  
M. W. Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Animal Feeding

It has been estimated that over 50% of whey production world wide constitutes a pollution problem to the environment. A proportion of the work carried out to make use of whey nutrients has not been commercially viable. A simple process has been developed, at the laboratory and pilot plant scales, resulting in a complete recovery of nutrients from whole whey or whey fractions for animal feeding and no further waste or effluent is generated. The economics of the proposed process rely on efficient use of inexpensive ingredients (or waste materials, from other agricultural sources) to overcome the high cost of dewatering and drying. Using this approach a number of products are possible. In the first product bentonite is used to precipitate whey protein which can be processed into a dry protein concentrate for use in intensive animal, poultry or fish production. This product compares favourably with conventional protein supplements such as meat and bone, soybean, or fish meal. The deproteinised whey, (mainly lactose and minerals) arising from this process, is concentrated and mixed with a carrier to produce a second product for ruminants that can compete with hay or grains. Further, whole whey may be used in a similar process. Animal feeding trials with sheep and dairy cattle have demonstrated advantages of the developed whey products over conventional feed supplements for wool growth, live sheep export or milk production.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with chicks and comparisons with rat, pig and chemical assays

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Major ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. A slope-ratio assay was developed to determine the availability of lysine in protein concentrates for chicks, Two protein concentrates were assessed per assay, using three levels of incorporation into the basal diet.2. Availability of lysine, expressed as a proportion of total lysine in five protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0·83, fish meal 1·00, meat-and-bone meal 0·86, soya-bean meal 0·93, sunflower meal 1·01.3. The five protein concentrates had previously been assayed for available lysine with slope-ratio assays for pies and rats (Batterham et al. 1979; Batterharn et al. 1981), There was little relationship between the results for chicks and those for pigs and rats. For pigs, availability estimates ranged from 0·43 for cottonseed meal to 0·89 for fish meal. For rats, availability estimates ranged from 0·49 for sunflower meal to 1·04 for fish meal.4. The results for chicks were in closer agreement with values obtained using the Silcock available-lysine assay (Roach et al. 1967) and the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960). By contrast, there was litlle relationship between the chemical tests and results for pigs or rats.

Effects of defaunation of the rumen and supplementation with amino acids on the wool production of housed Saxon Merinos. 3. Cottonseed meal and hydroxymethyl-methionine

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Cottle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

In experiment 1 six groups, each of 10 superfine Merino wethers were individually penned indoors and hand-fed chopped lucerne hay with either control pellets, cottonseed meal pellets (CSM) or cottonseed meal plus hydroxymethyl-methionine pellets (CSMEP). Following their shearing, the 6 groups in experiment 2 were hand-fed 1 of 3 chopped lucerne hay:oat rations [75: 25,50: 50,25: 75% (w/w)]. Each sheep was also fed either control pellets (25 g/day) or CSMEP pellets (75 g/day) in a cross-over design experiment. In both experiments, the rations were fed at maintenance level and were offered 3 times a week. Half of the sheep had no rumen ciliate protozoa. In experiments 1 and 2, wool production was measured during a 4 and 6 month period respectively. In experiment 1, defaunation resulted in a 6% increase in clean wool production on the unsupplemented chopped lucerne hay ration. Inclusion of CSM and CSMEP pellets resulted in clean wool growth responses of 16% and 19% respectively. Unacceptable increases in fibre diameter were associated with the increased wool production. In experiment 2, the clean wool response to defaunation was highest (12%) on the 75% chopped lucerne hay ration, when the control pellet was fed. Inclusion of the CSMEP pellet resulted in clean wool growth responses of 0.73, 0.98 and 0.99 g/day in sheep fed on the 75,50 and 25% chopped lucerne hay rations respectively. The wool production responses due to the CSMEP pellet were associated with increases in fibre diameter (0.3 �m), length (4 mm/year) and length/diameter ratio (0.4 �m/day.�m) of the wool grown. It was concluded that CSMEP pellets are best fed with a mixed ration containing more grain than chopped lucerne hay. The wool growth response to feeding hydroxymethyl-methionine was considered uneconomic.

scholarly journals Basal urinary nitrogen excretion and growth response to supplemental protein by lambs close to energy equilibrium

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
N. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Origin ◽  
Supplemental Protein

1. Two experiments are reported. In Expt 1, five male lambs of 26–33 kg were used to measure basal nitrogen excretion when the lambs were entirely sustained by an intraruminal infusion of 450 kJ/kg body-weight0·75 per d of volatile fatty acid (VFA) and were receiving no protein. In Expt 2, which was a conventional growth trial, the response to fish meal (66 or 132 g dry matter/d) of lambs given a control diet of sodium-hydroxide-treated barley straw was measured.2. In Expt 1 the mean basal N excretion of the lambs was 429 (SE 21) mg N/kg body-weight0·75 per d. This exceeds current UK standards for the amino acid N of microbial origin which would be made available to the normally-fed host animal at a maintenance level of metabolizable energy intake.3. In Expt 2 there was a clear growth response to the fish meal, which was greater (P < 0·05, single-tailed test) than that to be predicted from the energy content of the fish meal. There was no effect of fish meal on the voluntary intake of the basal diet, but there was a suggestion that the digestibility of the basal diet was improved.4. It is concluded from Expt 1 that the basal requirement for amino acid N by lambs is three- to fourfold that currently recommended in the UK. This higher basal requirement should have resulted in a marked response to supplemental protein in Expt 2. The fact that the growth response in Expt 2 was less than anticipated may have been due to a combination of a slightly lower basal N excretion than that found in Expt 1, a higher yield of amino acids of microbial origin than current UK standards predict, and possibly to a change in the body composition of the lambs.

The effect of fish meal and soyabean meal supplements on milk production of autumn calving cows given ad libitum access to ryegrass silage

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
R C Rae ◽  
A J Golightly ◽  
D R Marshall ◽  
C Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Present Trial

When grass silage is available ad libitum, compound feeds depress the intake of silage by cattle. Castle and Watson (1976) and Gill and England (1984) reported that silage intake was not depressed when protein supplements rather than cereals were given to dairy and beef cattle, respectively. The aim of the present trial was to examine protein supplements as alternatives to cereal based compounds to increase the milk yield of dairy cows without reducing silage intake.

Factors affecting the outflow of protein supplements from the rumen. 2. The composition and particle size of the basal diet

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Elimam ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effect Of The Composition

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of the composition and particle size of the basal diet on the outflow of chromium-treated fish meal from the rumen of lactating British Friesian dairy cows, using Cr-concentrations in faeces. A 4 × 4 Latin square design was used and the cows were fed at twice the estimated energy requirements for maintenance in two equal meals.Fractional outflow rates per h were, 0·079, 0·088, 0·086 and 0·064 for the 1·00 hay: 0·00 concentrate, 0·75 hay: 0·25 concentrate, 0·50 hay: 0·50 concentrate and 0·25 hay: 0·75 concentrate respectively. The difference between 0·75 and 0·50 concentrate was significant (P < 0·05).Grinding of long dried grass through 40 or 20 mm screens had no significant effect on the outflow of Cr-treated fish meal from the rumen, however fine grinding (5 mm) and pelleting significantly reduced the outflow from rumen (P < 0·05). Fractional outflow rates per h were 0·080, 0·086, 0·088 and 0·047 for the long, 40, 20 mm and the 5 mm and pelleted diets respectively.

Use of varying combinations of energy and protein sources as supplementary feed for lambing ewes grazing cereal stubble

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Brand ◽  
F. Franck ◽  
A. Durand ◽  
J. Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Factorial Design Experiment

Summary. Three feeding trials compared production of lambing ewes grazing stubbles and fed different combinations of energy and protein supplements as loose licks. Each experiment had 2 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Experiment 1 compared urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) with fish meal (100 g/ewe. day) when fed with molasses (100 g/ewe. day) for 38 days during late pregnancy. Fish meal increased liveweight gain (from 2.0 to 5.7 kg) and wool growth (20%) but urea had no effect. In experiment 2, urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) was fed in combination with molasses (200 g/ewe. day) or barley meal (200 g/ewe. day) for 63 days during late pregnancy (last 6 weeks) and early lactation. Ewes supplemented with the barley–urea combination gained 5.6 kg during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy compared with 0.40 kg for barley and the 1.02 and 1.34 kg weight loss for ewes receiving molasses and the molasses–urea combination, respectively. Experiment 3 compared urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) with sweet lupin meal (106 g/ewe. day) when fed with barley meal (200 g/ewe. day) for 56 days during late pregnancy (last 4 weeks) and lactation. Sweet lupin meal improved the liveweight change of ewes during pregnancy (from 160 to 200 g/ewe. day) as well as the birth weight of lambs (400 g) but urea had no effect. The performance of lambing ewes grazing low-quality pasture at a high stocking density (>4.5 ewes/ha) for a long period (>130 days) can be improved by relatively low amounts of supplements such as fish meal, sweet lupin meal and barley–urea.

scholarly journals Dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted and fermented soybean meals with taurine supplementation for pompano fish: effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Phuc Nguyen ◽  
Thinh Van Do ◽  
Hau Duc Tran
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Fermented Soybean

Abstract A 16-wk growth trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary replacement of fish meal by defatted soybean meal (SBM) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with taurine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and biological parameters of pompano fish. The FSBM was produced by fermenting SBM with Lactobacillus spp. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 35% or 50% of fish meal by SBM or FSBM with taurine supplementation. The diets are denoted as follows: FM, SBM35, SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50, SBM50T, and FSBM50T. The FM (the basal diet) contained fish meal as a main source of dietary protein. Taurine was supplemented to SBM35T, FSBM35T, SBM50T, and FSBM50T at the level of 15 g/kg diet. Pompano juveniles with an initial body weight (BW) of 80 g reared in floating net cages were fed the experimental diets twice daily for 16 wk. Results showed that the final BW, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were significantly lower than those of fish fed FM (P &lt; 0.05), indicating that the replacement of fish meal by SBM at the rate of 35% in the diet is excessive for pompano. Supplementation of taurine to the SBM-included diets significantly increased growth performance and feed utilization (P &lt; 0.05); however, these diets did not restore the performance back to a level equivalent to that of fish offered the basal diet. Meanwhile, fish fed FSBM35T had comparable growth and feed performances to those fed FM. Hematocrit values, total biliary bile acid levels, whole body lipid contents, and tissue taurine concentrations of fish fed SBM35 and SBM50 were the lowest among the treatments, but these parameters were improved by taurine supplementation and FSBM inclusion in the diet. Taurine supplementation increased lipid ADC, and SBM fermentation slightly enhanced both lipid and protein ADCs of the fish. These findings suggest that the combination of FSBM and taurine supplementation is an effective way to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biological parameters, and that FSBM with taurine supplementation can replace 35% of fish meal in pompano diets without any negative effects on growth and feed performances in a long-term feeding period.

Effect of fish meal on the mobilization of body energy in dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
C. A. G. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were divided into four treatment groups to receive ad libitum a mixed diet consisting of silage (0·70) and grain-based concentrate (0·30). Fish meal was subsequently mixed into the diet at levels of 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg to provide crude protein concentration (g/kg dry matter) in the complete diets of 156, 181, 200 and 212 respectively. In the 2nd week after calving the yields of fat-corrected milk (FCM) were 28·5, 29·2, 32·0 and 34·9 kg/day for the four levels respectively; at this time, food intake was sufficient only to meet the calculated energy requirement for 15 kg FCM per day. Due to recurring problems with ketosis on the diet containing 120 g fish meal per kg, this treatment was terminated and the experiment continued for 15 weeks with the groups receiving 0, 40 and 80 g/kg fish meal supplements. During this time average yields of FCM were 23·5, 25·6 and 28-0 kg FCM per day respectively and energy intakes were calculated to be sufficient to meet the requirement for 18 kg FCM per day.It appeared possible to increase milk yield by stimulating fat mobilization through giving undegraded protein supplements to underfed cows in early lactation. However, when an excessive mobilization occurred with a high supplement, and when the animals were yielding 15 to 20 kg FCM more than their metabolizable energy intake was calculated to sustain, some cows became ketotic.

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