scholarly journals The genetic basis of response in mouse lines divergently selected for body weight or fat content. I. The relative contributions of autosomal and sex-linked genes

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Hastings ◽  
Roel F. Veerkamp
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Effects ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Mouse Lines

SummaryLines of mice have been divergently selected for over forty generations on either body weight or fat content. Reciprocal crosses were made between the divergent lines and the offspring backcrossed to the parental lines. The resulting data allowed us to investigate the genetic basis of response, including two features of particular interest: (i) the relative contribution of autosomal and sex-linked genes and whether any significant Y chromosome or cytoplasmic effects were present (ii) the mechanism of gene action, whether predominantly additive or whether significant dominance effects were present. A large additive sex-linked effect was observed in lines selected on body weight which accounted for approximately 25% of the divergence. The remaining 75% of the divergence appeared to be autosomal. There was no apparent sex-linked effect in lines selected on fat content and the response appeared to be entirely autosomal and additive.

scholarly journals Inheritance of agronomic and seed composition traits in Glycine max x Glycine soja crosses

1969 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Sylvia Rodríguez de Cianzio ◽  
Walter R. Fehr
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Glycine Soja ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Cytoplasmic Effects

Interspecific crosses between the cultivated soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and the wild species. Glycine soja Sieb. & Zuce, may be useful for broadening the genetic base of commercial cultivars. The objectives of the study were to evaluate agronomic traits of G. max, G. soja and their F1 hybrids in tropical and temperate environments, to determine whether cytoplasmic effects were present for agronomic traits and seed composition in reciprocal crosses between the two species, and to evaluate the type of gene action that controls the inheritance of traits in interspecific crosses. Reciprocal crosses were made between 'Century' and PI326581 and between 'Amsoy 71' and PI424001. Thirty plants of each of the parents and 50 F1 plants of each cross were grown at two environments in Puerto Rico and one in Iowa. The traits evaluated were date of stages R1 and R8, leaf size, shattering, defoliation, vining, lodging, agronomic type, plant height, 100-seed weight, percentage of seed protein and oil, and percentages of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids in the oil. No significant differences were observed among environments for seven of the 11 agronomic traits evaluated in the two crosses. The relative performance among genotypes for all traits in Iowa and Puerto Rico was similar. This similarity indicates that it is possible to use tropical locations to evaluate the progeny of interspecific crosses. No significant differences between F1 plants of reciprocal crosses were observed in the two crosses for any of the traits; thus, cytoplasmic effects were not important. The type of gene action observed differed among traits and included additive, dominance, and partial dominance.

scholarly journals The genetic basis of response in mouse lines divergently selected for body weight or fat content. II. The contribution of genes with a large effect

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel F. Veerkamp ◽  
Chris S. Haley ◽  
Sara A. Knott ◽  
Ian M. Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Segregation Analysis ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Additive Genes

SummaryGene action underlying selection responses has been studied using crossbreeding. Maximum likelihood based segregation analysis has been presented for analysing backcross data for the presence of genes with a large effect. Two sets of divergently selected lines (P-lines for body weight and F-lines for fat content) were reciprocally crossed and the F1s were crossed to the high and low lines to produce all possible backcrosses. Earlier analysis had shown that the difference in body weight at 10 weeks (n = 595) between the high and low P-lines was largely (75–80%) explained by autosomal, additive genes with the remainder explained by additive genes on the X chromosome. Maximum likelihood segregation analysis suggested the presence of a major effect on the X chromosome, but as there was only one round of recombination between the X chromosomes in the forming of the backcrosses, linked genes on the X chromosome could have acted together to give the appearance of a single major gene. The difference in fat content between the F-lines (n = 578) could be explained by autosomal genes of largely additive effect. Segregation analysis suggested the presence of a major gene with complete dominance, but this was attributed to a relationship between the mean and the variance: transformation of the data resulted in only polygenic additive genes being of importance. This study concluded that maximum likelihood based analysis and crosses between selected lines provide a powerful means for studying the gene action underlying responses to selection.

scholarly journals The effect of crossing New Zealand White with Californian rabbits on growth and slaughter traits

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maj ◽  
J. Bieniek ◽  
P. Łapa ◽  
I. Sternstein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract. slaughter traits. The experiment was conducted on 120 New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (CAL) medium-sized rabbits and their F1 reciprocal crosses (CAL × NZW and NZW × CAL). The rabbits were fed pellets ad libitum, and slaughtered at body weight around 2.5 kg. The following traits were recorded: body weight and average daily gain at birth to slaughter, average feed consumption from weaning to slaughter, slaughter age, carcass weight, meat, bone and fat content of carcass, prime cuts weight (fore part, loin and hind part), and dressing percentage. The results indicated that reciprocal crossbred CAL × NZW and NZW × CAL rabbits were heavier than purebred animals. NZW × CAL crosses attained the slaughter body weight earlier, and had lower feed consumption. The dressing percentage in NZW × CAL crosses was highest, while the lowest in NZW rabbits. For other slaughter traits, except the fat content of carcass, effects of crossing rabbits were small. The magnitude of the crossbreeding effects depended on the direction of crossbreeding. Maximum effects in crosses for slaughter age, body weight, feed consumption and dressing percentage were obtained when the Californian breed was used as a maternal component.

scholarly journals Studying the pharmacogenomic effect of cranberry extract on reducing body weight using collaborative cross mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Amer-Sarsour ◽  
Rawan Abu Saleh ◽  
Itzhak Ofek ◽  
Fuad A. Iraqi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Collaborative Cross ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Mouse Lines

The non-dialyzable material (NDM) of polyphenol-rich cranberry extract (CRE) powder (NDM-CRE) was studied for its effect of inducing body weight (BW) loss in 13 different mouse lines with well-defined genetically diverse backgrounds, named the collaborative cross (CC).

scholarly journals BREED AND SEX EFFECTS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT AND FATNESS IN LACOMBE AND YORKSHIRE SWINE AND THEIR RECIPROCAL CROSSES

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
G. W. Rahnefeld
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Female Mating ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between thickness of fat measured at the shoulder, last rib, and loin of live pigs and market weight (86.2 to 95.2 kg) was studied in 1596 pigs from the Lacombe and Yorkshire breeds and their reciprocal crosses. No significant breed or sex differences were found in the proportion of fat at the three sites. Breed and sex differences were evident in the average depth of fat. The regression coefficients for the mean of three fat measurements on market weight were.016 ±.003,.019 ±.007, and.017 ±.004 for Lacombe males, barrows, and females respectively;.039 ±.002,.036 ±.005, and.041 ±.001 for Yorkshire males, barrows and females respectively;.027 ±.005 and.029 ±.004 for barrows and females from the Lacombe male × Yorkshire female mating; and.023 ±.007 and.021 ±.009 for barrows and females from the Yorkshire male × Lacombe female mating. Comparisons between animals measured at a relatively constant weight should be made after the fat measurement is adjusted for variations in body weight. The results of this study indicate that separate corrections should be applied for each breed. Separate corrections for sexes within breeds do not appear warranted.

scholarly journals X and Y Chromosome Complement Influence Adiposity and Metabolism in Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 1092-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuqi Chen ◽  
Rebecca McClusky ◽  
Yuichiro Itoh ◽  
Karen Reue ◽  
Arthur P. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Xy Model ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Metabolic Variables ◽  
Novel Model

Abstract Three different models of MF1 strain mice were studied to measure the effects of gonadal secretions and sex chromosome type and number on body weight and composition, and on related metabolic variables such as glucose homeostasis, feeding, and activity. The 3 genetic models varied sex chromosome complement in different ways, as follows: 1) “four core genotypes” mice, comprising XX and XY gonadal males, and XX and XY gonadal females; 2) the XY* model comprising groups similar to XO, XX, XY, and XXY; and 3) a novel model comprising 6 groups having XO, XX, and XY chromosomes with either testes or ovaries. In gonadally intact mice, gonadal males were heavier than gonadal females, but sex chromosome complement also influenced weight. The male/female difference was abolished by adult gonadectomy, after which mice with 2 sex chromosomes (XX or XY) had greater body weight and percentage of body fat than mice with 1 X chromosome. A second sex chromosome of either type, X or Y, had similar effects, indicating that the 2 sex chromosomes each possess factors that influence body weight and composition in the MF1 genetic background. Sex chromosome complement also influenced metabolic variables such as food intake and glucose tolerance. The results reveal a role for the Y chromosome in metabolism independent of testes and gonadal hormones and point to a small number of X–Y gene pairs with similar coding sequences as candidates for causing these effects.

scholarly journals Regulation of plasma leptin in mice: influence of age, high-fat diet, and fasting

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. R113-R120 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ahren ◽  
S. Mansson ◽  
R. L. Gingerich ◽  
P. J. Havel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Background Strain ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Mechanisms regulating circulating leptin are incompletely understood. We developed a radioimmunoassay for mouse leptin to examine the influence of age, dietary fat content, and fasting on plasma concentrations of leptin in the background strain for the ob/ob mouse, the C57BL/6J mouse. Plasma leptin increased with age [5.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml at 2 mo (n = 23) vs. 14.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml at 11 mo (n = 15), P < 0.001]. Across all age groups (2-11 mo, n = 160), log plasma leptin correlated with body weight (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001), plasma insulin (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and amount of intra-abdominal fat (r = 0.90, P < 0.001), as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. Plasma leptin was increased by a high-fat diet (58% fat for 10 mo) and reduced by fasting for 48 h. The reduction of plasma leptin was correlated with the reduction of plasma insulin (r = 0.43, P = 0.012) but not with the initial body weight or the change in body weight. Moreover, the reduction in plasma leptin by fasting was impaired by high-fat diet. Thus plasma leptin in C57BL/6J mice 1) increases with age or a high-fat diet; 2) correlates with body weight, fat content, and plasma insulin; and 3) is reduced during fasting by an action inhibited by high-fat diet and related to changes of plasma insulin.

scholarly journals QTL analysis of self-selected macronutrient diet intake: fat, carbohydrate, and total kilocalories

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda K. Smith Richards ◽  
Brenda N. Belton ◽  
Angela C. Poole ◽  
James J. Mancuso ◽  
Gary A. Churchill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Qtl Analysis ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Protein Quantitative Trait Locus

The present study investigated the inheritance of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and kilocalorie intake traits in an F2 population derived from an intercross between C57BL/6J (fat-preferring) and CAST/EiJ (carbohydrate-preferring) mice. Mice were phenotyped for self-selected food intake in a paradigm which provided for 10 days a choice between two macronutrient diets containing 78/22% of energy as a composite of either fat/protein or carbohydrate/protein. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified six significant loci for macronutrient intake: three for fat intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 8 ( Mnif1), 18 ( Mnif2), and X ( Mnif3), and three for carbohydrate intake on Chrs 17 ( Mnic1), 6 ( Mnic2), and X ( Mnic3). An absence of interactions among these QTL suggests the existence of separate mechanisms controlling the intake of fat and carbohydrate. Two significant QTL for cumulative kilocalorie intake, adjusted for baseline body weight, were found on Chrs 17 ( Kcal1) and 18 ( Kcal2). Without body weight adjustment, another significant kcal locus appeared on distal Chr 2 ( Kcal3). These macronutrient and kilocalorie QTL, with the exception of loci on Chrs 8 and X, encompassed chromosomal regions influencing body weight gain and adiposity in this F2 population. These results provide new insight into the genetic basis of naturally occurring variation in nutrient intake phenotypes.

scholarly journals Reciprocal effect of parental lines on the physiological potential and seed composition of corn hybrid seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana F. Santos ◽  
Lynnette M.A. Dirk ◽  
A. Bruce Downie ◽  
Mauricio F.G. Sanches ◽  
Roberval D. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Seed Vigour ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Corn Hybrid

AbstractObtaining corn hybrid seeds (Zea mays L.) with high vigour depends on the parental lines and the direction of the cross, and this relates to seed desiccation tolerance and composition. This research studied reciprocal crosses between pairs of proprietary, elite parent lines (L1 and L5; L2 and L4) producing hybrid seeds with different qualities attempting to correlate vigour with seed composition, focusing on storage proteins, starch and soluble sugar amounts. Four corn hybrid seed lots produced from reciprocal crosses were compared (HS 15 with HS 51, and HS 24 with HS 42) by assessing germination, vigour, and seedling emergence in the field. Seed composition was assessed in mature, dehydrated seeds. Proteins were extracted, quantified, and analysed by electrophoresis and densitometry. Starch amounts were assessed using a kit and soluble sugars were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with pulsed electrochemical detection. The L1 and L2 lineages, used as female parents, provided seeds with lower vigour; however, the quantification of major protein bands, and sucrose, raffinose and stachyose were similar between seed lot pairs. While both total seed protein and starch varied between reciprocal hybrids for one of the two sets of crosses, the amounts of neither correlated with seed vigour. Interestingly, hybrids with low seed vigour (HS 15, HS 24) accumulated greater amounts of fructose relative to their reciprocal; correlation analysis confirmed these results. We demonstrate different effects on seed vigour dependent on the maternal parent in reciprocal crosses producing hybrid corn seeds. We also show that vigour is negatively correlated with seed reducing sugar contents.

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