The utilization of Hyparrhenia veld for the nutrition of cattle in the dry season I. The effects of nitrogen fertilizers and mowing régimes on herbage yields

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Natural Grassland ◽  
Harmful Effects

1. The potential herbage yield of Hyparrhenia veld under mowing and fertilizer managements was measured, as a part of the work to study the utilization of the natural grassland for the feeding of cattle in the dry season.2. The uninterrupted seasonal pattern of herbage growth results in a relatively large yield of stemmy, low-quality fodder at the end of the growing season.3. Cutting at simulated ‘silage’ and ‘hay’ stages of growth reduced herbage yields compared with one, end-of-season harvest, but because of increased leanness, the regrowth herbage had a higher crude-protein content.4. The seasonal crude-protein yield was unaffected by mowing treatments, and a reduction in herbage yield was counterbalanced by an increase in percentage crude protein.5. The use of nitrogenous fertilizers resulted in a large increase in both herbage yield and percentage crude protein. The calculated nitrogen recovery was approximately 40%.6. There were no harmful effects on either veld vigour or botanical composition after 4 years of mowing and fertilizer treatments. The nitrogen fertilizer treatments alone showed a transient residual effect.7. The practical bearing of the results is discussed briefly. Only a low-quality fodder can, in practice, be harvested from the natural grassland, unless nitrogen fertilizers are used.

Studies on the Northern Rhodesia Hyparrhenia Veld:IV. The effects of nitrigen fertilizer and defoliation

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
One Year

Plot trials measured the effect of fertilizers and defoliation on Hyparrhenia veld.N was the only nutrient limiting growth, and N fertilizer markedly increased the herbage yield and crude protein %. The herbage response was linear up to the highest rate used, 189 lb. N/acre, with a calculated N recovery of approximately 35%. Split fertilizer applications were only advantageous in one year out of three. The effect of N fertilizer steadily decreased at successive harvests after application, and the residual effect in a following season was transient. N fertilizers did not alter the botanical composition of the veld.

scholarly journals Seasonal pattern of food habits of large herbivores in riverine alluvial grasslands of Brahmaputra floodplains, Assam

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Devi ◽  
Syed Ainul Hussain ◽  
Monika Sharma ◽  
Govindan Veeraswami Gopi ◽  
Ruchi Badola
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Management Interventions

AbstractJarman–Bell (1974) hypothesized that in the dry savanna of Africa, small-bodied herbivores tend to browse more on forage with high protein and low fibre content. This implies browsing on high nutritive forage by meso-herbivores, and grazing and mixed feeding on coarse forage by mega-herbivores. We tested this hypothesis in the riverine alluvial grasslands of the Kaziranga National Park (KNP), where seasonal flood and fire play an important role in shaping the vegetation structure. We analyzed the feeding habits and quality of major forage species consumed by three mega-herbivores, viz. greater one-horned rhino, Asian elephant, and Asiatic wild buffalo, and three meso-herbivores, viz. swamp deer, hog deer, and sambar. We found that both mega and meso-herbivores were grazers and mixed feeders. Overall, 25 forage plants constituted more than 70% of their diet. Among monocots, family Poaceae with Saccharum spp. (contributing > 9% of the diet), and, among dicots, family Rhamnaceae with Ziziphus jujuba (contributing > 4% of the diet) fulfilled the dietary needs. In the dry season, the concentration of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, calcium, sodium, and phosphorous varied significantly between monocots and dicots, whereas only calcium and sodium concentrations varied significantly in the wet season. Dicots were found to be more nutritious throughout the year. Compared to the dry season, the monocots, viz. Alpinia nigra, Carex vesicaria, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Hemarthria compressa, Imperata cylindrica, and Saccharum spp., with their significantly high crude protein, were more nutritious during the wet season. Possibly due to the availability of higher quality monocots in the wet season, both mega and meso-herbivores consume it in high proportion. We concluded that the Jarman–Bell principle does not apply to riverine alluvial grasslands as body size did not explain the interspecific dietary patterns of the mega and meso-herbivores. This can be attributed to seasonal floods, habitat and forage availability, predation risk, and management practices such as controlled burning of the grasslands. The ongoing succession and invasion processes, anthropogenic pressures, and lack of grassland conservation policy are expected to affect the availability of the principal forage and suitable habitat of large herbivores in the Brahmaputra floodplains, which necessitates wet grassland-based management interventions for the continued co-existence of large herbivores in such habitats.

scholarly journals Herbage yield and quality of Megathyrsus cultivars in Northeast Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Michael D. Hare
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Northeast Thailand ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Dry Seasons

A field trial in Northeast Thailand during 2015‒2018 evaluated the forage accumulation and nutritive value of 5 Megathyrsus cultivars, Mombasa, Tanzania, Massai, Zuri and Mun River. Mombasa and Tanzania are commonly grown in Thailand, but Massai, Zuri and Mun River had not been evaluated in Thailand before. Overall accumulated DM yields for the various cultivars over the 3 years were 24,550 kg/ha for Tanzania, 30,900 kg/ha for Massai, 32,700 kg/ha for Mombasa, 35,600 kg/ha for Mun River and 35,700 kg/ha for Zuri. Over 3 wet seasons, Mun River and Zuri accumulated 49% more total DM and Mombasa 35% more total DM than Tanzania. Massai accumulated lower total DM yields than Zuri and Mun River in the second and third wet seasons, similar yields to Mombasa, and higher yields than Tanzania in those 2 seasons. Crude protein concentrations in forage were higher in the dry season than in the wet season and in leaves than in stems. There were no consistent differences in CP% of the various cultivars in wet or dry seasons. ADF and NDF concentrations in the dry season were lower than those in the wet season and leaf ADF and NDF concentrations were lower than concentrations in stems. There were no consistent differences of ADF and NDF concentrations between cultivars throughout the study. This trial showed that both Zuri and Mun River would be ideal replacements for Mombasa and Tanzania in Northeast Thailand, as they would appeal to smallholder farmers for cut-and-carry forage with their upright, broad leaves, and at least similar DM production to Mombasa and superior DM production to Tanzania.

Comparison of supplemental cobalt form on fibre digestion and cobalamin concentrations in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. WATERMAN ◽  
W. L. KELLY ◽  
C. K. LARSON ◽  
M. K. PETERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
To Receive

SUMMARYCobalt (Co) is essential for rumen microbial metabolism to synthesize methane, acetate and methionine. It also serves as a structural component of vitamin B12(cobalamin), which functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism. A study was conducted to determine if Co form (carbonatev. glucoheptonate) supplemented above the National Research Council requirements would improve digestibility of a low-quality forage diet and change serum cobalamin concentrations. Nineteen ruminally cannulated cows (577 ± 13 kg) were fed individually in a completely randomized experimental design. Cows were fed a grass hay diet that contained (79·2 g/kg crude protein, 565 g/kg total digestible nutrients, 633·2 g/kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 874·2 g/kg dry matter) at a rate of 0·02% of body weight on a as fed basis for a 62-day study, which consisted of three periods; acclimation (AC), treatment (TR) and residual (RE). Measurements taken in the AC period were used as covariates for analysis in the TR and RE periods. Cows were stratified by age (5 ± 0·4 years) and lactational history, and assigned to receive 12·5 mg supplemental Co in one of two forms: (1) 27·2 mg of Co carbonate (CC,n= 11 cows) or (2) 50 mg of Co glucoheptonate (CGH,n= 8 cows). Supplement was administered daily via a gelatin capsule placed directly into the rumen 2 h after feeding. During the last 96 h of each period, forage digestibility was measured using anin situnylon bag technique. Blood samples were collected 4 and 6 h following feeding, and 24 h before the end of each period. A treatment × period interaction was detected forin situorganic matter (OM) disappearance at 96 h; (TR period: 684 and 708 ± 81 g/kg; RE period: 676 and 668 ± 75 g/kg, for CC and CGH, respectively). Once inclusion of Co in the CGH group was removed, OM disappearance was reduced by 4·01% compared with 0·82% in the CC cows. The NDF disappearance (OM basis) was less for the TR compared with the RE at 48 h (629 and 652 ± 39 g/kg, respectively). However, by 96 h NDF disappearance was greater for TR than the RE (704 and 689 ± 44 g/kg; respectively). No differences were detected for cobalamin serum concentrations or rate of fibre fermentation. The outcomes of the current research signify that there may be a slight residual effect of Co supplementation on fermentation; there was also an indication that Co source may enhance the overall extent of fermentation.

scholarly journals Interaction among Controlling Factors on Riverine DIN Export in Small Mountainous Rivers of Taiwan: Inseparable Human-Landscape System

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2981
Author(s):  
Wen-Shiuan Lee ◽  
Jr-Chuan Huang ◽  
Chung-Te Chang ◽  
Shih-Chien Chan ◽  
Ying-San Liou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Landscape

Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen (N) emission via different pathways has shown prominent impact on aquatic ecosystems for decades, but the effects of interaction among climate-, landscape- and human-associated variables on riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen, mainly NO3− and NH4+) export are unclear. In this study, the data of 43 watersheds with a wide range of climate-, landscape- and human-associated gradients across Taiwan were evaluated with partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) to examine their interactive controls on riverine DIN export. Results show that the annual riverine DIN export in Taiwan is approximately 3100 kg-N km−2 yr−1, spanning from 230 kg-N km−2 yr−1 in less disturbed watersheds (eastern and central Taiwan) to 10,000 kg-N km−2 yr−1 in watersheds with intensive human intervention (southwestern and northern Taiwan). NO3− is generally the single dominant form of DIN, while NH4+ renders significance in disturbed watersheds. Nearly all environmental variables display a positive correlation with DIN export, except for landscape setting variables (e.g., slope, area, channel length), which show a negative relationship. In terms of seasonal pattern, climate and human-landscape variables are related to NO3− export independently in the wet season, yet in the dry season climate-human variables jointly dominate NO3− export. Meanwhile, human-landscape (LH) variables (λ1 of LH > 0.60) control NH4+ exports in both seasons, and human-associated (H) variables (λ1 of H = 0.13) have a minor effect on NH4+ exports in dry season. Precisely, the contribution of controlling variables on DIN export vary with species and seasons, indicating water quality management could be time-dependent, which should be taken into consideration for designing mitigation strategies.

scholarly journals TRMM SATELLITE PERFORMANCE IN ESTIMATED RAINFALL OVER THE MIDWEST REGION OF BRAZIL

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Hugo De Morais Danelichen ◽  
Nadja Gomes Machado ◽  
Marcelo Sacardi Biudes ◽  
Maísa Caldas Souza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rainfall Series ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Accumulated Rainfall ◽  
Midwest Region ◽  
Regional Water

Rainfall is the key element in regional water balance, and have direct influence over economic activity. In this study, we evaluate the estimates of precipitation by TRMM satellite (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) on the Midwest region of Brazil. The rainfall measured by TRMM satellite was compared with rainfall series obtained by the Office of Instituto de Controle de Espaço Aéreo (ICEA) of Comando da Força Aérea. The TRMM satellite overestimated annual rainfall between 0.6 and 37.4%, with greater overestimation in the dry season. However, the rainfall estimate by TRMM satellite had a high correlation (0.88) with the rainfall series and had high Willmott coefficient. The Northern of Brazilian Midwest had the highest annual accumulated rainfall and the Southwest and Northeast of Midwest had the lowest annual accumulated rainfall. There was a inverse seasonal pattern of accumulated rainfall, with higher values in the Northern of Midwest during the rainy season in the Southwest and Northeast during the dry season.

scholarly journals THE YIELD STABILITY AND QUALITY OF LEGUMES DURING TWO CONSECUTIVE, EXTREMELY DRY YEARS

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Miriam Kizeková ◽  
Ján Tomaškin ◽  
Jozef Čunderlík ◽  
Ľubica Jančová ◽  
Janka Martincová
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Herbage Quality

Abstract This study highlights the effect of drought and ambient temperature on performance and herbage quality of legume monocultures and grass-legume mixtures. In a field experiment, the total dry matter yield, seasonal pattern of dry matter yield distribution, content of crude protein and crude fibre of monocultures of red clover and alfalfa and grass-legume mixtures were investigated during two consecutive dry years (2011-2012). Alfalfa cultivars Kamila and Tereza grown as monocultures or as mixtures with Festulolium braunii (cultivar Achilles) outperformed the red clover cultivars Fresko and Veles and provided a well-balanced total and seasonal dry matter yield during both years. Across all experimental years, crude protein content was significantly higher at alfalfa monocultures and mixture when compared with clover monocultures (P < 0.05). However, considerable lower content of crude fibre at clover monocultures in comparison with alfalfa ones was found. Responses of nutritive parameters of both legume species to weather variables were different. Crude protein content in red clover was independent of rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the crude fibre content correlated with temperature whereby the alfalfa monocultures showed stronger correlations (P < 0.05) than red clover monocultures.

Forage yield and nutritive quality of haulm from dual-purpose cowpea cultivars for dry season, livestock and feeding in Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-496
Author(s):  
N.J. Anyanwu ◽  
O.S. Onifade ◽  
J.A. Olanite ◽  
V.I.O. Olowe ◽  
B.O. Boukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
Humid Forest Zone ◽  
Nutritive Quality

The availability of high quality forage, especially during the dry season remains a major challenge to ruminant livestock production in Nigeria and many parts of West Africa. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and nutritive quality of haulm from selected dual purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars in the humid rain forest zone of Nigeria. The forage and pod yields of twenty cultivars were evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Subsequently, five dual-purpose cultivars, namely IT04K-334-2, IT07K-293-3, IT04K-194-3, IT04K-405-5, IT06K-147-2, were selected based on forage and pod yields from previous trial, for determination of chemical and fibre compositions. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in pod and forage yields among the twenty cowpea cultivars, with yields ranging from 0-1.5 t ha-1 and 0.1-4.5 t ha-1 for pod and forage, respectively. Cultivars IT07K-293-3, IT04K-405-5, IT06K-147-2, IT07K-194-3, IT04K-334-2, IT04K-267-8 and IT04K-339-1 recorded the highest fodder yields of at least 2715 t ha-1, with crude protein contents ranging from 10.49% in IT07K-194-3 to 13 .57 % in IT04K-405-5. Cultivars IT07K-194-3, IT07K-293-3, IT07K-220-1-9, IT06K-147-2, IT07K-187-55IT04K-332-1 recorded the highest pod yields (>700 t ha-1). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in crude protein, ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) contents among five cultivars selected from the top ten high yielding cultivars, based on mean ranking score. These selected cultivars are recommended as dual-purpose cowpea for the humid forest zone.

scholarly journals EVALUATION PERFORMANCE OF THREE Pennisetum GENUS GROWN ON PINES FOREST IN LEMBANG, WEST JAVA

Pastura ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Sajimin Sajimin ◽  
N. D. Purwantari
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Shoot Production

Pines are the largest tree forests in West of Java so that they are very potential to be developed as an agroforestry system. Forage crop potentially to be cultivated in the agroforestry system. The aim of the research was to study the response of the grasses grown under pines forest. The experiment was conducted at pines forest area arranged in randomized complete block design. The treatments were 3 grasses (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwan, P. purpureum (local) and Pennisetum purpureophoides (king grass). Data collected were productivity, agronomic performance (plant height, tiller), forage production and quality. The result shows that shoot production of Taiwan cultivar was significantly higher than local P. purpureum. It was produced 498.4 g/clump on rainy season and 287.0 g/clump at dry season. At dry season forage production was decreased by 39,9%/ha. Nutrient composition at rainy season, crude fibre of grass was 39.89%; Ca 0.04%; P 0.26%; ash 12.46%; energy 4239.5 kcal/kg and crude protein 8.23%; while at the mid of dry season crude fibre was 38.43%; Ca 0.035%; P 0.26%; ash 11,43%; energy 3943 kcal/kg and crude protein 8.94%. Key words: pines, forestry, forage, production, quality

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE STIPA-BOUTELOUA PRAIRIE

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smoliak ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Shrubby Species

Five native grasses and one sedge of the Stipa-Bouteloua prairie, three introduced grasses collected at five stages of growth, and four shrubby species collected at three stages of growth were analyzed for proximate chemical constituents.The amounts of phosphorus and digestible and crude protein of all species decreased with maturity, while the cellulose increased. Introduced grasses generally contained more crude protein than native grasses. Shrubby species were higher in crude protein and phosphorus than native grasses. No consistent trend was observed in relative total ash and calcium content at progressive stages of development. The estimated nutritive value index was high for all grasses and low for two Artemisia species. The seasonal declines in crude protein and phosphorus suggest that protein and phosphorus supplements are desirable for range cattle during the fall, winter, and early spring.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document