The Northern Range of Trinidad

1925 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 544-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Trechmann
Keyword(s):  
Great Part ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Scenic Beauty ◽  
The North ◽  
Tropical Vegetation ◽  
High Range

The northern mountain range of schistose rocks of the Island of Trinidad reaches an altitude of 3,012 feet in Mount Tucutche and consists of a wild and tumbled mass of ridges with deep intervening valleys clothed from top to bottom with tropical vegetation, the abode of a practically undisturbed fauna and flora. Westwards the range is continued in the rugged and precipitous islands of Monos, Huevos, and Chacacare between which are the Bocas through which ships pass in entering the Gulf of Paria from the north. The entrance to the Gulf is famous for its scenic beauty. North-eastwards the schist-range reappears in the island of Tobago, but no limestones are reported to occur among the rocks there. Westwards the high range of schistose mountains continues along the northern coast of a great part of Venezuela,4 and over 800 miles further west at Santa Marta in the Kepublic of Colombia I have seen a series of schists very similar in lithology to those that form the northern range of Trinidad.

scholarly journals Intense precipitation events in the Central range of the Iberian Peninsula

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Mora García ◽  
Jesus Riesco Martín ◽  
José Miguel Sánchez Llorente ◽  
Luís Rivas Soriano ◽  
Fernando de Pablo Dávila
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Synoptic Situation ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Precipitation Events ◽  
High Range

Abstract. Intense orographic precipitation associated with the Central range was analysed using data from 19 episodes, with the highest average values for the study area, of precipitation accumulated within 24 h, occurring between years 1958 to 2010. All events were associated with a south-westerly tropospheric flow, a low level jet, and high moisture flux at low levels. The observed moisture flux was higher than 100 m g (s kg)−1 and the dry and wet Froude numbers were greater than 1. The selected area to study this synoptic situation was Gredos, broad and high range, which is located in the eastern part of the Central mountain range and generates leeward orographic shadow. The effect of the Central range on the spatial distribution of precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula plateau results in a sharp increase in precipitation in the south of the Central mountain range, followed by a decrease to the north of this range.

The Environmental Effects of Flood Control in the Yare Basin

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 477-484
Author(s):  
H L Wakeling
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Flood Prevention ◽  
Scenic Beauty ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Justification ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Improved Pasture

The paper reviews various methods of flood control in the lower Yare Basin which has been subject to serious flooding caused by storm surges in the North Sea and by fluvial floods. This area is known as the Broads and is an area of scenic beauty, includes many sites of scientific interest and is a popular tourist area. The effects of the different flood control options on the environment are discussed. The primary economic justification for flood prevention was found to arise from the conversion of poor quality marsh grazing land to arable or improved pasture once the risk of saline flooding was removed. The consequences of this change in land use on the flora and fauna have aroused much concern among environmentalists.

scholarly journals III.—Fossiliferous Oldhaven Beds at Ipswich

1903 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Great Part ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Pebble Bed ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
London Clay

In the “Geology of the Country around Ipswich, Hadleigh, and Felixstowe” Mr. Whitaker drew attention to the probable existence of Oldhaven Beds at Ipswich. On p. 11 he gives particulars of a section in Stoke brickyard. Below the London clay at this spot occurred fine buff sand separated from the Clay by a thin pebble-bed containing fragments of shells. The buff sand was doubtfully referred to the Oldhaven Beds, while it was thought that the pebble-bed should also be included with these rather than regarded as a basement-bed of the London Clay. Below this doubtful Oldhaven sand occurred sands and mottled clays of the Reading Series. It was shown in the memoir that this pebble-bed occurred over a great part of this district with an outcrop along the valleys of the Gipping and the Brett. As a rule it rests on sands referred to the Reading Series, and is classed by Mr. Whitaker sometimes as basement-bed of the London Clay and occasionally as Oldhaven Beds.Recently in Ipswich I came across a very clear section of these beds in one of the brickfields, and as they here show a rather unusual facies it seems worth while to draw attention to the section, especially as the beds contain many fossils at one spot. The section occurs on the north side of Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin's brickfield between the Norwich and Henley Roads. The brickfield is situated almost due north of Brook's Hall, and about 100 yards south of the railway line, but apparently at the time of the Geological Survey there was no brickfield at this spot; the pebble-bed, however, was shown in another pit (which still exists) a little further westward, and was included in the basementbed of the London Clay by Mr. Whitaker.

Trends and Variability of North American Cool-Season Extratropical Cyclones: 1979–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fritzen ◽  
Victoria Lang ◽  
Vittorio A. Gensini
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
The North ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Regional Reanalysis ◽  
Log Linear

AbstractExtratropical cyclones are the primary driver of sensible weather conditions across the mid-latitudes of North America, often generating various types of precipitation, gusty non-convective winds, and severe convective storms throughout portions of the annual cycle. Given ongoing modifications of the zonal atmospheric thermal gradient due to anthropogenic forcing, analyzing the historical characteristics of these systems presents an important research question. Using the North American Regional Reanalysis, boreal cool-season (October–April) extratropical cyclones for the period 1979–2019 were identified, tracked, and classified based on their genesis location. Additionally, bomb cyclones—extratropical cyclones that recorded a latitude normalized pressure fall of 24 hPa in 24-hr—were identified and stratified for additional analysis. Cyclone lifespan across the domain exhibits a log-linear relationship, with 99% of all cyclones tracked lasting less than 8 days. On average, ≈ 270 cyclones were tracked across the analysis domain per year, with an average of ≈ 18 year−1 being classified as bomb cyclones. The average number of cyclones in the analysis domain has decreased in the last 20 years from 290 year−1 during the period 1979–1999 to 250 year−1 during the period 2000–2019. Spatially, decreasing trends in the frequency of cyclone track counts were noted across a majority of the analysis domain, with the most significant decreases found in Canada’s Northwest Territories, Colorado, and east of the Graah mountain range. No significant interannual or spatial trends were noted with bomb cyclone frequency.

Heavy rainfall in the northern coast of Ecuador in the aftermath of El Niño 2015/2016 and its predictability 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis E. Pineda ◽  
Juan Changoluisa ◽  
Ángel G. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Rainfall Anomaly ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Ensemble Mean ◽  
Rainfall Anomalies

<p>In January 2016, a high precipitation event (HPE) affected the northern coast of Ecuador leading to devastating flooding in the Esmeraldas’ river basin. The HPE appeared in the aftermath of the 2015/2016 El Niño as an early onset of heavy rainfalls otherwise expected in the core rainy season (Mar-Apr). Using gauge data, satellite imagery and reanalysis we investigate the daily and ‘weather-within-climate’ characteristics of the HPE and its accompanying atmospheric conditions. The convective storms developed into a mesoscale convective complex (MCC) during nighttime on 24<sup>th</sup> January. The scale size of the heavy rainfall system was about 250 km with a lifecycle lasting 16 hours for the complete storm with 6 hours of convective showers contributing to the HPE. The genesis of the MCC was related to above-normal moisture and orographic lifting driving convective updrafts; the north-south mountain barrier acted as both a channel boosting upslope flow when it moves over hillslopes; and, as a heavy-rain divide for inner valleys. The above normal moisture conditions were favored by cross-time-scale interactions involving the very strong El Niño 2015/2016 event, an unusually persistent Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in phases 3 and 6, remotely forced by tropical synoptic scale disturbances. In the dissipation stage, a moderate low-level easterly shear with wind velocity of about 10 m/s moved away the unstable air and the convective pattern disappear on the shore of the Esmeraldas basin.</p><p> </p><p>We use ECMWF re-forecast from the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (S2S) prediction project dataset and satellite observations to investigate the predictability of the HPE. Weekly ensemble-mean rainfall anomaly forecasts computed from raw (uncorrected) S2S reforecast initialized on 31st Dec 2015, 7th, 14th and 21st Jan 2016 are used to assess the occurrence of rainfall anomalies over the region. The reforecast represents consistently, over all lead times, the spatial pattern of the HPE. Also, the ensemble-mean forecast shows positive rainfall anomalies at times scales of 1-3 weeks (0-21 days) at nearly all initialization dates and lead times, predicting this way successfully the timing and amplitude of the highest HPE leading the 25th January flood.</p>

scholarly journals Preliminary results of drift-bottle releases and recoveries in the Western Tropical Atlantic

1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen F. Luedemann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Current ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Equatorial Current ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Area North

In February-March 1963, during the Equalant Operation for the ICITA program, 476 drift-bottles were released at the equatorial waters off the northern Brazilian coast (01ºS to 09ºN and 043ºW to 053ºW). Thirty-five, bottles were recovered (7,4%). Those were classed in five groups according to their different velocity ranges and areas of recovery (Trinidad Island; Lesser Antilles; Caribbean and Florida area; north Brazil; northeastern Brazil). The recoveries of bottles released within 300 nm off the northern and northeastern coast of Brazil confirmed a strong current along the north and northeast coast in northwestern direction (South Equatorial Current and branches). In late February-early March the bottles showed maximum velocities of this current (3,6 knots). The region off the northern coast of Brazil, between 05ºN and 09ºN up to 050ºW seems to have been under the influence of an eastward component of the surface current in this same period, while at late March this influence appears to have been weaker. In the region from Trinidad Island to Yucatan Peninsula the current seems to be stronger on the northeastern side of the Caribbean Sea.

The Invasion of Plague in Early Modern Italy

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-50
Author(s):  
John Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Reggio Emilia ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Modern Italy ◽  
The Dead

This chapter discusses the origins and spread of plague in northern Italy. Plague arrived in Italy in 1629 with French and German troops. It is no accident that the initial cases of plague identified in October of 1629 were first in Piedmont in the Val di Susa, west of Turin and near the border with France, and secondly in the Valtellina in Lombardy, subsequently travelling to Lake Como to the north of Milan. Other cities in northern Italy soon became infected and on May 6, 1630, the authorities as far south as Bologna announced the official outbreak of plague. Judging by the rapidity with which plague spread between these northern urban centres, one would have expected the epidemic to have arrived in Tuscany by early May, given that Bologna is only 65 miles north of Florence, but it was delayed by both natural and man-made factors. Tuscany is separated from Reggio-Emilia by the Apennine mountain range, which provided a physical barrier and facilitated the control of traffic coming from the north. The chapter then traces the preventive measures adopted by the health board as the plague approached Tuscany, including cordons sanitaires along frontiers, the removal of the sick to quarantine centres, and the rapid burial of the dead.

scholarly journals Imperialismo en el siglo XXI

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
John Smith ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Neoliberal Globalization ◽  
The North ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
The Difference

The globalization of production and its spread to low-income countries is the most notable transformation of the neoliberal era. Its driving force is the efforts by companies in Europe, North America and Japan to cut costs and raise profits, replacing relatively well-paid domestic labor for cheaper foreign labor. The gap in global wages, in great part the result of the suppression of the free movement of labor, provides a distorted view of the global differences in the rate of exploitation (simply, the difference between the value generated by the workers and what they are paid) upon which profits, prosperity and social peace in Europe, North America and Japan are ever-more reliant. Thus, neoliberal globalization should be seen as a new imperialist stage in capitalist development, where «imperialism» is defined by its economic foundation: the exploitation of labor in the South by capitalists from the North.

scholarly journals Passive imaging of collisional orogens: a review of a decade of geophysical studies in the Pyrénées

2022 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sébastien Chevrot ◽  
Matthieu Sylvander ◽  
Antonio Villaseñor ◽  
Jordi Díaz ◽  
Laurent Stehly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Seismic Signals ◽  
Passive Imaging ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Bouguer Anomalies ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Pyrenees ◽  
Collisional Orogens ◽  
Central Pyrenees

This contribution reviews the challenges of imaging collisional orogens, focusing on the example of the Pyrenean domain. Indeed, important progresses have been accomplished regarding our understanding of the architecture of this mountain range over the last decades, thanks to the development of innovative passive imaging techniques, relying on a more thorough exploitation of the information in seismic signals, as well as new seismic acquisitions. New tomographic images provide evidence for continental subduction of Iberian crust beneath the western and central Pyrénées, but not beneath the eastern Pyrénées. Relics of a Cretaceous hyper-extended and segmented rift are found within the North Pyrenean Zone, where the imaged crust is thinner (10–25 km). This zone of thinned crust coincides with a band of positive Bouguer anomalies that is absent in the Eastern Pyrénées. Overall, the new tomographic images provide further support to the idea that the Pyrénées result from the inversion of hyperextended segmented rift systems.

scholarly journals Observation of Shaheen Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinator (Aves: Falconiformes: Falconidae) in the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 10850
Author(s):  
Arockianathan Samson ◽  
Balasundaram Ramakrishnan ◽  
Palanisamy Santhoshkumar ◽  
Sivaraj Karthick
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Falco Peregrinus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Nilgiris

A total of 45 sightings of 57 individual Shaheen Falcons were recorded from 2014–2016 from different locations in the Nilgiris mountain range, and eight nests were located on separate rocky cliffs.  Most of the nests (n= 6) were situated at elevations ranging from 1500–2500 m and 45% of the nests were located on the north facing exposures.

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