The indirect determination of energy retention in farm animals: II. Studies on the validity of the method

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Daily Difference ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Analytical Accuracy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

1. A series of simultaneous determinations of the Na, K, N, C, ash, H2O and energy retentions of calves have been made in order to test the validity of a method of estimating energy retention without recourse to respiration chamber technique. The experiments involved 72 days' calorimetric observation with six animals. A further series of fourteen experiments with sheep involving 58 days' calorimetric observation were made but are not reported in detail2. It was found that, with calves, water retention could be estimated by an indirect method from Na, K and ash metabolism without significant systematic error. The standard deviations attached to the indirect estimates appeared to be invariant with length of period. Thus, by increasing the length of the period the accuracy of the mean daily estimate of water retention could be considerably increased.3. With calves, energy retention measured indirectly from body-weight gain and the gain of ash, protein and water did not differ significantly from that determined calorimetrically by the C and N balance technique. The standard deviation of the mean daily difference fell with increasing length of period, being ± 407 Cal./24 hr. in an experiment lasting 8 days. It was calculated that experiments with four calves lasting 24 days would give results of the same precision as that obtained in a single calorimetric trial.4. The use of the ratio calorie retention/protein retention could permit the calculation of energy retention from the N metabolism of the animal. It is suggested that this method, if developed to take into account the effect of nutritional plane on the ratio, could have considerable practical value.5. It was found that cutaneous losses of K by the sheep in its skin secretions (suint) make it impossible to interpret the difference between the intake and faecal and urinary losses of K as a body gain of K and express it in terms of water. The method is not therefore suitable for the sheep.6. The difficulties involved in the application of the method to adult cattle are pointed out, particularly those that stem from the high K content of most of the foods they eat. A very high analytical accuracy is necessary if the estimates of Na and K retention are to have the necessary precision.

The indirect determination of energy retention in farm animals: I. The development of method

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Relationship

1. Methods of estimating water retention in the body of cattle are discussed, and it is shown that methods based on determinations of the initial and final body-water content are of low accuracy and are not suitable for the indirect estimation of fat balance over a period of 24 days.2. Analyses of tissues from young and adult cattle showed that with the exception of serum, brain, skin and bone, water content of the tissues may be predicted from the following equation:Water(g./100g.) = 0·292 Na(mg./100g.) + 0·147 K(mg./100g.).This equation shows that 1 m.equiv. of the Na of tissues is associated with more water than is 1 m.equiv. of the K.3. No differences between cattle aged from less than 1 week to more than 5 years were observed in the relationship between water and Na and K content.4. The equation applied also to the contents of the digestive tract, other than those of the abomasum which gave low results, ascribed to the presence of a high concentration of H+ ions.5. Analyses of whole foetuses for Na, K and H2O showed that their water content could be predicted accurately. The same was true of amniotic fluid, but the water content of allantoic fluid was underestimated by 50%.6. It was shown that despite the anomalous behaviour of brain, serum, skin and bone, accurate predictions of the water content of the animal could be made from simultaneous determinations of Na and K retentions, providing a correction was made for the storage of bound Na in bone.7. Data are presented which indicate that the equations apply equally well to the tissues of the sheep.

scholarly journals Effect of Immediately-After-Birth Weaning on the Development of Goat Kids Born to Small Ruminant Lentivirus-Positive Dams

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalbert ◽  
Czopowicz ◽  
Szaluś-Jordanow ◽  
Moroz ◽  
Mickiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the influence of two different rearing systems of young kids on their development to sexual maturity. Kids born to small ruminant lentiviruses-infected (SRLV) female goats were split into two groups: the immediately-after-birth weaned group and the unweaned group. Kids’ body weight (BWT) was measured before the first consumption of colostrum, and then at the age of one week, and one, two, four, and seven months. The relationship between the rearing system and BWT at each age was investigated using mixed linear models adjusted for potential confounders. The mean BWT of kids of the immediately-after-birth weaned group was significantly lower at the age of one week, one month, and two months, and then the difference became insignificant. The mean daily body weight gain (DWG) was significantly lower in the immediately-after-birth weaned group during the whole first month of life, but then DWG in both groups became equal. Crude mortality rate did not differ significantly between groups. This study shows that weaning kids immediately after birth does not appear to have any negative impact on kids’ development except transient growth retardation, which is fully compensated until they reach sexual maturity.

scholarly journals A study of factors affecting weight gain among tuberculosis patients under DOTS in district Amritsar

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4804
Author(s):  
Pooja Sadana ◽  
Harpreet Kaur ◽  
Vishal Verma
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: Wasting is a common feature in tuberculosis and treatment is aimed at achieving weight gain in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The aims and objectives of the study were to study the extent of body weight gain during treatment and to identify the effect of different factors on weight gain among TB patients.Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 326 patients residing in the area of PHC Verka and registered with District Tuberculosis Centre, Amritsar. Weight change was assessed by taking the difference of weight at initial diagnosis and after completion of continuation phase therapy.Results: A total of 228 patients participated in the study. The mean (±SD) body weights (in kg) for the patients were 44.92±12.7 at diagnosis and 48.79±12.9 at the end of treatment. The mean (±SD) weight gain was 3.86±4.55 kgs at the end of treatment. The gain in weight at the end of treatment was associated with supervision of treatment and outcome of the TB patient.Conclusions: The findings showed that there is an association between gain in weight with supervision of treatment and outcome of the TB patient.

316 DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF OOCYTES SELECTED BY THE BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE STAINING IN PREPUBERTAL AND ADULT CATTLE

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tagawa ◽  
S. Matoba ◽  
M. Okada ◽  
K. Metoki ◽  
K. Imai
Keyword(s):  
Farm Animals ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Blastocyst Formation ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Brilliant Cresyl Blue ◽  
Cresyl Blue ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

Transvaginal ultrasound guided ovum pickup (OPU) can be carried out repeatedly not only in adult cows but also in prepubertal calves. Moreover, recently the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining has been used successfully to select oocytes homologous stained with BCB as an indirect measure of oocyte growth for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in several farm animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BCB staining on the selection of developmentally competent oocytes, collected from cows and calves by OPU, before in vitro maturation by assessing the embryonic development to the blastocyst stage after IVM/IVF. OPU was performed once weekly for a period of 7 weeks on Japanese Black prepubertal calves (9 months old, n = 4) and adult cows (n = 4) without gonadotropin stimulation. Calf and cow oocytes with homogeneous cytoplasm were exposed to 26 �M BCB for 90 min and classified according to their cytoplasmic coloration: blue coloration (BCB+) or colorless (BCB-). Classified oocytes were then matured for 20 h in TCM-199 supplemented with 5% calf serum (CS). Matured oocytes were inseminated with Percoll-separated spermatozoa (3 � 106 mL) for 6 h in BO solution supplemented with 5 mM hypotaurine and 2 U mL-1 heparin. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in CR1aa supplemented with 5% CS for 8 days. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test. The mean (± SEM) percentage of oocytes classified as BCB+ in calves was significantly lower than that in cows (34.4 ± 2.9% and 69.2 ± 2.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). In cows, BCB+ oocytes showed significantly higher cleavage and blastocyst formation percentages (72.5% and 42.4%, respectively) than those of BCB− oocytes (47.0% and 13.0%, respectively). In contrast, in calves there were no significant differences in cleavage and blastocyst formation percentages between BCB+ oocytes (56.9% and 25.3%, respectively) and BCB− oocytes (65.4% and 22.4%, respectively). The mean (± SEM) numbers of usable oocytes and blastocysts obtained per calf (19.0 ± 1.5 and 4.5 ± 0.6, respectively) were similar to those obtained per cow (16.4 ± 1.1 and 5.2 ± 0.6, respectively). No significant difference was observed in the numbers between calves and cows. These results indicate that the selection of developmentally competent oocytes before IVM/IVF, using the BCB staining, was effective for cow oocytes but not for calf oocytes, and that blastocysts could be produced by OPU-IVF of oocytes from 9-month-old prepubertal calves at an efficiency equivalent to that achieved from adult cows.

scholarly journals The effect of date of cut and barley substitution on gain and on the efficiency of utilization of grass silage by growing cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
B. G. Gibbs ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
B. R. Thurnham
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lactic Acid Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
The Difference

1. A primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was cut early or late to produce silages of high and low digestibility. The crops were wilted for 2–4 h and preserved with formic acid at 2.4 litres/t fresh weight. The resulting silages were well preserved with a pH of 3.9 and 3.8, lactic acid content of 108 and 73 g/kg dry matter (DM) and total nitrogen content of 24.6 and 18.4 g/kg DM for early- and late-cut silage respectively.2. Forty-two British Friesian male castrates (steers) initially 12 months of age and 305 kg live weight (LW) were used, of which ten were slaughtered at the start of the experiment. The remaining steers were divided into four groups of eight animals and were given the early-cut silage alone (H) or the late-cut silage alone (L) or with barley at either 280 (LCI) or 560 (LC2) g DM/kg total DM. The intake of total DM was restricted to a daily allowance of 18 g DM/kg LW and the steers were slaughtered in two groups after 119 and 140 d on experiment.3. Both earlier cutting of herbage and substitution of late-cut silage with barley significantly (P <0.001) increased the apparent digestibility of gross energy (H0.748, L0.619, LC10.668, LC20.705), whereas earlier cutting increased the digestibility of acid-detergent fibre from 0.638 (L) to 0.777 (H) and substitution with barley resulted in a significant (P <0.001) depression to 0.595 (LCI) and 0.519 (LC2). Substitution of late-cut silage with barley significantly (P <0.001) increased metabolizable energy (ME) intake from 58.9 (L) to 69.5 MJ/d (LC2) and crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) intake from 688 (L) to 779 g/d (LC2), but the highest intakes of ME and CP (73.5 MJ/d and 952 g/d respectively) were achieved with the early-cut silage.4. Earlier cutting resulted in significant (P <0.001) increases in body-weight gain from 292 to 696 g/d, fat gain from 121 to 260 g/d, protein gain from 31.1 to 86.9 g/d and energy retention from 5.5 to 12.2 MJ/d for silages L and H respectively. However, substitution of the late-cut silage with barley increased gains to a greater extent. Thus, empty-body gain was increased to 552 and 800 g/d, fat gain to 189 and 302 g/d, protein gain to 76 and 116 g/d and energy retention to 9.2 and 14.6 MJ/d for diets LCI and LC2 respectively. The difference in gains between diets H and LC2 achieved significance (P <0.05) for all components except fat.5. It is concluded that although earlier cutting of herbage for silage results in increased gains of protein and energy, the amounts retained are less than those from a similar increment of ME and CP achieved by substituting a late-cut silage with barley.

scholarly journals THE WEIGHTS OF MALE CROSSBREED NURSING PIGLETS AFTER GIVEN FEED ENZYMES AND TURMERIC FLOUR

2019 ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
I Made Merdana ◽  
I Wayan Sudira ◽  
Gede Yuda Darmadi Putra
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feed Enzymes ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of feed enzymes containing xylanase, amylase and protease with turmeric flour (Curcuma domestica) to increase the body weight of male crossbreed nursing piglets. Using a completely randomized design, thrty-two male crossbreed piglets aged four weeks weighing 7-9 kg were divided into four groups (P0, P1, P2 and P3) with eight replications. The enzymes and turmeric flour are given through feed for five weeks. Group P0 as a control given feed without treatment. Group P1 was given enzyme dose 0.1% of feed. Group P2 was given turmeric flour dose 1% of feed. Group P3 was given a combination of enzymes and turmeric flour with a dose 0.1% and 1% of feed. Data on absolute growth of piglets was obtained from the difference in weighing the initial with the final body weight. The mean of body weight gain as follows P0 = 14.81 ± 1.11; P1 = 15.99 ± 1.79; P2 = 16.94 ± 0.84 and P3 = 17.68 ± 1.62 kg. Statistical analysis showed that the addition of enzymes and turmeric flour through feed had a significant effect on the weight of the nursing piglets. The best results on the combination treatment of feed enzymes and turmeric flour with a dose of 0.1% and 1% of feed.

scholarly journals Bioefficacy and economics of Ronozyme™P as a substitute for bone meal in turkey poult ration

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
G. S. Ojewola ◽  
E. N. Nwachukwu ◽  
S. F. Abasiekong ◽  
A. H. Akinmutimi ◽  
O. A. Oluwafisayo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Body

The biological and economic efficiencies of Ronozyme™P as a substitute for bone meal in female Turkey poults was investigated. A total of eighty local female poults were brooded and fed commercial broiler starter diet containing 23% CP and 2800kcal/kg ME from day-old to four weeks of age. Sixty (60) female poults were thereafter randomly selected and allotted to each of the four experimental groups of fifteen (15) birds each. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of five poults for 8 weeks in a completely randomized design. A total of four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 25 CP and 2932kcal/kg ME were formulated. Each of the diets was supplemented with Ronozyme™P while inclusion level of bone meal was varied from diet 1 to 4 respectively. Of all the production and economic parameters considered only the mean daily feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced. Diet 2 proved to be the best, by having the best feed to gain ratio (2.55), and higher gross margin (₦1,356,35). The difference in the mean total body weight gain for the two diets (2,323.33 (D2) and 2,380.00g (D3)). It was concluded that 2% level of bone meal inclusion in poults diets proved better than diets having 3%, 1% and 1% respectively, especially when supplemented with 30g of Ronozyme™P as recommended. This will cut-down cost and also probably improve calcium and phosphorous availability and absorption.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

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