Dry matter production of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) with special reference to the root system

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kjellström ◽  
H. Kirchmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Radius

SUMMARYAt the research farm of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, above- and belowground production and changes with time in root length, mean root radius and root surface area of spring oilseed rape were studied during the growing seasons 1987 and 1990. In both years, the highest root growth rate was recorded during the stem elongation phase, and the highest shoot growth rate during flowering. The root: shoot ratio decreased throughout the whole period of root sampling, from 0·64 to 0·16, during the cool and wet first year. In the warmer and drier second year, the ratio increased to a maximum of 0·72 when flowering started, and thereafter decreased. More than 80% of the root dry matter was found in the topsoil. Roots were longer and thinner in the dry and warm 1990 than in the wet and cool 1987. Maximum root length was c. 4·9 km/m2 in 1990, and mean root radius varied between 01 and 0·7 mm. Increases in root surface area during periods of root growth were due to increased root length rather than to increased mean root radius.

scholarly journals ROOTING OF Inga edulis Mart. (LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE) MINI-CUTTINGS

FLORESTA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Marciana Christo Berude ◽  
Emanuel França Araújo ◽  
Bruna Tomaz Sant'Ana ◽  
Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre ◽  
Elzimar De Oliveira Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Inga Edulis ◽  
Fine Root Length

Seeds of the species Inga edulis are recalcitrant and lose viability quickly, which restricts seedling production at only a certain time of the year. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the potential of mini-cutting and the influence of different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations on the vegetative propagation of Inga edulis. The vegetative material was collected from juvenile plants from a clonal mini-garden. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with five replications and each experimental unit with eight cuttings. Treatments consisted of different IBA concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg kg−1). The percentage of live and rooted mini-cuttings, number of roots emitted from the base, longest root length, total number of roots, fine root length, total root length, root surface area, weighted average root diameter, root volume, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, specific root length, specific root surface area, and root density were analyzed after 45 days in a greenhouse. All Inga edulis mini-cuttings survived, and rooting was over 85%. IBA concentrations had no significant effect on most of the analyzed variables. However, exogenous auxin concentration between 2000 and 4636.96 mg kg−1 provided mini-cuttings with a higher number of roots, surface area, and root volume. Rooting of juvenile Inga edulis mini-cuttings may occur without the use of IBA.

scholarly journals Growth Characteristics of Bahiagrass Roots Treated with Micronutrients, Rare Earth Elements, and Plant Hormones

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Huawei Song ◽  
Juming Zhang ◽  
Michael D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Cerium Chloride

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) is widely used for slope protection and water and soil conservation in southern China. The plants develop an extensive root system that plays a crucial role in the protection of both soil and water. However, little is currently known about the factors that influence early root growth in bahiagrass. Here, the effects of boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), salicylic acid (SA), and melatonin (MLT) on root growth characteristics were examined. Bahiagrass seedlings were grown in 1/25 strength modified Hoagland nutrient solution supplemented with boric acid, calcium chloride, ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA), lanthanum chloride, cerium chloride, SA, or MLT. Root lengths, root surface areas, and the number of root tips were analyzed using a root scanning system after 2, 4, and 6 days of treatment. We found significant effects on root growth after some treatments. Thus, 0.270 or 0.360 mm B for 2 days enhanced root tip number, whereas 0.15 mm Fe for 6 days increased root surface area. Although 3 or 5 mm Ca caused an increase in root tip numbers, the root length was reduced. The addition of La to the nutrient solution significantly increased root length and surface area, and addition of Ce increased root surface area and root tip numbers. Root growth characteristics were optimal after 0.3 μm La for 6 days or 1.0 μm La for 4 days. For Ce treatment, optimal root characteristics were observed at 0.5 μm Ce for 6 days. Root tip numbers increased after 0.1 or 1.0 μm MLT for 6 days, whereas SA treatment reduced the root length, surface area, and root tip numbers. Overall, the analyses indicate that treatment with B, Fe, La, Ce, and MLT benefited root growth in bahiagrass seedlings.

scholarly journals Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Bertucci ◽  
David H. Suchoff ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Christopher C. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

scholarly journals Study on measurement method for apple root morphological parameters based on Labview

Plant Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Ji Qian ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
Bao Di ◽  
Juan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Seedling Roots

Abstract Background Traditional measurements of apple seedling roots often rely on manual measurements and existing root scanners on the market. Manual measurement requires a lot of labor and time, and subjective reasons may cause the uncertainty of data; root scanners have limited scanning size and expensive. In case of fruit roots, coverage and occlusion issues will occur, resulting in inaccurate results, but our research solved this problem. Results The background plate was selected according to the color of the seedling roots; the image of the roots of the collected apple seedlings was preprocessed with Vision Development Module by combining image and Labview. The root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings were measured by combining root characteristic parameters algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set of measurement system for root morphology of apple seedlings was designed, and the measurement result was compared with the Canadian root system WinRHIZO 2016 (Canada). With application of SPSS v22.0 analysis, the significance P > 0.01 indicated that the difference was not significant. The relative error of surface area was less than 0.5%. The relative error of the average diameter and length of the root system was less than 0.1%, and the relative error of the root volume was less than 0.2%. Conclusions It not only proved that the root surface area, average root diameter, root length and root volume of apple seedlings could be accurately measured by the method described herein, which was handy in operation, but also reduced the cost by 80–90% compared with the conventional scanner.

scholarly journals Determination of root properties of saplings belong to two boxwood species (Buxus sempervirens and Buxus balearica) by image processing technique

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Ömer Sarı
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Buxus Sempervirens ◽  
Second Year

The study was carried out to determine the root architectural characteristics of the one-year saplings of two species of boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L. and Buxus balearica Lam.), which are endangered and natural plants of Turkey, in the greenhouse environment using the WinRhizo root analysis program and scanner. Total root length (cm), root surface area (cm2), root volume (cm3), average root diameter (mm), number of tips, number of forks and number of root crossings were determined in the study. According to the results of the study, the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity values in the second year of both species were effective on the root architectural features. As a result of this effect, the second year root length (3810 cm), number of root tips (2299), number of forks (7007) and number of root crossings (696) increased, root diameter (1.4 mm), root surface area (2158 cm2) and root volume (8 cm3) decreased. As a result, it has been concluded that species can make changes in their root parameters to adapt to different conditions and their adaptability is high. In general, the best results in root architectural parameters were obtained from Buxus balearica on the basis of species.

scholarly journals Effect of Nutrient Solution Flow Rate on Hydroponic Plant Growth and Root Morphology

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bateer Baiyin ◽  
Kotaro Tagawa ◽  
Mina Yamada ◽  
Xinyan Wang ◽  
Satoshi Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Solution Flow ◽  
Flow Rates

Crop production under hydroponic environments has many advantages, yet the effects of solution flow rate on plant growth remain unclear. We conducted a hydroponic cultivation study using different flow rates under light-emitting diode lighting to investigate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root morphology under different flow rates. Swiss chard plants were grown hydroponically under four nutrient solution flow rates (2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min, and 8 L/min). After 21 days, harvested plants were analyzed for root and shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight, root morphology, and root cellulose and hemicellulose content. We found that suitable flow rates, acting as a eustress, gave the roots appropriate mechanical stimulation to promote root growth, absorb more nutrients, and increase overall plant growth. Conversely, excess flow rates acted as a distress that caused the roots to become compact and inhibited root surface area and root growth. Excess flow rate thereby resulted in a lower root surface area that translated to reduced nutrient ion absorption and poorer plant growth compared with plans cultured under a suitable flow rate. Our results indicate that regulating flow rate can regulate plant thigmomorphogenesis and nutrient uptake, ultimately affecting hydroponic crop quality.

scholarly journals The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽  
Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Root Surface Area

Abstract. Issukindarsyah, Sulistyaningsih E, Indradewa D, Putra ETS. 2020. The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role. Biodiversitas 21: 1778-1785. Low light intensity causes the alteration of plant biochemical and morphological as the mechanism of adaptation. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three light intensity levels, i.e. 100%, 75%, and 50% radiation; while subplots were three varieties namely Nyelungkup, Petaling 1 and Petaling 2. This research was conducted to figure out the effect of shadings on hormones and the growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The results showed that in initial vegetative growth, varieties of Nyelungkup and Petaling 1 had higher growth of both ortotroph and plagiotroph branches, leaf number, leaf area, length of root, root surface area, plant dry weight, nett assimilation rate, and plant growth rate than the variety of Petaling 2. The light intensity of 50% and 75% increased the auxin and gibberellin contents of the leaf but they did not affect the zeatin. The maximum gibberellin and auxin contents of leaf were recorded at 75% light intensity. The 50% and 75% light intensity raised the length, diameter, and internode of ortotroph branch; number, length, and internode of plagiotroph branch; leaf number; leaf area; leaf area ratio; length of root; root surface area; plant growth rate and plant dry weight related to indigenous hormones role.

scholarly journals Influence of Heterogeneous Karst Microhabitats on the Root Foraging Ability of Chinese Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) Seedlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Yingying Liu ◽  
Xiaoli Wei ◽  
Zijing Zhou ◽  
Changchang Shao ◽  
Shicheng Su
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Root Foraging ◽  
Foraging Ability ◽  
Rocky Soil

Chinese windmill palms (Trachycarpus fortunei) are widely planted in karst bedrock outcrop areas in southwest China because of their high economic and ecological values. The aims of this study were to investigate the foraging ability of Chinese windmill palm seedlings planted in six different types of karst microhabitat and to identify the main environmental factors that influence root foraging ability. We planted three-year-old Chinese windmill palm seedlings in six typical karst microhabitats (i.e., rocky trough, rocky surface, rocky gully, rocky soil surface, rocky pit, and soil surface microhabitats). One year after transplanting, the seedlings were excavated to determine the morphological parameters values of new roots and the nutrient concentrations of new roots and leaves. The root foraging ability of Chinese windmill palm seedlings, defined as new root length and new root surface area, was significantly greater in the rocky trough, rocky soil surface, and soil surface microhabitats than in the rocky gully, rocky surface, and rocky pit microhabitats (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis revealed that the main positive factor affecting the rooting ability of Chinese windmill palm seedlings was soil thickness. Chinese windmill palm seedlings improved their root absorption efficiency by increasing their root length and root surface area under soil nutrient deficiency conditions. The organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available potassium in soil positively influenced the concentration of N and K in roots. Total potassium in soil negatively influenced the biomass of new annual leaves and concentrations of N, P and K in new annual roots and leaves. Chinese windmill palm seedlings can be grown in the different karst microhabitats, especially in the rocky trough, rocky soil surface, and soil surface microhabitats, and, therefore, it is suitable for use in the regeneration of karst forests.

Competition and growth of a grass–legume mixture fertilised with nitrogen and phosphorus: effect on nutrient acquisition, root morphology and symbiosis with soil microorganisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Mendoza ◽  
Ileana García ◽  
Daniela Deplama ◽  
Carolina Fernández López
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation

Achieving a fast initial growth is crucial for legumes because grasses grow more rapidly and compete much better with forbs. In a pot experiment with a nutrient-deficient soil, we added nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N + P to pure and mixed stands of Lotus tenuis and Festuca arundinacea and investigated the effects of on plant growth, nutrient uptake and symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizae and rhizobia. Plant yield, N and P acquisition, mycorrhizal colonisation, rhizobial nodulation and root length were measured and root diameter and root surface area were calculated after two harvests. Species responded differently to specific nutrients when grown pure or mixed. Comparing pure with mixed stands in soils fertilised with P and N + P, L. tenuis showed decreased shoot and particularly root biomass, whereas F. arundinacea showed increases in both biomasses. This suggests that the competitiveness of the grass with the legume increased upon P and N + P addition. In mixed stands, F. arundinacea produced 51–64% of the total shoot biomass and 69–74% of the total root biomass with P and N + P, respectively. Root length and root surface area were greater and the roots thinner in F. arundinacea than in L. tenuis. Addition of P and N + P increased rhizobial nodulation in legume roots but decreased mycorrhizal colonisation in both plants. Supply of N does not necessarily favour grasses, whereas P supply favours legumes. Optimisation of P nutrition might help to maximise N inputs into grasslands by symbiotic N-fixation and decrease inputs of inorganic N by fertilisation.

scholarly journals Influence of Planting and Irrigation Levels as Physical Methods on Maize Root Morphological Traits, Grain Yield and Water Productivity in Semi-Arid Region

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Hanamant M. Halli ◽  
Sanganabasappa Angadi ◽  
Aravind Kumar ◽  
Prabhu Govindasamy ◽  
Raghavendra Madar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Semi Arid

Assessing the impact of planting methods and irrigation levels is needed to determine the effects on maize root morphological traits, grain yield, and water productivity in semi-arid regions. A study was initiated on maize (Zea mays L.) from 2015 to 2016, including three planting methods [i.e. broad bed and furrow (BBF), shallow and narrow furrow (SNF) and deep and wider furrow (DWF)] and four irrigation levels [i.e. irrigation once in ten days (I10D), irrigation at 40% depletion of available soil moisture (DASM, I40), irrigation at 50% DASM (I50) and irrigation at 60% DASM (I60)] arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Results reveal that the DWF method has increased root length, root volume, root surface area and root dry weight compared to SNF and BBF (p < 0.05). DWF and SNF resulted in higher grain yield than BBF, although the DWF grain yield was non-significant with SNF but resulted in 22.40% higher irrigation application. Irrigation at I50 had a significant effect on root length, root surface area, and grain yield, regardless of planting methods. Therefore, where irrigation has been a costly and limited farm input, the practice of SNF and deficit irrigation (I50) could be a viable option for greater water saving and higher grain yields of maize.

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