Effects of different protein and energy levels on the performance of growing and finishing turkeys in the tropics

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-632
Author(s):  
J. M. Olomu ◽  
S. A. Offiong ◽  
S. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Lower Energy Level ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Tropics

SUMMARYThree experiments were conducted to assess the effects of different protein and energy levels on turkeys during the periods 12–16 weeks, 16–20 weeks and 20–24 weeks. Compared with 20 and 22% protein, 18% significantly depressed weight gain and feed efficiency during the 12–16 weeks period, while 14 and 16% protein, compared with 18%, significantly depressed weight gain and feed efficiency during the 16–20 weeks period but gave similar weight gain and feed efficiency as the 18% protein during the 20–24 weeks period.During all periods between 12 and 24 weeks, the two energy levels tested (11·72 and 12·56 MJ/kg) did not significantly affect weight gain and feed efficiency whereas feed consumption was significantly higher on the lower energy level.The present studies suggest that 20, 18 and 16% protein, all with metabolizable energy of 11·72 MJ/kg, may be recommended for turkeys aged 12–16 weeks, 16–20 weeks and 20–24 weeks respectively.

scholarly journals PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF BROILER CHICKENS IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
L. I. Ndife
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics

An experimental design consisting of four or three protein levels and three energy levels were used to determine the optimum protein and energy requirements for starting broilers (0-6) weeks of age and finishing broilers (6-10) weeks of age. For the starting phase, four protein levels (20, 23, 24 and 26%) and three energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg) were employed, while in the finishing phase three protein levels (18, 20 and 22%) and the same three energy levels as in the starting phase were used. In the two experiments growth rate and feed efficiency improved as protein level increased. The 3000 Keal ME/kg energy level appeared to be the best for maximal growth. Of the four protein levels used for the starting phase, the minimum required for growth was clearly shown to be 23% while 20% was minimum required for the finishing phase. The results of the present studies indicate that the following minimal protein and metabolizable energy levels were required for broiler chicks in the tropics: 23–24% protein with energy level of 2800-3000 Kcal ME/kg for the starting phrase and 20% protein and energy level of 2800 - 3000 Kcal ME/kg for the finishing phase.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR LOCAL AND EXOTIC EGG-TYPE, CHICKENS IN THE HUMID TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
F. C. Obioha ◽  
B. O. Asuquo ◽  
F. N. Agomoh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Tropics

The development of indigenous stock in the tropics must be accompanied by an evaluation of their nutrient requirements alongside those of the adapted exotic stock. In two separate experiments, a total of 28 dietary combinations of protein (18% — 24%) and metabilisable energy (2.6-3.2 Mcal/kg) were assessed using four lines of exotic, local and ex­otic x local crosses of 0-8 week old starter pullets. A combination of 2.8 Mcal/kg with 24% (E2.8 P24) gave the best overall performance, while E3.0 P24 gave the best feed efficiency. However, diet ELA Pis gave the least feed cost per unit of body weight gain of all the 28 diets. It is therefore suggested as the op­timum diet. The four genetic lines manifested wide variations in their performance values but showed no separate requirements for protein or energy.

ENERGY UTILIZATION IN THE CHICK IN RELATION TO CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Y. LEI ◽  
S. J. SLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
High Energy Regime ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Reductions in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency resulted under the stress of water restriction or high population density. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the feed was unaffected by the severity of the stresses. Elevated and depressed environmental temperatures resulted in reductions in weight gain and feed efficiency, but there were no alterations in the ME content of the feeds. Water restriction decreased the sucrase activity, but not the maltase activity in the intestinal mucosa. Overcrowding had no effect on the level of these mucosal enzymes. At adverse temperatures mucosal sucrase and maltase activities were significantly higher for birds on a low energy than for those on a high energy diet. On the low energy, but not the high energy regime, the sucrase and maltase activities were increased at the elevated and depressed environmental temperatures.

Supplementation of β-mannanase to starter and grower diets for broilers

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kong ◽  
J. H. Lee ◽  
O. Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

Kong, C., Lee, J. H. and Adeola, O. 2011. Supplementation of β-mannanase to starter and grower diets for broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 389–397. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of β-mannanase on ileal nutrient digestibility, total tract utilization of dry matter (DM), N, energy, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME, exp. 1), and growth performance (exp. 2) of birds fed practical corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diets. In each experiment, 192 male broilers were assigned to four diets arranged in a 2×2 factorial of energy level [corn-SBM-based diet that met or exceeded NRC nutrient requirements (AE) or low energy (LE) diet containing 100 kcal of ME kg−1 less than the AE diet] and enzyme supplementation (with or without β-mannanase) for 21 d. Supplementing the diet with β-mannanase increased the birds’ apparent ileal DM digestibility of the experimental diets (P<0.05), whereas there was no effect of energy level. Neither β-mannanase supplementation nor energy level had any effect on apparent ileal digestibility of any of the amino acids. The interaction between enzyme and energy levels was not significant for any criteria measured in the excreta except for DM (P=0.05). Addition of β-mannanase improved (P<0.01) the apparent total tract utilization of DM and energy in the broilers, and there was the same trend (P=0.06) for N utilization. Supplementing the diet with β-mannanase also improved the AME and AMEn of diets by 4.6 and 5.0%, respectively. For all growth performance responses in exp. 2, the interaction between enzyme and energy levels was not significant. During the starter period (day 2 to 22 post-hatch), β-mannanase supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight (BW) gain of birds. During the grower period (day 22 to 44 post-hatch) and for the overall period there was no significant difference in BW gain or feed intake of birds regardless of energy level and β-mannanase supplementation. There were no dietary effects on feed efficiency of birds during the starter and the grower periods, whereas the birds fed AE diets had higher feed efficiency (P<0.01) than the birds fed LE diets. The results indicate that supplementing with β-mannanase may improve gain and energy utilization of broilers, whereas it may not affect ileal amino acid digestibility.

Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels for semi-heavy laying hens at the second production cycle

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-862
Author(s):  
Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽  
Janaine Sena da Costa ◽  
Cláudia de Castro Goulart ◽  
Denise Fontana Figueiredo-Lima ◽  
Raul da Cunha Lima Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feed Conversion

This study was carried out to evaluate the energy levels in the diet to obtain better performance rates and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle. One hundred and eighty Bovans Goldline laying hens with 62 weeks of age were used during four 28-day periods. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four metabolizable energy levels (2,650, 2,725, 2,800, 2,875 and 2,950 kcal/kg), each with six replicates of six birds. The energy level of diet did not affect the weight of the egg, yolk, albumen and eggshell, the percentages of yolk, albumen and eggshell, yolk color and egg specific gravity. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs increased significantly with increasing levels of metabolizable energy. Feed intake decreased linearly as the energy level in the diet increased. The metabolizable energy levels showed a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs. The metabolizable energy level of 2,830 kcal/kg was the most appropriate to promote better performance and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle.

scholarly journals A New Opacity-Sampling Model Atmosphere Program for Arbitrary Abundances

1993 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Kurucz
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Model Atmosphere ◽  
Function Model ◽  
Elemental Abundances ◽  
Lower Energy Level ◽  
Molecular Lines ◽  
Ap Stars

AbstractI have developed a new version of my model atmosphere program called ATLAS12. It recognizes more than 1000 species, each in up to 10 isotopic forms, including all ions of the elements up through Zn and the first 5 ions of heavier elements up through Es. The elemental abundances are treated as variable with depth. ATLAS12 has 6 input files of line data containing 58,000,000 atomic and molecular lines. For each line the wavelength, identification, lower energy level, gf, radiative, Stark, and van der Waals damping constants are packed into 16 bytes. At each wavelength point in a frequency integration the profiles of all the significant nearby lines are computed and summed. The program and line files will be distributed in the fall of 1992.There are no significant differences at A0 between an opacity-sampled model computed with ATLAS12 and opacity-distribution-function model computed with ATLAS9. ATLAS12 allows arbitrary abundances but is slower. The new program can be used to produce improved models for Am and Ap stars that include the effects of millions of lines.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels in diets with a fixed nutrient: calorie ratio for free-range broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 4009-4022
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
◽  
Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Luanna Lopes Paiva Copat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Deposition

The present study proposes to examine the effect of dietary levels of metabolizable energy, under a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, on the production performance; body fat and protein deposition; and carcass characteristics of free-range broilers from 1 to 84 days of age. Nine hundred unsexed chicks were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of diets with varying levels of metabolizable energy (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg of diet) and a fixed proportion of nutrients relative to the energy level according to the nutritional requirements for each rearing phase. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, production viability, metabolizable energy intake, protein intake, lysine intake, body fat deposition, body protein deposition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, later, to regression analysis. Increasing levels of metabolizable energy, coupled with a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, reduced feed intake, increased body weight and weight gain, improved feed conversion and did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, adjusting the nutrient supply according to the dietary energy level improves production performance by improving feed conversion, ensuring adequate nutrient intake and preserving fat and protein deposition in the carcass when the metabolizable energy level is raised up to 3200 Kcal/kg in all rearing stages.

scholarly journals The effect on rats of practical diets containing different protein and energy levels

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ford ◽  
R. J. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Consequent Increase ◽  
Different Levels

Rats of 3 strains were fed diets of natural ingredients in 4 different laboratories. The diets contained different levels of protein and energy within ranges comparable to those found in existing laboratory diets. Energy level over the range examined appeared to exert greatest influence on bodyweight gain, but had no effect on food intake. The diet with the highest amino acid content was consumed in smaller amounts than the other diets. Food utilization was less efficient in the lower energy diets. Fat deposition was reduced in animals fed the lowest energy diet. It is concluded that energy level of the diet exerts an effect on the rate of bodyweight gain in rats, but that for longer-term studies a reduced energy level may be beneficial by leading to smaller fat deposits with consequent increase in longevity.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on the growth performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Mondal ◽  
T Yeasmin ◽  
R Karim ◽  
M Nurealam Siddiqui ◽  
SM Raihanun Nabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
June July

The present study was aimed to investigate the dietary effect of different levels of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder on the performance of broiler during summer (June-July), 2013. Four experimental rations designated as T0, T1, T2 and T3 having 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% Turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder were fed to 120 broiler chicks (Ross 308), randomly distributed into 12 replicates, so as to have 3 replicates per treatment and 10 chicks per replicate. Average weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing yield and survivability were used as criteria of response to feeding turmeric powder. Organs weight including heart, liver and gizzard were also recorded. The mean body weight gain and average feed efficiency (feed gain-1) per broiler significantly increased (P<0.01) by turmeric supplemented feed compared to control feed. The average feed consumption and survivability of broiler chick non- significantly (P>0.05) improved due to by turmeric supplementation in the diets. Inclusion of turmeric powder caused slightly increased the carcass traits of broiler chicks i.e., average weight of liver, heart and gizzard but the differences were non-significant (P>0.05). A significant decrease (P<0.01) in abdominal fat pad and significant increase (P<0.05) in dressing yield was observed in chickens fed the turmeric supplemented diets. The results of the present study suggest that the use of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder as feed additive at a level of 0.5% enhances the growth performances and carcass yield of broiler chicks.SAARC J. Agri., 13(1): 188-199 (2015)

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