Relocating anti-racist science: the 1950 UNESCO Statement on Race and economic development in the global South

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBASTIÁN GIL-RIAÑO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global South ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Applied Social Science ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Development Paradigm

AbstractThis essay revisits the drafting of the first UNESCO Statement on Race (1950) in order to reorient historical understandings of mid-twentieth-century anti-racism and science. Historians of science have primarily interpreted the UNESCO statements as an oppositional project led by anti-racist scientists from the North Atlantic and concerned with dismantling racial typologies, replacing them with population-based conceptions of human variation. Instead of focusing on what anti-racist scientists opposed, this article highlights the futures they imagined and the applied social-science projects that anti-racist science drew from and facilitated. The scientific experts who participated in drafting the first UNESCO Statement on Race played important roles in late colonial, post-colonial and international projects designed to modernize, assimilate and improve so-called backward communities – typically indigenous or Afro-descendent groups in the global South. Such connections between anti-racist science and the developmental imaginaries of the late colonial period indicate that the transition from fixed racial typologies to sociocultural and psychological conceptualizations of human diversity legitimated the flourishing of modernization discourses in the Cold War era. In this transition to an economic-development paradigm, ‘race’ did not vanish so much as fragment into a series of finely tuned and ostensibly anti-racist conceptions that offered a moral incentive for scientific elites to intervene in the ways of life of those deemed primitive.

Decolonising cities of the global South in the classroom and beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-552
Author(s):  
Astrid Wood
Keyword(s):  
Global South ◽  
Colonial Literature ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
North And South

In the post-colonial context, the global South has become the approved nomenclature for the non-European, non-Western parts of the world. The term promises a departure from post-colonial development geographies and from the material and discursive legacies of colonialism by ostensibly blurring the bifurcations between developed and developing, rich and poor, centre and periphery. In concept, the post-colonial literature mitigates the disparity between cities of the North and South by highlighting the achievements of elsewhere. But what happens when we try to teach this approach in the classroom? How do we locate the South without relying on concepts of otherness? And how do we communicate the importance of the South without re-creating the regional hierarchies that have dominated for far too long? This article outlines the academic arguments before turning to the opportunities and constraints associated with delivering an undergraduate module that teaches post-colonial concepts without relying on colonial constructs.

scholarly journals Locating the ‘East’ in the Global South: question of self image in traditions and transitions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faisal Awan
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Global South ◽  
The Political ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Alternate Model ◽  
Gradual Expansion

This paper attempts to explore the socio-political and economic dimensions of increasingly becoming popular rise of the Global South. It is argued that the slogan of the rise of Global South which seemingly implies that the Global South in its pursuit of development as an ideal will end up being different than the North is questionable. Scholars have long debated on the nature and spirit of development in South and explain the rising South either in terms of gradual expansion of Westernization or in terms of emerging indigenous alternate model of development or alternate modernity. This distinction in describing the emerging economies rely primarily on the specific use of notion of capital as somewhat Western and the culture it produces as Western culture or either in the sense of internalizing the spirit of capital yet maintaining distinctive identity (other than the Western) which tends to reflect in the vocabulary of the Global South. This is to argue here that the spirit of capital is neither West nor East. And similarly it is neither North nor South. It is only the question of when and how the forces underlying capitalism will emerge in particular geography. The development discourse emerged primarily after the WWII put all post-colonial nations pursuing development instead of questioning it. There may have been changes in the vocabulary of development in the Global South to adjust in local cultures and perhaps also in the structure. There may have been call for alternate modernity. Notwithstanding the spirit remains the same. It is in this backdrop locating or understanding the very notion of the East not as a homogenous civilization but rather a pool of civilizations intending to express power of traditions in transitions becomes important. The purpose of this paper is to understand the withering traditions of East in the Global South development process dominated by the spirit of Capitalism. It is asked in environmental debate that can capitalism go green, in the political and cultural realm I would try to explore can capitalism go East in the Global South; can traditions survive in transitions? If not then Why?

To the Richest Go the Spoils? Immigration, Development, and the North-South Divide, 1970–2005

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-292
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global South ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Global North ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
North And South

This paper empirically assesses, for the first time, the relationship between immigration and national economic development in both the global North and the global South. A series of panel models demonstrate that immigration exacerbates North-South inequalities through differential effects on average per capita incomes in the global North and global South. Immigration has positive effects on average incomes in both the North and the South, but the effect is larger in the global North. Thus the relationship between immigration and development evinces a Matthew Effect at the world level: by contributing to differential levels of economic development in the North and South, immigration widens international inequalities in the long term, resulting in the accumulation of advantage in the North. The implications of the results are discussed in the context theory and policy on the migration-development nexus.

"Subaltern Nationalism" and the West Berlin Anti-Authoritarians

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ruth Hosek
Keyword(s):  
Global South ◽  
The West ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
West Berlin ◽  
Societal Changes

The West Berlin anti-authoritarians around Rudi Dutschke employed a notion of subaltern nationalism inspired by independence struggles in the global South and particularly by post 1959 Cuba to legitimate their loosely understood plans to recreate West Berlin as a revolutionary island. Responding to Che Guevara's call for many Vietnams, they imagined this Northern metropolis as a Focus spreading socialism of the third way throughout Europe, a conception that united their local and global aims. In focusing on their interpretation of societal changes and structures in Cuba, the anti-authoritarians deemphasized these plans' potential for violence. As a study of West German leftists in transnational context, this article suggests the limitations of confining analyses of their projects within national or Northern paradigms. As a study of the influence of the global South on the North in a non-(post)colonial situation, it suggests that such influence is greater than has heretofore been understood.

scholarly journals The Global Turn to Authoritarianism and After

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Murakami Wood
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Global South ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Planetary Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Global North ◽  
Common Situation ◽  
The Way

This editorial introduces the special responsive issue on the global turn to authoritarianism. It points out the lack of any systematic political theory of the way in which authority and surveillance relate within Surveillance Studies and sketches some possible outlines for such a theory, that involves relationships between surveillance, democracy, authoritarianism, colonialism and capitalism. It argues that the contemporary turn to authoritarianism is predominantly a Global North phenomenon, that adds to an already common situation in the post-colonial Global South, and that the fears that drive the turn to authoritarianism in the North are rooted in fears of the breakdown of a post-colonial global order that was so favourable to the Global North. Finally, it proposes three possible trajectories: multiplying and deepening authoritarianism; the return of neoliberalism on a planetary scale; and new forms of platform authoritarianism that emerging from surveillance capitalism. However, it rejects all of these in favour of the rediscovery of collective desires.

Together but Apart: Balkan Historians, the Global South, and unesco’s History of Humanity, 1978–1989

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 245-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan C. Iacob
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Global South ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
Full Account ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Cold War

The article analyzes the involvement of Southeast European historians in unesco’s History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development, the second attempt of the organization at drafting a world history. It is a case study of a successful epistemic internationalization of regional and national narratives from the Balkans on a global stage. It is argued that this story is premised on the activity of the International Association of Southeast European Studies (aiesee—created in 1963 with unesco sponsorship), which functioned as the preexistent international milieu of conceptual, institutional, and personnel alignments. However, regional academic cooperation was dependent on the political context in the Balkans since the end of the seventies. Individual regimes employed scholars as experts representing these countries in this unesco project. In addition, the analysis also emphasizes the similarities and cross-fertilizations between Global South and Southeast European historians’ self-affirmations in the context of shifting narratives about humanity, cultures, and civilizations within unesco. However, while the “Third World” wanted to shatter Eurocentrism as the South challenged the North, the Southeast wished to affirm its Europeanness by breaking the Western and Soviet perceived monopoly on Europe-talk. Balkan historians’ anti-hegemonic association with Global South peers targeted de-marginalization within the confines of Europe. The article underlines that a full account of local narratives and phenomena should be examined in the context of the intersecting stories of the Cold War, decolonization, and globalization.

North Korea and the Geopolitics of Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Gray ◽  
Jong-Woon Lee
Keyword(s):  
National Development ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Secular Decline ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
State Socialist

Kevin Gray and Jong-Woon Lee focus on three geopolitical 'moments' that have been crucial to the shaping of the North Korean system: colonialism, the Cold War, and the rise of China, to demonstrate how broader processes of geopolitical contestation have fundamentally shaped the emergence and subsequent development of the North Korean political economy. They argue that placing the nexus between geopolitics and development at the centre of the analysis helps explain the country's rapid catch-up industrialisation, its subsequent secular decline followed by collapse in the 1990s, and why the reform process has been markedly more conservative compared to other state socialist societies. As such, they draw attention to the specificities of North Korea's experience of late development, but also place it in a broader comparative context by understanding the country not solely through the analytical lens of state socialism but also as an instance of post-colonial national development.

MODEL OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT FOOD MARKETS SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

1970 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
А. Kh. Dikinov ◽  
А. А. Eshugaova ◽  
М. М. Abdurakhmanova ◽  
М. А. Sadueva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Research Evaluation ◽  
Federal District ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Regional Food ◽  
The North ◽  
Food Market

The most progressive and promising model of spatial organization of food markets of the North Caucasus Russian Theatre is a cluster model. In the proposed methodology of the process approach to develop a structural model of agro-food cluster in the NORTH is cluster analysis. The regional food market as a single system, which combines production, marketing and consumption of foods with a specific hierarchy, is characterized by different relationships and proportions between its components and is an important an indicator of a country's economic development, achieving food security. Disclosure of potential in a market system, its effective use, taking into account regional particularities and specificities of the economy, improvement of the spatial organization and improving the efficiency of such a complex system as the regional food market is impossible without knowledge of its essence, principles of formation and operation. In this connection there was a need to develop modern methods of research, evaluation, analysis, improvement of structure and functional organisation of the regional food markets as an important factor for the socio-economic development the country. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the clustering of agribusiness implemented taking into account the peculiarities of regional AIC on the basis of strategic management zones: industrial, conventional and organic. To determine the effectiveness of the cluster algorithm of its evaluation, which is based on the criteria of usefulness and survival in the conditions of the cluster in the region, which are defined using evaluation scales and weights the main factors utility and survival in the cluster.

INTERCONNECTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS FOR THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
N. N. ILYSHEVA ◽  
◽  
E. V. KARANINA ◽  
G. P. LEDKOV ◽  
E. V. BALDESKU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
The North ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship

The article deals with the problem of achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between the components of sustainable development, taking into account the involvement of indigenous peoples in nature conservation. Climate change makes achieving sustainable development more difficult. Indigenous peoples are the first to feel the effects of climate change and play an important role in the environmental monitoring of their places of residence. The natural environment is the basis of life for indigenous peoples, and biological resources are the main source of food security. In the future, the importance of bioresources will increase, which is why economic development cannot be considered independently. It is assumed that the components of resilience are interrelated and influence each other. To identify this relationship, a model for the correlation of sustainable development components was developed. The model is based on the methods of correlation analysis and allows to determine the tightness of the relationship between economic development and its ecological footprint in the face of climate change. The correlation model was tested on the statistical materials of state reports on the environmental situation in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The approbation revealed a strong positive relationship between two components of sustainable development of the region: economy and ecology.

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