Collective responses to R&D problems in Western Europe: 1955–1958 and 1968–1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry R. Nau
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Organizational Outcomes ◽  
Prefer Alternative ◽  
Organizational Creativity ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Western European ◽  
Alternative Responses ◽  
Policy Setting

Collective responses to technology-related international problems may differ in terms of organizational outcomes (new, modified, or no organizations). Some of this difference may be accounted for by contrasting objectives and capabilities of major actors. Actors may emphasize different dimensions of the policy setting, possess varying amounts of resources and information to affect that setting, and accordingly prefer alternative responses. Possibilities of this sort are examined empirically in two separate, chronological periods of Western European responses to collective R&D problems. In the first period, major actors stressed different dimensions of the policy setting, possessed unequal resources, and responded to the situation by the creation of new organizations (Euratom and ENEA); in the second, they stressed the same dimensions of the policy setting, possessed roughly equal capabilities, and decidedly resisted the creation of new organizations. The different outcomes suggest that stratification of perceptions and capabilities, emphasizing complementarity, may be more conducive to organizational creativity than similarity of perceptions and capabilities, emphasizing competition.

scholarly journals How can Europeans enter the Kingdom of Heaven? A decolonial challenge to Western European political and public theologies in an age of migration

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Field
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
World Order ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Kingdom Of Heaven ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Western European ◽  
European Colonialism

In his 2019 Steve de Gruchy Memorial Lecture John de Gruchy provocatively posed the question: “Is it possible for a white South African male to enter the kingdom of heaven? The core of his concern was how is it possible for a person who was and is still a beneficiary of Apartheid and colonialism in South Africa participate in the creation of a just and transformed society. This question has a particular poignancy in contemporary South Africa where the beneficiaries of exploitation and injustice continue to live in close proximity to the victims in a society that still reflects the patterns of inequality created by Apartheid. However, the challenge of the question is not limited to one particular situation of exploitation and injustice but reverberates in numerous other contexts. South African Apartheid was an intensified microcosm of European colonialism and hence my question; “How can Europeans enter the Kingdom of Heaven?” Or to phrase it differently, how can Western European political and public theologies contribute to the creation of a just and sustainable world order, in the light of Western European colonial entanglements and Western Europe’s continued benefiting from unjust and exploitative international relationships. I pose this question as a white South African male who has lived in Europe for eighteen years and has recently acquired Swiss citizenship. Hence, the question is self-referring – it challenges the particularity of my own existence that is characterised by complicity, hybridity, and complexity of one who is a beneficiary of Apartheid, whose cultural heritage is influenced by Europe, who has deep roots in (South) Africa; who seeks to do theology while listening to the diverse voices of Africa; yet who now resides in Europe and through taking on the citizenship of a European country has grafted himself into the history and politics of Western Europe and all that this entails. So, the question is this personal – “How do I do political theology in Europe as a white South African, but also as a student of John de Gruchy?”

The United States and United Europe

Worldview ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
Edwin H. Fedder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Western European

The current debate concerning the role to be played by the United States with respect to the expanding Common Market is in many ways as unreal as the proverbial angels and pinheads. The unreality stems from the fact that the United States has no choice—we are irrevocably committed to our identification with Western Europe.Despite the level of integration already achieved by the Western European nations, it can still be fashionable in informed circles to minimize the developments which have been leading toward the creation of a United Europe, to say that current plans for unification will come to naught. While it is true that earlier plans failed, there are sound reasons to say that those on the boards now will not.

Democracy and Dictatorship in Interwar Western Europe Revisited

1998 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ertman
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
International System ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Western European ◽  
Methodological Advance

Almost none of the conditions that, according to the latest research, favor democratic durability were present in Western Europe between the world wars. Yet only four Western European states became dictatorships during this period, whereas the others remained democratic despite economic crisis, an unhelpful international system, and the lure of nondemocratic alternatives. Several recent works offer new explanations for this pattern of interwar outcomes. Insofar as these works analyze the entire universe of Western European cases, they represent an important methodological advance. However, they remain too wedded to a class-coalitional framework to provide both a parsimonious and a historically accurate account of why democracy collapsed in some states but not in others. This article proposes an alternative explanatory framework that focuses on how political parties can shape association life in such a way as to support or undermine democracy.

scholarly journals Synet på natur og historie hos Grundtvig og Løgstrup

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-106
Author(s):  
Hans Henningsen
Keyword(s):  
Sense Perception ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
The World ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Historical Life

The View of Nature and History in Grundtvig and LøgstrupBy Hans HenningsenGrundtvig’s and K.E. Løgstrup’s thoughts move in two different dimensions, but with the same intention of demonstrating that it was not the capacity of man to create culture that first gave significance to the world. But where Grundtvig speaks about history, Løgstrup speaks about »phenomena«, »nature«, and »universe«.While Grundtvig was largely unaffected by Kant, the latter - with his concepts of the selfexistent subject and the idea of the faculty of cognition as productive - became a challenge to Løgstrup. Kant heralds an era whose relationship with the universe is characterized as a »marginal existence«. Our culture became an emancipatory culture which was all to the good, but the era lost its sense of the .pre-cultural. structures in which life is »encased«.The era has also emancipated itself from Grundtvig’s historical view. But a history on the premisses of relativism is no history. Or, in Løgstrup’s words, there is no other history than the history of what is essential in life. Therefore, in reality, Løgstrup’s phenomenological and philosophical endeavours become a defence of history. Grundtvig’s view of nature was determined by his radical prioritization of history. He prefers to view nature as part of the historical life of man, which again determines his use of nature images. In Grundtvig there is no religious interpretation of any experience or perception of nature in spite of the fact that everything in the Creation is to be understood as images of the eternal.In Løgstrup there is no such cautions attitude towards nature. Here nature and sense perception are liberating, but as is the case with Grundtvig, nature is seen as the foundation of man’s life, as immediate experience.Grundtvig’s radical prioritization of history colours his view of art. The Creation itself is the greatest work of art; part of it is the upbringing through which all history must be the object of the individual’s own experience. Among the art forms, poetry ranks highest, with the song above all other forms, while Grundtvig only uses disparaging words about painting and sculpture because these art forms are wordless and preclude changes. Løgstrup, however, attaches much greater importance to sense perception and self-recognition through art.These contrasts may be regarded as what Løgstrup calls uniting opposites; it must be remembered, however, that such disparities cannot be harmonized so as to disappear, but are uniting precisely by virtue of the tension that exists between them. The actual existence of the contrasts does not preclude the possibility that in a wider sense the two views may be contained within the same framework and express a common intention.

scholarly journals Current Problems of the Realization of the Right to Freedom of Conscience and Religious Вeliefs by Christians in Western European States

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
Наталия Сергеевна Семенова
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
International Level ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
National Courts ◽  
European Court ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Freedom Of Thought ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Right

На сегодняшний день сформирована солидная правовая база международных обязательств государств по гарантии права на свободу мысли, совести и религии. Соблюдение данных гарантий обеспечивается на международном уровне наличием разработанной системы уставных и договорных контрольных механизмов, в рамках которых государства отчитываются о выполнении своих обязательств. Тем не менее, несмотря на наличие хорошо разработанной международно-правовой системы защиты права на свободу мысли, совести и религии, проблемы реализации данного права, включая преследования и дискриминацию по признаку отношения к религии, остро стоят во многих странах Западной Европы. Причем, проблемы реализации права на свободу совести и вероисповедания возникают, как правило, у последователей Христианства - культурообразующей религии большинства государств Западной Европы. В статье рассмотрены основные проблемы и причины дискриминации христиан в Западной Европе. Приведены примеры практики национальных судов и Европейского суда по правам человека в области дискриминации христиан в западноевропейских государствах. Проанализированы последствия «политики толерантности», продвигаемой странами Западной Европы на международном уровне как основной «ценности» демократического общества, во взаимосвязи с дискриминацией христиан. To date, a solid legal base of the international obligations of states has been formed to guarantee the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Compliance with these guarantees is ensured at the international level by the existence of a developed system of statutory and contractual control mechanisms, within which states report on the fulfillment of their obligations. Nevertheless, despite the existence of a well-developed international legal system for protecting the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the problems of the realization of this right, including persecution and discrimination based on religion, are acute in many countries of Western Europe. Moreover, the problems of the realization of the right to freedom of conscience and religion arise, as a rule, among the followers of Christianity, the culture-forming religion of most states of Western Europe. The article discusses the main problems and causes of discrimination against Christians in Western Europe. It contains examples of the practice of national courts and the European Court of Human Rights in the field of discrimination against Christians in Western European countries are given. The consequences of the «policy of tolerance» promoted by the countries of Western Europe at the international level as the main «value» of a democratic society, in connection with discrimination against Christians, are analyzed.

scholarly journals Western European Merchants and the Process of Europeanisation of Russia in XVI Century

2012 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
T. V. Tchernikova
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Times

The article is devoted to an examination of a question of the use of different western experts on the Russian service in the XVI century. The author tries to find out in what areas and what kind of foreign experts were used in Russia at the times of Ivan IV; what were the reasons for the use of the Western European experts as well as results and significance of this phenomenon. Changes in the position of immigrants from the Western Europe during one and a half centuries are also examined.

scholarly journals Studentification in the postsocialist context: The case of Cracow and the Tri-City (Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot)

Geografie ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Murzyn-Kupisz ◽  
Magdalena Szmytkowska
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Geographic Scope ◽  
Western European

For over a decade, the term studentification has been used to denote the process of urban changes linked with the presence of student populations in urban centres. This text broadens the geographic scope of research into studentification using two Polish metropolitan areas as case studies, analysing and comparing research results to existing findings referring to Western European and Anglo-Saxon settings. Using the example of Cracow and the Tri-City (Trójmiasto), two significant centres of higher education in Poland, the paper presents empirical evidence indicating that while some aspects of students’ impact on Polish cities are similar to trends observed in Western Europe and non-European Anglo-Saxon countries, the colonisation of Polish cities by students nonetheless displays some unique features strongly influenced by the post-socialist context in which such cities and their student populations function.

scholarly journals Scale Characteristics of Intercultural Competence Measures and the Effects of Intercultural Competence on Prejudice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petia Genkova ◽  
Christoph Daniel Schaefer ◽  
Henrik Schreiber ◽  
Martina Rašticová ◽  
Jozsef Poor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western European Country ◽  
Multicultural Personality ◽  
Scale Characteristics ◽  
Western European ◽  
Different Cultures

Due to proceeding globalization processes, involving a rise in mobility and international interdependencies, the frequency and relevance of intercultural contact situations increases. Consequently, the ability to deal effectively with intercultural situations is gaining in importance. However, the majority of studies on measures of intercultural competence focuses on Western Europe and the United States or cultures of the Far East. For the present study, previously understudied Eastern European (former communist) cultures were included, by sampling in Hungary, Serbia, and the Czech Republic, in addition to (the Central or Western European country) Germany. Thus, this study enabled comparisons of scale characteristics of the cultural intelligence scale (CQS), the multicultural personality questionnaire (MPQ), as well as the blatant and subtle prejudice scales, across samples from different cultures. It was also examined how the CQS and MPQ dimensions are associated with prejudice. To analyse scale characteristics, the factor structures and measurement invariances of the used instruments were analyzed. There were violations of configural measurement invariance observed for all of these scales, indicating that the comparability across samples is limited. Therefore, each of the samples was analyzed separately when examining how the CQS and MPQ dimensions are related to prejudice. It was revealed that, in particular, the motivational aspect of the CQS was statistically predicting lower prejudice. Less consistently, the MPQ dimensions of open-mindedness and flexibility were statistically predicting lower prejudice in some of the analyses. However, the violations of measurement invariance indicate differences in the constructs' meanings across the samples from different cultures. It is consequently argued that cross-cultural equivalence should not be taken for granted when comparing Eastern and Western European cultures.

scholarly journals Did Youth Destabilize Politics? Western European Social Democracies and Student Movements in «the Long Sixties»

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Ferhat
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Student Movements ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Western European ◽  
Progressive Reforms ◽  
Post War ◽  
Democratic Parties

Student movements during «the Long Sixties» had a profound impact on Western politics and societies. One of the major political families in Western Europe, the social-democratic parties, were particularly affected. A major governmental force in a majority of Western European democracies, their post-war views on education, founded on optimistic and careful prospects (democratization of schools, progressive reforms) were destabilized by student protests and radicalism. How did social democrats react to the strong criticism of the universities, pedagogies and hierarchies in educational institutions that they had helped to build? This article is based on archives, documents and publications from the Socialist International, kept at the International Institute of Social History (Amsterdam), and on documents held by several national archives and libraries. It uses a transnational and interdisciplinary approach, linking political history and educational studies.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICY OF PROMOTION OF SOCIAL ORIENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-93
Author(s):  
L.V. Moldavan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Joint Production ◽  
Social Mission ◽  
Western European ◽  
Legal Forms

The main factors of social component of multifunctional purpose are revealed, the main of which are the limited spheres of employment of rural population, the village-forming mission of agricultural enterprises, due to their attachment to real estate, which is permanently located within a certain radius around these settlements and the mission of a single source of food for society and the arrangement of agricultural areas, preserving the fertility of land for the needs of future generations. The dependence of the employment of the rural population on the conditions of its access to agricultural lands and social (collective) forms of organization of small farms for joint use of lands and joint production activities is substantiated, the peculiarities of these organizational and legal forms common in Western European practice are analyzed. The essence of the state policy aimed at the rational distribution of agricultural land in the interests of the peasantry and society as a whole, and to encourage owners (tenants) of small plots of land to unite for joint activities as a factor, which influence on effective employment of the united entities management. The role of diversification of agricultural production in increasing farm incomes and creating additional jobs is substantiated. An analysis of the most common in Western European practice areas of diversification related to the development of agritourism and processing of agricultural products, which are a continuation of agricultural activities. The role of cooperative forms of agricultural processing organizations in increasing the profits of its producers and creating additional jobs for the rural population is shown. The importance of including in the social function of agriculture, the maintenance of food balance of society, which is the basis for food security and food independence of the country and the state's influence on the production of low-cost, but physiologically necessary food products is studied. Proposals were made to improve agricultural policy and the institutional and legal environment to support the implementation of agriculture's social mission, taking into account the experience gained in Western Europe and other countries.

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