scholarly journals PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF BROILER CHICKENS IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
L. I. Ndife
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics

An experimental design consisting of four or three protein levels and three energy levels were used to determine the optimum protein and energy requirements for starting broilers (0-6) weeks of age and finishing broilers (6-10) weeks of age. For the starting phase, four protein levels (20, 23, 24 and 26%) and three energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg) were employed, while in the finishing phase three protein levels (18, 20 and 22%) and the same three energy levels as in the starting phase were used. In the two experiments growth rate and feed efficiency improved as protein level increased. The 3000 Keal ME/kg energy level appeared to be the best for maximal growth. Of the four protein levels used for the starting phase, the minimum required for growth was clearly shown to be 23% while 20% was minimum required for the finishing phase. The results of the present studies indicate that the following minimal protein and metabolizable energy levels were required for broiler chicks in the tropics: 23–24% protein with energy level of 2800-3000 Kcal ME/kg for the starting phrase and 20% protein and energy level of 2800 - 3000 Kcal ME/kg for the finishing phase.

Effects of different protein and energy levels on the performance of growing and finishing turkeys in the tropics

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-632
Author(s):  
J. M. Olomu ◽  
S. A. Offiong ◽  
S. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Lower Energy Level ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Tropics

SUMMARYThree experiments were conducted to assess the effects of different protein and energy levels on turkeys during the periods 12–16 weeks, 16–20 weeks and 20–24 weeks. Compared with 20 and 22% protein, 18% significantly depressed weight gain and feed efficiency during the 12–16 weeks period, while 14 and 16% protein, compared with 18%, significantly depressed weight gain and feed efficiency during the 16–20 weeks period but gave similar weight gain and feed efficiency as the 18% protein during the 20–24 weeks period.During all periods between 12 and 24 weeks, the two energy levels tested (11·72 and 12·56 MJ/kg) did not significantly affect weight gain and feed efficiency whereas feed consumption was significantly higher on the lower energy level.The present studies suggest that 20, 18 and 16% protein, all with metabolizable energy of 11·72 MJ/kg, may be recommended for turkeys aged 12–16 weeks, 16–20 weeks and 20–24 weeks respectively.

scholarly journals RESPONSE TO METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF BROILER CHICKS FED PRACTICAL CORN-GROUNDNUT MEAL DIETS IN THE TROPICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
M. C. Njike ◽  
L. I. Ndife
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Dietary Proteins ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cystine Content ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
The Tropics

Two floor feeding trials, involving 1000 broiler chicks fed two different practical-type diets, were conducted in order to determine the methionine and total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirements of broiler chicks 0-6 weeks). Two protein levels (20 and 23%) each with an energy concentration of 2800 Kcal ME (kg diet and four supplemental methionine levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) were tested. At the end of 6 - week feeding period, a common finisher ration was fed to 10 weeks of age. Under our experimental circumstances with dietshaving 23% protein and metabolizable energy of 2800 Kcal ME/kg diet and based on assumed methionine and cystine content of feeding stuff, the quantitative requirement for methionine of broiler chicks up to six weeks of age were about 0.53% diet which is equivalent to 2.3% of the dietary protein (or TSSA of 0.85 per cent diet, that is 3.7 per cent protein). Higher supplemental methionine at this protein and energy levels resulted in deterioration in liveweight gain and slight but non-significant improvement in feed/gain ratio. The rations containing 20% protein performed poorly relative to those containing 23%. Feeding of high quality common finisher rations neutralized the initial gains due to supplemental methionine within each protein levelbut did not offset the gains due to different dietary proteins.

scholarly journals Determination of Optimum Protein and Energy Levels for Broiler Chicks in the Tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
J. M. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Slight Depression

THREE experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different protein levels (17, 20, 23 and 26%) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 KCals/Kg diet) on the performance of broiler chicks in the tropics. Maximum weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion were obtained on the rations containing 23 or 26% protein. As the dietary energy level increased, there was a slight depression in weight gain. The best performance of chicks was obtained on the rations containing 2800 KCals/Kg diet. Feed intake was observed to be inversely related to energy content, although in most cases not significantly so at each protein and energy series. Generally birds were observed to meet their energy requirements. From these studies, a protein level of 23 or 26% and energy level of 2800 or 3000 K Cal/Kg diet may be tentatively recommended for a tropical country like Nigeria.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

Effects of micronization, tempering, and flaking on the chemical characteristics of wheat and its feeding value for broiler chicks

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Niu ◽  
H. L. Classen ◽  
T. A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Feeding Value

Five experiments were conducted to study the effects of micronizing, tempering and flaking of wheat (cv. Genesis) on the chemical characteristics and its feeding value for broiler chicks. Samples of wheat were micronized (infrared invisible band with wavelengths of 1.8 to 3.4 µ) at 90, 105, and 120°C for 50 s, with or without tempering to 20% moisture, and with or without flaking. Micronization at 120°C produced negative effects on weight gain and feed efficiency (0–18 d). Tempering reduced protein solubility in 0.2% KOH, increased the solubility of dietary fibre, and increased in vivo digesta viscosity and in vitro extract viscosity as well as diet AME. Flaking wheat had no effect on broiler performance in exps. 3 and 4, but decreased growth rate and feed efficiency in exp. 5 despite improved dietary AME. Flaking decreased protein solubility at 120°C but had little effect at lower temperatures. The lowest protein solubility was found in the sample that was tempered, micronized at 120°C, and then flaked. In conclusion, micronization at 90 and 105°C improved the feeding value of wheat for broiler chickens. Tempering and flaking may be beneficial at lower micronization temperatures, but can result in lower nutritional value at higher micronization temperature. Key words: Wheat, micronization, metabolizable energy, broiler

The relationship between protein, essential amino acids and energy requirements of broiler chickens fed practical diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 920 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Guirguis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between dietary protein, essential amino acids (EM) and energy was examined in two experiments using male broiler chicks fed practical diets to eight weeks of age. All diets contained a balanced proportion of ten EAA which was maintained over various treatments. Growth of birds was closely related to the EAA content of the diet and poorly related to dietary protein content. When the dietary concentration of ten EAA was treated as a combined unit and expressed as proportion of diet, 7.6 per cent EAA in an 18 per cent protein starter diet and 5.8 per cent EAA in a 16 per cent protein finisher diet were adequate to support maximal growth of male birds to eight weeks of age. Feed intakes were reduced as energy concentrations increased in diets regardless of protein content of diets.

Supplementation of β-mannanase to starter and grower diets for broilers

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kong ◽  
J. H. Lee ◽  
O. Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy

Kong, C., Lee, J. H. and Adeola, O. 2011. Supplementation of β-mannanase to starter and grower diets for broilers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 389–397. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of β-mannanase on ileal nutrient digestibility, total tract utilization of dry matter (DM), N, energy, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME, exp. 1), and growth performance (exp. 2) of birds fed practical corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diets. In each experiment, 192 male broilers were assigned to four diets arranged in a 2×2 factorial of energy level [corn-SBM-based diet that met or exceeded NRC nutrient requirements (AE) or low energy (LE) diet containing 100 kcal of ME kg−1 less than the AE diet] and enzyme supplementation (with or without β-mannanase) for 21 d. Supplementing the diet with β-mannanase increased the birds’ apparent ileal DM digestibility of the experimental diets (P<0.05), whereas there was no effect of energy level. Neither β-mannanase supplementation nor energy level had any effect on apparent ileal digestibility of any of the amino acids. The interaction between enzyme and energy levels was not significant for any criteria measured in the excreta except for DM (P=0.05). Addition of β-mannanase improved (P<0.01) the apparent total tract utilization of DM and energy in the broilers, and there was the same trend (P=0.06) for N utilization. Supplementing the diet with β-mannanase also improved the AME and AMEn of diets by 4.6 and 5.0%, respectively. For all growth performance responses in exp. 2, the interaction between enzyme and energy levels was not significant. During the starter period (day 2 to 22 post-hatch), β-mannanase supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight (BW) gain of birds. During the grower period (day 22 to 44 post-hatch) and for the overall period there was no significant difference in BW gain or feed intake of birds regardless of energy level and β-mannanase supplementation. There were no dietary effects on feed efficiency of birds during the starter and the grower periods, whereas the birds fed AE diets had higher feed efficiency (P<0.01) than the birds fed LE diets. The results indicate that supplementing with β-mannanase may improve gain and energy utilization of broilers, whereas it may not affect ileal amino acid digestibility.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels for semi-heavy laying hens at the second production cycle

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-862
Author(s):  
Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽  
Janaine Sena da Costa ◽  
Cláudia de Castro Goulart ◽  
Denise Fontana Figueiredo-Lima ◽  
Raul da Cunha Lima Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feed Conversion

This study was carried out to evaluate the energy levels in the diet to obtain better performance rates and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle. One hundred and eighty Bovans Goldline laying hens with 62 weeks of age were used during four 28-day periods. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four metabolizable energy levels (2,650, 2,725, 2,800, 2,875 and 2,950 kcal/kg), each with six replicates of six birds. The energy level of diet did not affect the weight of the egg, yolk, albumen and eggshell, the percentages of yolk, albumen and eggshell, yolk color and egg specific gravity. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs increased significantly with increasing levels of metabolizable energy. Feed intake decreased linearly as the energy level in the diet increased. The metabolizable energy levels showed a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs. The metabolizable energy level of 2,830 kcal/kg was the most appropriate to promote better performance and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle.

scholarly journals Growth and feed utilization of Boer x Kacang crossbred goats offered total mixed rations of different protein and energy levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Simon P. Ginting ◽  
Kiston Simanihuruk ◽  
Antonius Antonius ◽  
Andi Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of and feed utilization by Boer x Kacang crosses goats fed on total mixed ration differing in protein and energy levels. Four total mixed rations combination were formulated to contain 16 and 18% crude protein and 2650 and 2850 Kcal ME/ kg DM (dried matter) energy density. Twenty-eight male Boer x Kacang crosses goats (14.5 ± 1.14 kg) and of age ranging from 4 to 5 months were randomly allocated to one of these four TMRs (total mixed rations) (7 animals/TMR). The effects of dietary treatment were assessed using the general linear model and significance of the diet effects was detected using Duncan’s multiple range test. Dry matter intake increased as metabolizable energy density of diet increased from 2650 to 2850 Kcal/kg DM, but it is not affected by increasing crude protein level from 16 to 18%. The average daily gains were not improved (P&gt;0.05) as the crude protein levels and metabolizable energy density of diet increased. Crude protein levels and ME density did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the DM, OM and energy digestibility, but NDF digestibility was affected by the ME density of diets (P&lt;0.05). Daily N intakes were greater (P&lt;0.0%) in goats received diets higher in the crude protein and metabolizable energy levels. At this high rate of feed intake this type of goats are able to gain optimally when offered feed with crude protein level of 16% and metabolizable energy density of 2850 Kcal/kg DM.

Effect Of L-Thyroxin Hormone (T4) On Compensatory Growth In Broiler Chicks

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 84-84
Author(s):  
A. Hassanabadi ◽  
A. golian
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Purpose of researches in feed restriction area is improvement of feed efficiency, decrease of carcass fat content and abdominal fat pad size (Plavnik and Hurvitz,1991).Birds after early life feed restriction have less maintenance requirements due to decrease of heat increment and decrease of basal metabolic rate and specific dynamic action of food (Forsum et al.,1981).In many investigations, compensatory growth have not observed (Summers et al.,1990).It seems administration of Thyroid hormone after feed restriction can induce compensatory growth. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of early feed restriction and L-Thyroxin administration after early feed restriction on compensatory growth in broiler chickens.

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