scholarly journals Oligosaccharides in goats’ milk-based infant formula and their prebiotic and anti-infection properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (04) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Leong ◽  
Zhiqian Liu ◽  
Hala Almshawit ◽  
Bogdan Zisu ◽  
Christopher Pillidge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Stage 1

AbstractHuman milk contains an abundant supply and diverse array of oligosaccharides that are known to impart significant health benefits to the nursing infant including establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microflora, immune development and protection against gastrointestinal infections. When breastfeeding is not possible or insufficient, infant formulas are commonly used as an alternative. However, limited information is available about the presence of naturally occurring oligosaccharides in these infant formulas and their likely health benefits. The present study examined the presence of naturally occurring oligosaccharides in commercial goats’ milk-based stage 1 and stage 2 infant formulas and their prebiotic and anti-infection properties. LC/MS was used to detect and quantify oligosaccharides and their prebiotic potential was assessed by their ability, at concentrations present in reconstituted ready-to-use infant formula, to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12, B. longum BB536, Lactobacillus acidophilus 4461 and L. casei 2607 in vitro. For anti-infection properties, the ability of goat milk oligosaccharides to prevent the adhesion of Escherichia coli NCTC 10418 and a Salmonella typhimurium isolate to Caco-2 cells was investigated. The results showed the presence of fourteen quantifiable oligosaccharides in stage 1 and stage 2 goats’ milk-based infant formula. This was similar to the number of oligosaccharides detected in the fresh goats’ milk. Of these, five were structurally similar to those found in human milk. These oligosaccharides were shown to significantly enhance the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and reduce the adhesion of E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. typhimurium to Caco-2 cells. Together, these results suggest that oligosaccharides naturally present in goats’ milk-based infant formula exhibit strong prebiotic and anti-pathogen adhesion properties and may confer gut health benefits to infants.

scholarly journals Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2′-Fucosyllactose

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Reverri ◽  
Amy Devitt ◽  
Janice Kajzer ◽  
Geraldine Baggs ◽  
Marlene Borschel
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component in human milk after lactose and lipids. Preclinical research has demonstrated that HMOs and specifically 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) are more than a prebiotic and have multiple functions, including immune, gut, and cognition benefits. Previously, human milk has been the only source for significant levels of HMOs. The most abundant HMO in most mothers’ breast milk is 2′-FL. Recently, 2′-FL has been synthesized and shown to be structurally identical to the 2′-FL found in human milk. 2′-FL HMO is now available in some commercial infant formulas. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarize the clinical experiences of feeding infant formula supplemented with the HMO, 2′-FL. Most of these studies investigated standard intact milk protein-based infant formulas containing 2′-FL, and one evaluated a partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula. Collectively, these clinical experiences demonstrated that 2′-FL being added to infant formula was safe, well-tolerated, and absorbed and excreted with similar efficiency to 2′-FL in human milk. Further, infants that were fed formula with 2′-FL had immune benefits, fewer parent-reported respiratory infections, and improved symptoms of formula intolerance. Ultimately, infant formula with 2′-FL supports immune and gut health and is closer compositionally and functionally to human milk.

scholarly journals Probiotics and Oral Health

2010 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 348-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Haukioja
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacilli

The number of products containing probiotics, viable bacteria with proven health benefits, entering the market is increasing. Traditionally, probiotics have been associated with gut health, and most clinical interest has been focused on their use for prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal infections and diseases; however, during the last decade several investigators have also suggested the use of probiotics for oral health purposes. The aim of this review is to examine potential mechanisms of probiotic bacteria in the oral cavity and summarize observed effects of probiotics with respect to oral health. The review focuses on probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, genera that are most used in various probiotic products. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:348-355)

Differences in Vitamin E and C Profile Between Infant Formula and Human Milk and Relative Susceptibility to Lipid Oxidation

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Elisia ◽  
David D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Vitamin E And C ◽  
Vit C

The vitamin E isoforms and vitamin (vit) C content of infant formulas were compared to human milk and related to relative susceptibilities to lipid peroxidation. We report that a highly distinct vitamin E and C profile exists between formula and human milk. Whileα-tocopherol (α-Toc) is the dominant vit E isoform in human milk, formula contains a substantial amount of α-Toc and δ-Toc that was greater than the level found in human milk (12- and 32-fold, respectively). Vitamin C was also two- fold higher in infant formula compared to human milk. Despite the higher vitamin E and C content, we also observed higher rates of lipid oxidation in the formula when compared to human milk. Storing human milk for one day at refrigeration temperatures did not produce hexanal in human milk, but this storage resulted in an increase in hexanal in formulas. We conclude that the higher concentrations of γ-Toc and δ-Toc in infant formulas did not provide similar protection from lipid oxidation as human milk. We also observed that vit C content was reduced during storage in both infant formula and human milk, which did not occur with the Toc isoforms.

scholarly journals A Validated Method for Detection and Quantitation of 2’Fucosyllactose in Infant Formula Matrices

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Prieto ◽  
Michael B. Miklus ◽  
Cynthia M. Barber ◽  
Steven M. Tennyson
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Elution Time ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation

Analytical methods to assess the content of free carbohydrates in solution range from simple tests of reductive power to combinations of chromatography and mass spectrometry. Soluble carbohydrates such as lactose, maltose, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides are commonly found in infant formulas either as sources of energy or soluble fibers. On the other hand, a rich repertoire of lactose-based carbohydrates occurs naturally in human milk.  The advent of novel biosynthesis technologies resulted in the availability of human milk oligosaccharide structures that are being used as ingredients in infant formulas.   Notably, 2’Fucosyllactose has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies to determine its safety and to explore its potential health benefits in the context of pediatric nutrition. Several chromatographic methods for the analysis of human milk oligosaccharides have been published and, the main challenge associated with 2’Fucosyllactose quantitation has been to improve its resolution from lactose, which is present at concentrations around 70 g/l in both, infant formula and human milk. We developed a high-performance anion exchange chromatography method to detect and quantify 2’ Fucosyllactose in the presence of lactose by expanding the elution time between these saccharides. We validated the analytical procedure which behaved linearly (average R=0.99951) at concentrations as low as 1.75 µg/ml (limit of quantitation) with an average limit of detection of 0.43 µg/ml.

scholarly journals Naturally Occurring Bioactive Oligosaccharides in Goat's Milk-Infant Formula (P11-078-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Leong ◽  
Liu Zhiqian ◽  
Christopher Pillidge ◽  
Bogdan Zisu ◽  
Simone Rochfort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk

Abstract Objectives Human milk is rich in oligosaccharides (OS) that impart significant health benefits to the infant. When breast feeding is not possible, infant formula (IF) is used as an alternative. However, little is known about the presence of OS in IF and their potential health effects. This study was aimed at quantifying naturally occurring OS in a commercial goat's milk IF and examining their prebiotic and anti-infection properties. Methods OS were isolated from IF using molecular weight cut-off filters and HILIC-LC/MS system. Prebiotic activity of OS was assessed by co-incubating Bifidobacterium (BB12 and BB526) and Lactobacillus (LA4461 and LC2607) strains in growth media with or without OS anaerobically at 37°C for 24 hr and measuring OD600. Anti-adhesion potential of OS was determined by co-incubating E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. typhimurium, pre-incubated with or without OS for 2 hr at 37°C, with Caco-2 cells for 90 min. After PBS washes and cell lysis, supernatants were plated onto agars for measuring bacterial counts and calculating the anti-adhesion %. Results Fourteen OS were quantified in goat's milk IF, of which 5 were structurally similar to those reported in human milk. At concentrations similar to those in reconstituted IF, OS fractions were significantly effective in enhancing the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli strains and preventing the adhesion of E. coli NCTC10418 (52.4%) and S. typhimurium (35%) to the Caco-2 cells. Conclusions Goat's milk IF contains several naturally occurring human milk-like OS that appear to promote the growth of beneficial gut microbes and protect against gut pathogens. Funding Sources No conflicts of interest were involved. Nuchev Pty Ltd. provided goat's milk IF. Research costs were covered by RMIT University.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Bifidogenic Effects of Goat and Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas to Human Breast Milk in an in vitro Gut Model for 3-Month-Old Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Gallier ◽  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Colin Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Human milk contains prebiotic components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which stimulate the growth of specific members of the infant gut microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria). Plant-based or synthetic oligosaccharides are often added to infant formulas to simulate the bifidogenic effect of HMOs. Cow milk, the most common source of protein in infant formula, and goat milk, used increasingly in the manufacture of infant formula, contain naturally-occurring prebiotics. This study compared the upper gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation of human milk vs. goat and cow milk-based infant formulas (goat IF and cow IF, respectively), without additional oligosaccharides using an in vitro model for 3-month-old infants based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). First, a dialysis approach using 3.5 kDa membranes was demonstrated to simulate small intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in conditions similar to those in vivo. During the in vitro digestion experiment, oligosaccharides were detected in human milk and goat IF but barely detected in the cow IF. Further, all three milk matrices decreased colonic pH by boosting acetate, lactate, and propionate production, which related to increased abundances of acetate/lactate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae for human milk (+25.7%) and especially goat IF (33.8%) and cow IF (37.7%). Only cow IF stimulated butyrate production which correlated with an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae. Finally, Enterobacteriaceae and Acidaminococcaceae also increased with all three milk matrices, while production of proteolytic metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids) was only detected for the cow IF. Overall, goat and cow milk-based formulas without added oligosaccharides impacted gut microbial activity and composition similarly to human milk. This suggests that even without supplementation of formula with oligosaccharides, whole goat milk, whole cow milk and cow milk ingredients already supply compounds in formulas that exert beneficial bifidogenic effects. Further clinical research is warranted to elucidate the effect of whole goat milk-based formulas on the infant gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds in Infant Formula and Their Effects on Infant Nutrition and Health: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Cristine Couto Almeida ◽  
Bianca Figueiredo Mendonça Pereira ◽  
Katia Christina Leandro ◽  
Marion Pereira Costa ◽  
Bernardete Ferraz Spisso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Formula Composition

Infant formulas are an alternative to replace or supplement human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. The knowledge of human milk’s bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects has attracted the interest of researchers in the field of infant nutrition, as well as researchers of technology and food sciences that seek to improve the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas. Several scientific studies evaluate the optimization of infant formula composition. The bioactive compound inclusion has been used to upgrade the quality and nutrition of infant formulas. In this context, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the scientific evidence of bioactive compounds present in infant formulas (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, taurine, milk fat globule membrane, folates, polyamines, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, and probiotics) and their effects on infant nutrition and health. Through previously determined criteria, studies published in the last fifteen years from five different databases were included to identify the advances in the optimization of infant formula composition. Over the last few years, there has been optimization of the infant formula composition, not only to increase the similarities in their content of macro and micronutrients but also to include novel bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits for infants. Although the infant food industry has advanced in the last years, there is no consensus on whether novel bioactive ingredients added to infant formulas have the same functional effects as the compounds found in human milk. Thus, further studies about the impact of bioactive compounds in infant nutrition are fundamental to infant health.

scholarly journals Current Perspective of Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides in Mammalian Milk: Implications for Brain and Gut Health of Newborns

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Madalyn Hobbs ◽  
Marefa Jahan ◽  
Seyed A. Ghorashi ◽  
Bing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Sugar Chains ◽  
Adhesive Effect

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids of breast milk. All mammal milk contains soluble oligosaccharides, including neutral milk oligosaccharides (NMOs) without sialic acid (Sia) moieties and acidic oligosaccharides or sialylated milk oligosaccharides (SMOs) with Sia residues at the end of sugar chains. The structural, biological diversity, and concentration of milk oligosaccharides in mammalian milk are significantly different among species. HMOs have multiple health benefits for newborns, including development of immune system, modification of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, and brain development. Most infant formulas lack oligosaccharides which resemble HMOs. Formula-fed infants perform poorly across physical and psychological wellbeing measures and suffer health disadvantages compared to breast-fed infants due to the differences in the nutritional composition of breast milk and infant formula. Of these milk oligosaccharides, SMOs are coming to the forefront of research due to the beneficial nature of Sia. This review aims to critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of SMOs in human milk, infant formula milks, and milk from several other species on gut and brain health of human and animal offspring.

Human milk and infant formula modulate intestinal microbiota and immune system of human microbiota-associated mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Qing gang Xie ◽  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Jialu Shi ◽  
Evivie Etareri Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Human Microbiota

Many infants on exclusive breastfeeding regimen are often fed inadequate amounts, and this creates an imbalance between the overall effects of breast milk and commercial infant formulas. We comparatively analyzed...

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