scholarly journals Observations on Sources for the Study of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Iranian History

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafez F. Farmayan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Persian Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iranian History ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Special Points ◽  
Oil Company

Until recently, most works dealing with nineteenth-century Iran have had special points of view which now are hopelessly out of date. Concerned only with aspects of nineteenth-century Iran, they have treated these subjects either in connection with literature or with the rivalry of the European imperialist powers. Whatever the merits of these works, they may be said to have outlived their main usefulness. The age of imperialism is gone; and though the classical Persian literature of a thousand years may well be immortal, its creative spirit is dust. In Iran, as elsewhere, modern men have drastically altered their political, historical, and literary views. We now need histories of other kinds. It is time to explore and to research. Too much which is published on Iranian history continues to be either shallow, narrow, cliché-littered imitations of the not-so-great historians of the past, or are official glorifications of Iran's present, not always consistent with the truth. The field requires a widely extended and earnest historical inquiry into the development of modern Iranian society through the exploration of its recent past. An investigation of the social structure of nineteenth-century Persia, for instance, is absolutely essential to an understanding of the behavior of the present-day Iranian bureaucracy, which is often inexplicable to the Western observer. When the Persia of the peasants, the mullâs and the mîrzâs, is brought into clear perspective behind the Iran of the National Iranian Oil Company and the Plan Organization, we shall be in a position to understand the complexities of the present Iranian administrative machinery and the broad spectrum of motivation of its maintenance men.

Realism and Hope After Niebuhr

Worldview ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
John C. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Gospel ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Fourth Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Great Force

I have already lived in three different theological climates, during three periods marked by quite different hopes and expectations for the future of humanity. I am not sure whether or not we are entering a fourth period, but the pattern of both commitments and hopes is less clear than it seemed to be in the recent past.Before 1930 and back into the late nineteenth century there was the period of the Social Gospel, which was a great force in the churches and which reflected the secular expectations of progress that were general at the time. I was part of this movement myself and to a large extent shared its hopes, though I never believed that progress was inevitable or irreversible.

The World-Revealing Goblet: Reading Farhād Mīrzā’s Geographical Treatise Jām-i Jam as a Lithograph

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 409-449
Author(s):  
Zeinab Azarbadegan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Persian Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Library ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Geographic Knowledge ◽  
The World

Abstract This article examines a copy of Farhād Mīrzā’s Jām-i Jam (the World-Revealing Goblet) published in 1856 in Tehran and kept at Columbia University Library offsite storage. It demonstrates the dual importance of this book in geographic knowledge production and as part of the library of Saʿīd Nafīsī, one of the most prominent Iranian scholars of Persian literature. Methodologically, the paper offers various ways to study a single lithograph to decipher larger historical processes in histories of education, translation, and print. First, it analyzes the paratext to expose scholarly and political networks in order to examine the genealogy of geographic knowledge production in mid-nineteenth century Qajar Iran. Second, it studies the content and translation practices employed by Farhād Mīrzā to offer novel strategies for analyzing dissemination and reception of new ways of production and categorization of geographic knowledge as well as methods utilized in composition of pedagogical geography books. Finally, it discusses how cataloging practices affect current scholarship and lead to rendering certain texts “hidden.” It therefore illustrates how the study of Farhād Mīrzā’s Jām-i Jam, a book aspiring to reveal the world, can expose much about scholarly practices not only in the past but also the present.

VI.—On the Destroyed Church of St. Michael Wood Street, in the City of London, with some Notes on the Church of St. Michael Bassishaw

Archaeologia ◽  
1902 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-216
Author(s):  
Philip Norman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
The Past ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Christopher Wren ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Church

From the artistic and antiquarian points of view, the systematic destruction of our old City churches under the Union of Benefices Act is greatly to be deplored. Under this Act the churches designed by Sir Christopher Wren have especially suffered; and here I will venture to say a few words on that famous architect and his work. A dire catastrophe sometimes calls forth the energies of the master mind that can grapple with it; this was the case, when, after the Great Fire of 1666, by which eighty-six parish churches were destroyed or severely injured, Wren at that time, hardly a professional architect, turned his attention to the City. He first produced a plan for general rebuilding, which would have given free scope to his genius, although at the same time destroying many links with the past. The chief public buildings were to have been grouped round the Royal Exchange, which would have formed an important centre; St. Paul's Cathedral being approached from the east by two broad converging streets. A river quay, in part adorned by the City Halls, would have extended from Black-friars to the Tower of London; while the churches, greatly reduced in number, were to occupy commanding and isolated sites, their burial grounds being outside the City. For reasons which it is here not necessary to discuss, this proposal was not accepted; and so the City grew again, more or less on its old irregular lines. To Wren, however, was assigned the task of rebuilding or repairing not only St. Paul's Cathedral, but, if we include St. Mary Woolnoth and St. Sepulchre, both only repaired, no fewer than fifty-two other churches, The remainder were not rebuilt, their parishes being united -with adjoining parishes which continued to possess churches. The ancient burial grounds were, to a great extent, retained, and burials continued in them until after the middle of the nineteenth century.

The Quality of Census Data for Historical Inquiry: A Research Agenda

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Approaches To Study

Quantitative historians who mine diverse sources of evidence usually fret over the quality of their raw materials. Most papers that introduce new sources of data attempt to explain who originally collected the evidence, why it was collected, and how the actual use of the data may differ from the original intentions. These discussions often include estimates of omissions or biases in the records and may explain the sensitivity of results to underlying assumptions.With a few notable exceptions, scholars have given surprisingly little attention to the quality of census data (see Ginsberg 1988; Furstenberg et al. 1979; Sharpless and Shortridge 1975). This neglect is remarkable in view of the public debate over the accuracy of the modern censuses, the conventions of scholarly scrutiny that apply to other types of records, and the widespread use made of census documents by nearly all disciplinary approaches to study of the past. Stimulated in part by the declining costs of entering and managing large databases, historians have intensively used the manuscript schedules of population for the nineteenth century, and numerous projects were recently completed or are planned for those of the early twentieth century (e.g., Ruggles and Menard 1990). Researchers have also made considerable use of additional schedules collected by the U.S. census beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, including those for slaves, manufacturing, and agriculture.

Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: the social context of illegitimacy in rural Kent

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Reay
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Local Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

More bad history has been written about sex than any other subject. Our ignorance about the sexual attitudes and behaviour of people in the past is compounded by a desire to rush to rash generalisation. This is unfortunate, for (consciously or not) our perceptions of the present are shaped by our assumptions about the past. Britain's current preoccupation with ‘Victorian values’ is but a politically visible example of a more general phenomenon. And, more specifically, we do not know a great deal about lower-class sexuality in nineteenth-century England. There are studies of bourgeois desires and sensibilities, but little on the mores of the vast bulk of the population.As Jean Robin has demonstrated recently, one of the most fruitful approaches to the subject is the detailed local study – the micro-study. It may not appeal to those with a penchant for the broad sweep, but such an approach can provide a useful entry into the sexual habits of the people of the past. This article is intended as a follow-up to Robin's work. It deals with a part of rural Kent and, like Robin's work, it covers an aspect of nineteenth-century sexuality – in this case, the social context of illegitimacy. More particularly, this study (and here I differ from Robin) will question the usefulness of the concept of a ‘bastardy-prone sub-society’ (more of which later), a term still favoured by many historical sociologists. The experience of rural Kent suggests that bearing children outside marriage should be seen not as a form of deviancy but rather as part of normal sexual culture.

Delinquent Defectives

1945 ◽  
Vol 91 (382) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Ehrenwald
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Crime ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Guidance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Welfare Agencies ◽  
Insight Into

The growing incidence of juvenile delinquency during the past years has become a serious concern of the general public and the authorities. Following the lead taken by the Home Office, a number of local authorities, child guidance clinics and welfare agencies have instituted inquiries into the causes and conditioning factors of juvenile crime from the social, economic and medico-psychological points of view. The institutions for the mentally defective have been faced with the same problem through the increasing number of cases referred by the juvenile courts, and Dr. D. Turner, in his Annual Report on the Royal Eastern Counties Institution, Colchester, for the year 1943, called attention to the difficulties of their management within an institution of the usual type. The question calls urgently for a settled policy regarding their disposal and treatment, and it goes without saying that this can only be attained on the ground of a better insight into the psychology of the delinquent defective.

Can Memory Be Collective?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Green
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

This article explains the collectivity of memory. Memory, in all its guises, has been at the heart of historical inquiry over the past three decades. Cultural and social historians, sociologists, social psychologists, and those working in cultural studies and literary criticism have generated a significant body of work exploring both individual autobiographical memory and collective, public memory. Interest in the subject of collective remembrance, initially focusing upon the social and cultural forms through which the violent and repressive history of the twentieth century were recalled and commemorated, has developed over time into a broader, interdisciplinary field focusing upon memory. The term “memory” has now expanded to encompass all these forms of historical consciousness, a development that has received a less-than-enthusiastic response from those historians who define conventional history by its goals of objectivity and truth, as opposed to the subjectivity and partiality of memory. Discussion on personal and collective memory and social identities conclude this article.

The Social Characteristics of the Early Nineteenth-Century Russian Bureaucracy

Slavic Review ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Pintner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Central State ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The Social

Serious scholarly study of the imperial Russian civil service is almost entirely the product of the past decade, and although several important works have appeared, virtually no quantitative material on the social characteristics of the bureaucracy is available. The imperial government did not publish and probably did not compile statistics on such matters as the social origin, wealth, religion, or education of its civil employees, but the raw data for a partial compilation are available in personnel records (formuliarnie spiski) of individual officials, which are preserved in the Central State Historical Archive in Leningrad.

For Who Hath Despised the Day of Small Things? Missionary Narratives and Historical Anthropology

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Y. Peel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Historical Anthropology ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Small Things

When anthropologists come to examine the role of Christian missionaries in the transformation of non-Western societies, as they have done increasingly over the past decade, they soon become deeply embroiled in debates about narrative. Most obvious and immediate are the written and published narratives in which missionaries report their activities, providing the single most important source of data. But the more fundamental issues lie beyond: They have to do with the role of narrative in the social transformation itself, and eventually with the place of narrative in the ethnographic account that anthropology sets itself to produce. In this essay, which arises from a larger project on the encounter of religions in nineteenth-century Yorubaland, the focus of the argument will move through several levels of narrative, but it will start and finish with an argument that demonstrates why narrative is so important for the achievement of a properly historical anthropology.

scholarly journals AN ASSESSMENT OF GLOBALIZATION IMPACT OF THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET: A REVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
Mamta Panwar ◽  
L. N. Arya
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Administrative Power ◽  
Major Market ◽  
Board Capital ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Related Association

The forward and in reverse advancement of general capital since the nineteenth century exhibits the reiterating burdens, furthermore elective points of view from which policymakers have attempted to oppose them. This paper is centered around reporting these movements quantitatively and clarifying them. Cash related hypothesis and fiscal history together can give gainful experiences into occasions of the past and pass on associated lessons for the present. We battle that theories of how across the board capital flexibility has made must be comprehended inside the structure of the key method tritoma obliging an open economy's decision of money related association. Different stunning practices won in the major market to draw in retail cash related experts and the high cost of new issues. In spite of the fact that reliably, number of affiliations had developed, offering arranged sorts of associations as for the novel issues of capital, their exercises were not controlled by any administrative power. The issues were widely more exceptional in the optional market. The general working of the stock trade was not sufficient. The trades were controlled by their inner bye laws and managed by the addressing bodies, which were overwhelmed by picked part administrators. Exchanging individuals did not have enough progress.

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