scholarly journals Diets high in resistant starch and arabinoxylan modulate digestion processes and SCFA pool size in the large intestine and faecal microbial composition in pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1837-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina S. Nielsen ◽  
Helle N. Lærke ◽  
Peter K. Theil ◽  
Jens F. Sørensen ◽  
Markku Saarinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
High Level

The effects of a high level of dietary fibre (DF) either as arabinoxylan (AX) or resistant starch (RS) on digestion processes, SCFA concentration and pool size in various intestinal segments and on the microbial composition in the faeces were studied in a model experiment with pigs. A total of thirty female pigs (body weight 63·1 (sem4·4) kg) were fed a low-DF, high-fat Western-style control diet (WSD), an AX-rich diet (AXD) or a RS-rich diet (RSD) for 3 weeks. Diet significantly affected the digestibility of DM, protein, fat, NSP and NSP components, and the arabinose:xylose ratio, as well as the disappearance of NSP and AX in the large intestine. RS was mainly digested in the caecum. AX was digested at a slower rate than RS. The digesta from AXD-fed pigs passed from the ileum to the distal colon more than twice as fast as those from WSD-fed pigs, with those from RSD-fed pigs being intermediate (P< 0·001). AXD feeding resulted in a higher number ofFaecalibacterium prausnitzii,Roseburia intestinalis,Blautia coccoides–Eubacterium rectale,Bifidobacteriumspp. andLactobacillusspp. in the faeces sampled at week 3 of the experimental period (P< 0·05). In the caecum, proximal and mid colon, AXD feeding resulted in a 3- to 5-fold higher pool size of butyrate compared with WSD feeding, with the RSD being intermediate (P <0·001). In conclusion, the RSD and AXD differently affected digestion processes compared with the WSD, and the AXD most efficiently shifted the microbial composition towards butyrogenic species in the faeces and increased the large-intestinal butyrate pool size.

scholarly journals Gut Microbial Composition in Mice Fed Different Amount of Rice Resistant Starch (P21-031-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiawei Wan ◽  
Yanbei Wu ◽  
Quynhchi Pham ◽  
Robert Li ◽  
Liangli Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Starch Diet

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of rice containing different levels of resistant starch on the gut microbiome using a rodent model. Methods Rice with low resistant starch (0.11%), medium resistant starch (1.07%) and high resistant starch (8.61%) were cooked, grounded into powders and used to formulate diet to represent all the carbohydrates in mice diet that consist of low fat (LF, 10 kcal %) or high fat (HF, 39 kcal %). C57BL/6 mice (n = 60, male, 5 weeks old) were randomly assigned to six feeding groups: (1) low-fat and low resistant starch diet (LL); (2) high-fat and low resistant starch diet (HL); (3) low-fat and medium resistant starch diet (LM); (4) high-fat and medium resistant starch diet (HM); (5) low-fat and high resistant starch diet (LH); (6) high-fat and high resistant starch diet (HH). Mice were fed with diets for 8 weeks then gut microbiome composition was determined using 16S rDNA sequencing of cecal contents. Results We found that the gut microbiome was significantly different at different levels of resistant starch (P < 0.01) but not at different fat levels. OTU (operational taxonomic unit) richness was reduced in LF and HF high-resistant groups as compared to others. OTU diversity was reduced in LF and HF medium and high-resistant groups as compared to low-resistant groups. Decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, which related to lower risk of obesity, was observed in mice fed LF and HF high-resistant diet as compared to others. Moreover, at the family level, LF, HF high-resistant diet mainly increased the abundances of Bacteroidaceae and S24_7, the bacteria positively correlated with SCFAs (short-chain fatty acids) levels. We also observed a decrease in abundances of Odoribacteraceae, Rikenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae in LF and HF high resistant starch group. Desulfovibrionaceae and genus Odoribecter in Odoribacteraceae are reported to be opportunistic pathogens, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Odoribacteraceae and Rikenellaceae are associated with obesity. Conclusions Overall, our results demonstrated that resistant starch exerted concentration-dependent effect on the gut microbiome in mice which may have protective effect against obesity. Funding Sources USDA, ARS.

scholarly journals Dietary fibre-rich oat-based products affect serum lipids, microbiota, formation of short-chain fatty acids and steroids in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Drzikova ◽  
Gerhard Dongowski ◽  
Erich Gebhardt
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Oat Flour ◽  
Extrusion Technology

Wistar rats (ten per group) were fed either an oat-free control diet or a dietary fibre-rich test diet containing 500 g oat-based products/kg for 6 weeks. The oat-based products, containing 4–128 g/kg resistant starch, 30–92 g/kg β-glucan and 122–304 g/kg total dietary fibre, were oat flour extrudate, flour/Novelose (commercial resistant starch) extrudate (80:20 w/w), oat bran, bran/Novelose extrudate (80:20 w/w) and autoclaved oat flour. Serum total cholesterol decreased in the groups fed flour, flour/Novelose and bran/Novelose (P<0·05). In most of the test groups, count numbers of bifidobacteria were higher (P<0·001) and of coliforms were lower (P<0·05). The mass of the caecum walls and contents was greater in groups fed Novelose- and bran-containing diets (P<0·005). In all the test groups, pH values were lower in the intestinal contents (P<0·001), and caecal concentrations of acetate (P<0·001), propionate (P<0·05), butyrate (P<0·005) and total SCFA (P<0·001) were higher. The lowest concentrations of steroids were found in rats fed the autoclaved flour. In the other test groups, more bile acids appeared in the caecal (P<0·001) and colonic contents (P<0·005), as well as in the faeces, at week 6 (P<0·001). The highest bile acid excretion was found after feeding bran-containing diets. In the intestinal contents of all the test groups, more primary bile acids (P<0·001) appeared than in the control group. The excretion of steroids increased within the experimental period. Using extrusion technology, dietary fibre-rich oat-based products, which have beneficial physiological effects in rats, can be produced. Oat flour and bran are excellent sources for the preparation of directly edible oat products. Their nutritional properties can be further improved by the addition of resistant starch.

Protective effect of agaro-oligosaccharides on gut dysbiosis and colon tumorigenesis in high-fat diet-fed mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (6) ◽  
pp. G367-G375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuki Higashimura ◽  
Yuji Naito ◽  
Tomohisa Takagi ◽  
Kazuhiko Uchiyama ◽  
Katsura Mizushima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Aberrant Crypt Foci ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Serum Bile Acid ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced alteration in the gut microbial composition, known as dysbiosis, is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for various diseases, including colon cancer. This report describes a comprehensive investigation of the effect of agaro-oligosaccharides (AGO) on HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, including alterations in short-chain fatty acid contents and bile acid metabolism in mice. C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet or HFD, with or without AGO. Terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis produced their fecal microbiota profiles. Profiles of cecal organic acids and serum bile acids were determined, respectively, using HPLC and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry systems. T-RFLP analyses showed that an HFD changed the gut microbiota significantly. Changes in the microbiota composition induced by an HFD were characterized by a decrease in the order Lactobacillales and by an increase in the Clostridium subcluster XIVa. These changes of the microbiota community generated by HFD treatment were suppressed by AGO supplementation. As supported by the data of the proportion of Lactobacillales order, the concentration of lactic acid increased in the HFD + AGO group. Data from the serum bile acid profile showed that the level of deoxycholic acid, a carcinogenic secondary bile acid produced by gut bacteria, was increased in HFD-receiving mice. The upregulation tended to be suppressed by AGO supplementation. Finally, results show that AGO supplementation suppressed the azoxymethane-induced generation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon derived from HFD-treated mice. Our results suggest that oral intake of AGO prevents HFD-induced gut dysbiosis, thereby inhibiting colon carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Dietary administration of resistant starch improved caecal barrier function by enhancing intestinal morphology and modulating microbiota composition in meat duck

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeng Qin ◽  
Keying Zhang ◽  
Todd J. Applegate ◽  
Xuemei Ding ◽  
Shiping Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Meat Duck

AbstractResistant starch (RS) was recently approved to exert a powerful influence on gut health, but the effect of RS on the caecal barrier function in meat ducks has not been well defined. Thus, the effect of raw potato starch (RPS), a widely adopted RS material, on microbial composition and barrier function of caecum for meat ducks was determined. A total of 360 Cherry Valley male ducks of 1-d-old were randomly divided and fed diets with 0 (control), 12, or 24 % RPS for 35 d. Diets supplemented with RPS significantly elevated villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio in the caecum. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that the diet with 12 % RPS had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and the butyrate-producing bacteria Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Erysipelatoclostridium were enriched in all diets. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly increased in the 24 % RPS diet v. the control diet. When compared with the control diet, the diet with 12 % RPS was also found to notably increase acetate, propionate and butyrate contents and up-regulated barrier-related genes including claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, mucin-2 and proglucagon in the caecum. Furthermore, the addition of 12 % RPS significantly reduced plasma TNF-α, IL-1β and endotoxin concentrations. These data revealed that diets supplemented with 12 % RPS partially improved caecal barrier function in meat ducks by enhancing intestinal morphology and barrier markers expression, modulating the microbiota composition and attenuating inflammatory markers.

scholarly journals Fermentation of Resistant Starch Is Not a Predictor of Very High or Low Serum TMAO in Rats, but Results in Greater Serum TMAO than Controls

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 386-386
Author(s):  
Diana Coulon ◽  
Ryan Page ◽  
Justin Guice ◽  
Anne Raggio ◽  
Brian Marx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Cleveland Clinic ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Abstract Objectives Consumption of resistant starch (RS) has positive gut health benefits, but RS has been associated with increased serum trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). Increased serum TMAO has been linked to enhanced risk of cardiovascular death. A human study found that RS and a high fat (41% of energy) diet resulted in higher TMAO levels compared to a low RS diet, but this was not seen in a high carbohydrate diet (27% energy as fat). We wanted to ascertain serum TMAO in rats fed a high-RS diet with moderate (MF) or high fat (HF) diets compared to controls. Methods Twenty-four male, Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were fed either 23% RS type 2, high-amylose diet or a control diet using 100% amylopectin with either MF (30% energy) or HF (42% energy) levels. A 2X choline amount had been used in the AIN-93M diets as substrate for ultimate production of TMAO. After six weeks, serum TMAO was measured using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial followed by Tukey test (P &lt; 0.05). Serum TMAO is assessed for risk of death over a seven-year period into quadrants. Quadrants 3 (4.28–7.89 µM) and 4 (7.91-186.1 µM) have greater risk. Quadrants 1 (0.12–2.55 µM) and 2 (2.56–4.27 µM) had much lower risk. Results Average TMAO level for rats fed RS HF was 2.94 ± 0.4, and RS MF was 2.42 ± 0.4. The control HF was 1.53 ± 0.17, and control MF was 1.06 ± 0.17. Rats fed RS had significantly greater TMAO levels of 2.68 ± 0.28, quadrant 2, while the control rats had an average of 1.3 ± 0.12, quadrant 1. There was no significant increased effect for MF vs. HF. However, the variability was similar for the two RS groups with values in quadrants 1–3. Amount of fermentation was not associated with TMAO amounts. For example, the RS rat with the lowest serum TMAO (0.87 µM) had an empty cecum weight (ECW) of 2.40 g, while the highest (4.41 µM) had an ECW of 2.29 g. Conclusions Sprague-Dawley rats fed either MF or HF had increased TMAO with consumption of RS. Data indicate amount of fermentation is not the reason for increased TMAO. Possible differences in gut bacteria that produce trimethylamine from choline may be cause of TMAO production in the rats. Funding Sources LSU AgCenter and Lerner Research Institute (Dr Stan Hazen) of Cleveland Clinic for analysis of serum TMAO, and starches were gifted from Ingredion Incorporated.

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in developing rat intestine

1996 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Pácha ◽  
I Mikšík
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Intestinal Segments

Abstract The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-OHSD) prevents the binding of corticosterone to mineralocorticoid receptors by reversible conversion of biologically active corticosterone to inactive 11-dehydrocorticosterone. To clarify the relationship between high plasma concentrations of corticosterone during weaning and high activity of intestinal transport pathways that are induced by aldosterone in immature intestine, we have studied the distribution, developmental pattern and regulation of 11 β-OHSD in intestinal segments that possess mineralocorticoid target epithelium. Dehydrogenase activity was already high in the caecum, and the proximal and distal colon on the second postnatal day and altered little until adulthood. In contrast, the activity in the ileum was low during the first two weeks of life, rose more than 5-fold in the next 20 days to attain a peak in 30-day-old rats, and thereafter declined to the values of adult animals. There was no significant reductase activity (conversion of 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone) in any intestinal segment of young and adult rats. The regulation of intestinal 11β-OHSD by corticosteroids and thyroid hormones was studied in the ileum and distal colon. In weanling rats, adrenalectomy or a high-salt diet decreased 11β-OHSD activities in both intestinal segments whereas dexamethasone administration prevented this decline in adrenalectomized rats and administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate led to a significant increase of intestinal 11β-OHSD activities in rats kept on a high-salt diet. Dexamethasone administration to intact adult rats also stimulated 11 β-OHSD activity in the ileum and distal colon. The changes in thyroid status of weanling rats did not change the 11β-OHSD activities. We conclude that (1) the developmental patterns of 11β-OHSD activity in the small and large intestine are not identical and this discrepancy may facilitate the maturation effect of glucocorticoids in the small intestine and the stimulatory effect of aldosterone in the large intestine and (2) corticosteroids but not thyroid hormones can modulate 11β-OHSD activity in the developing intestine. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 561–566

scholarly journals The Effect of Functional Fiber on Microbiota Composition in Different Intestinal Segments of Obese Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6525
Author(s):  
Chuanhui Xu ◽  
Jianhua Liu ◽  
Jianwei Gao ◽  
Xiaoyu Wu ◽  
Chenbin Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Functional Fiber ◽  
Regional Similarity

The gastrointestinal tract is a heterogeneous ecosystem with distinct, stratified environments, which leads to different microbial composition in different intestinal segments. The regional heterogeneity of intestinal microbiota complicates the relationship between diet and microbiota. Few studies have focused on the effects of different diets on microbiota in different intestinal segments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional fiber on the microbial composition in multiple intestinal segments from a high-fat diet compared with a normal chow diet. We found that the response of microbiota from different intestinal segments to diet was related to the intestinal physiologic function and the physicochemical properties of dietary nutrients. A high-fat diet drove changes in the microbial composition in the hindgut, possibly by affecting the digestive environment of the foregut, and increased the regional heterogeneity of the whole intestinal microbiota. The supplementation of functional fiber promoted the microbial transfer and colonization from the anterior to the posterior intestinal segments, and increased the regional similarity of intestinal microbiota accordingly, particularly within the hindgut. The gut fermentation of the functional fiber, which mainly occurred in the hindgut, resulted in a significant change in the microbial composition and metabolism in the cecum and colon, with richer carbohydrate metabolism-related bacteria, including Mucispirillum, Prevotella, Anaerostipes, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus (Lachnospiraceae), and Allobaculum, and higher production of acetate and butyrate. We concluded that multiple regulatory mechanisms of diets which affect microbiota composition exist, including microbial metabolism, microbial migration, and the regulation of the intestinal environment.

Effect of dietary probiotic, antibiotic or combination on broiler performance, cecum microbial population and ileal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elbaz ◽  
Said El-sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance

Objective: To investigate the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics on broiler performance, some serum metabolites, cecum microflora composition, and ileum histomorphology under the Egyptian conditions. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Two hundred forty 1-day-old Ross (308) chicks were reared till 35 days of age. Procedures: The birds were randomly allocated into four main groups: a control diet without additives (CON); probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) supplemented diet (PRO); antibiotic (Avilamycin) supplemented diet (ANT) and a mix group (AP) that received antibiotic in the diet form 1 to 4 days of age and treated during the rest of the experimental period with probiotics. Results: Chickens fed on probiotic or antibiotic diets had linear improvement in live body weight (LBW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control group, while the best LBW and FCR were in the AP group. An improvement in the nutrient digestibility was observed in the probiotic added groups (PRO and AP). Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents decreased when antimicrobial (probiotic or antibiotic) supplementations were used, while there was an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents, serum total protein, and albumin levels. Among all groups, cecum Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli counts decreased; however, there was an increase in Lactobacillus count compared to the control group. In probiotic supplemented groups (PRO and AP), a significant (P<0.05) improvement in ilea architecture. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Using probiotic after initial treatment with an antibiotic in broiler diets had a positive effect on broiler growth performance, gut health (improved cecum microbial populations and ileum histomorphology), and nutrient digestibility.

scholarly journals Microbiota Changes in Fathers Consuming a High Prebiotic Fiber Diet Have Minimal Effects on Male and Female Offspring in Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 820
Author(s):  
Faye Chleilat ◽  
Alana Schick ◽  
Raylene A. Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Satiety Hormone ◽  
Prebiotic Fiber

Background: Consuming a diet high in prebiotic fiber has been associated with improved metabolic and gut microbial parameters intergenerationally, although studies have been limited to maternal intake with no studies examining this effect in a paternal model. Method: Male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to either (1) control or (2) oligofructose-supplemented diet for nine weeks and then mated. Offspring consumed control diet until 16 weeks of age. Bodyweight, body composition, glycemia, hepatic triglycerides, gastrointestinal hormones, and gut microbiota composition were measured in fathers and offspring. Results: Paternal energy intake was reduced, while satiety inducing peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) gut hormone was increased in prebiotic versus control fathers. Increased serum PYY persisted in female prebiotic adult offspring. Hepatic triglycerides were decreased in prebiotic fathers with a similar trend (p = 0.07) seen in female offspring. Gut microbial composition showed significantly reduced alpha diversity in prebiotic fathers at 9 and 12 weeks of age (p < 0.001), as well as concurrent differences in beta diversity (p < 0.001), characterized by differences in Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, and particularly Bifidobacterium animalis. Female prebiotic offspring had higher alpha diversity at 3 and 9 weeks of age (p < 0.002) and differences in beta diversity at 15 weeks of age (p = 0.04). Increases in Bacteroidetes in female offspring and Christensenellaceae in male offspring were seen at nine weeks of age. Conclusions: Although paternal prebiotic intake before conception improves metabolic and microbiota outcomes in fathers, effects on offspring were limited with increased serum satiety hormone levels and changes to only select gut bacteria.

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