Leaf area and transpiration efficiency during different growth stages in oats

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
It Efficiency

SUMMARYDry matter production, transpiration and transpiration efficiency (DM production: transpiration) were studied during vegetative growth of oats over 4 years (1976–77 and 1982–83) in field experiments on loess-derived soils near Gottingen, Germany, under different weather conditions. Shoot and root dry matter and leaf area were measured or estimated regularly during the season. The rate of evapotranspiration including intercepted rain water by leaves (ET) was determined during five consecutive growth stages from the water balance in the 2 m soil profile. The rate of soil evaporation (E) and the rate at which rain water was intercepted by leaves (I) were estimated separately in order to attain T, the transpiration rate (T = ET–E–I), or IT, the rate of interception of rain water by leaves plus transpiration (IT = ET–E). The potential evapotranspiration rate (ETp) was derived from meteorological parameters.During the early stages of oat development (seedling growth and tillering), T and IT, related to ETp, were higher than expected from crop growth rate (CGR), calculated for shoot and total dry matter including roots, respectively. It was concluded that, at a leaf area index (LAI) of < 3·4, part of the solar radiation was converted to sensible heat between plant rows, increasing ETp near the ground and hence T, but not CGR. Because of this, LAI influenced IT efficiency and the crop-specific constant m of de Wit's formula. IT efficiency was not only dependent on LAI but also on ETp. Grain yield was related to both cumulative IT (ITC), normalized by ET, and leaf area duration during the period from anthesis to harvest. Increased leaf area duration after anthesis may partly explain the higher yields obtained with modern high-yielding varieties of small-grained cereals.

Photosynthetic Performance of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Subject to Water Deficit Regulated with Mulched Drip Irrigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 405-408 ◽  
pp. 2130-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Jia Zhang ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mulched drip irrigation under water deficit on leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), dry matter (DM) and relative growth rate (RGR) of potato in an arid environment. Five water deficit treatments and a full irrigation control were established to subject potato to various levels of soil water deficit at different crop growth stages. The result indicated that potato LAI and LAD at all the determined growth stages were not reduced under water deficit regulation. Additionally, the DM and RGR at starch accumulation were not significantly decreased under water deficit either. Therefore, medium soil water deficit regulated at 55%~65% of field capacity with mulched drip irrigation at potato tuber initiation could be used to effectively improve leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter and relative growth rate of plants.

scholarly journals Effects of Gibberellic Acid (Ga3) on Growth and Yield Parameters of French Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Ferdowsi Noor ◽  
Feroza Hossain ◽  
Umme Ara
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation

A field study was conducted during the Rabi season of 2009-2010 in the research field of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka. Six levels of GA3, viz. 0, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 ppm were sprayed at 18 days after sowing (DAS). GA3 treatments significantly increased plant height than the control plants. GA3 with 30 to 90 ppm significantly increased number of branches and leaves, leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter and total dry matter at different growth stages. GA3 at 30 to 70 ppm gradually increased crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) and declined advanced growth stages. Number of dry pods /plant, number of seeds /pod, 1000 seed weight, fresh fodder, fresh pod, dry seed yield and harvest index also significantly increased. Positive significant correlations were found among growth parameters and as well as yield contributing characters. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(1): 49-60, June 2017

Banana plant growth. 2. Dry matter production, leaf area and growth analysis

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (55) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Turner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Plant Crop

The quantitative aspects of banana plant growth (omitting roots) at Alstonville, New South Wales, are described. Dry matter distribution, leaf area index (L), net assimilation rate (E), leaf area ratio (F) and relative growth rates (R), were measured. For a spring planting, only 1695 kg ha-l dry matter were produced in the first twelve months but 6780 kg were produced in the first half of the second year as the bunch and first ratoon crop developed. The plant crop was characterized by early leaf growth (high F) whereas in the ratoon crops, corm growth was a feature of early growth stages. Leaf area index was less than 1 for the first twelve months but reached 5 after 18 months. Plants were 3.1 m X 1.9 m apart. Net assimilation rate was affected by internal and external factors. The main internal control was the growth of suckers, which tended to increase E. Removal of the suckers in autumn or winter caused a sudden drop i i ~ E and absolute growth rate but when they were removed in early summer E was increased. The external controls affecting E were solar radiation, temperature and soil moisture, although the amount of variation explained in correlations was low. - R appeared to be constant in the plant crop within morphologically defined growth stages. This was not so in moon crops and R was probably a resultant of ontogenetic and climatic drifts. Desuckering in autumn and winter decreased R. Early summer desuckering increased R.

Pronamide Effects on Physiology and Yield of Sugar Beet

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Kadoglidou ◽  
Chrysovalantis Malkoyannidis ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou ◽  
Ilias Eleftherohorinos ◽  
Helen-Isis A. Constantinidou
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Photosynthetic Yield

Field experiments were conducted in northern Greece during 2001 and repeated in 2002 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of pronamide on sugar beet. Total leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf and root dry weights, photosynthetic yield (quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II), chlorotic index, and yield components of sugar beet were monitored after pronamide application. Three sugar beet cultivars, ‘Avantage’, ‘Dorothea’, and ‘Bianca’, requiring short, intermediate, and long vegetative periods, respectively, were subjected to treatment. Pronamide was applied on sugar beet either as a double application of 0.63 kg ai ha−1at the two- to four-leaf and 0.63 kg ai ha−1at the four- to six-leaf stage or as a single application of 1.26 kg ai ha−1performed at the latter leaf stage. Both application procedures were combined with a split application of phenmedipham at 0.04 kg ai ha−1plus desmedipham at 0.04 kg ai ha−1plus metamitron at 0.70 kg ai ha−1plus ethofumesate at 0.10 kg ai ha−1plus mineral oil at 0.50 L ha−1applied POST at the cotyledon–to–two-leaf as well as at the four-leaf growth stages. Pronamide (both single and double application) initially caused chlorosis and reduction of sugar beet growth. LAI and photosynthetic yield were also significantly affected for a 2-mo period following the final application, after which the negative effects caused by pronamide were ameliorated. At harvest, sugar beet root and sugar yield, sucrose, K+, Na+, and N-amino acid concentrations were not affected by the herbicide treatments compared with those produced in weed-free and herbicide-free plots, indicating that all cultivars managed to overcome the transient pronamide stress. Regarding sugar beet cultivars, root and sugar yield of Avantage and Dorothea at harvest were higher than that of Bianca, whereas sucrose concentration of Avantage was the lowest. There was not an apparent relationship between the order of sugar yield per cultivar (Dorothea > Avantage > Bianca) and the length of the vegetative period (Avantage < Dorothea < Bianca).

scholarly journals Application of insect-proof nets in pesticide-free rice creates an altered microclimate and differential agronomic performance

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoying Yang ◽  
Zhi Guo ◽  
Hongting Ji ◽  
Jing Sheng ◽  
Liugen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Proof Nets ◽  
Air Speed

BackgroundInsect-proof nets are commonly used in crop production and scientific research because of their environmental, economic, and agronomic benefits. However, insect-proof nets can unintentionally alter the microclimate inside the screenhouse and therefore greatly affect plant growth and yield. To examine the microclimate and agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under insect-proof nets, two-year field experiments were carried out in 2011 and 2012.MethodsIn the present study, the experiment was conducted by using a split-plot design considering the cultivation environment (open field cultivation (OFC) and insect-proof nets cultivation (IPNC)) as the main plot and the varieties as the subplot (Suxiangjing3 and Nanjing44).ResultsIPNC significantly reduced the air speed and solar radiation, and slightly increased the daytime soil temperature, daytime air temperature, and nighttime relative humidity. By contrast, the nighttime soil temperature, nighttime air temperature, and daytime relative humidity were relatively unaffected. The grain yield of both rice cultivars decreased significantly under IPNC, which was largely attributed to the reduced panicle number. The reduced panicle number was largely associated with the decreased maximum tiller number, which was positively correlated with the tillering rate, time of tillering onset, and tillering cessation for both rice cultivars under IPNC. In addition, dry matter accumulation significantly decreased for both rice cultivars under IPNC, which was mainly caused by the decreased leaf area duration resulting from the reduced leaf area index. By contrast, the mean net assimilation rate was relatively unaffected by IPNC.DiscussionInsect-proof nets altered the microclimate in comparison with OFC by reducing the air speed and changing the radiation regime, which significantly affected dry matter production and yield of both japonica rice cultivars. Our results indicated that cultivation measures that could increase the tillering rate and the maximum tiller number under IPNC would lead to a significant increase in panicle number, ultimately increasing grain yield. In addition, maintaining a high leaf area duration by increasing the leaf area index would be important to compensate for the dry matter accumulation losses under IPNC. These findings are critical to provide a theoretical basis for improving agronomic performance of pesticide-free rice under IPNC.

The effects of seed size and spacing on growth and yield of lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta)

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. C. Enyi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spacing Distance ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Bulking Rate

SUMMARYThe effects of seed size and spacing on growth, development and yield of lesser yam and the relationship between growth, development and yield in this yam variety were investigated in the 1967 and 1968 growing seasons. Larger seeds outyielded smaller ones both in the total and ware tuber yields. The seed size effect was associated with a difference in tuber number, leaf area duration and bulking rate. Mean tuber weight at harvest, decreased with the decrease in seed size. Total and ware tuber yields increased with the decrease in spacing distance. The spacing effect was associated with differences in leaf area duration and bulking rate per unit area. Final total dry matter produced per plant increased with the increase in both seed size and spacing distance but the dry matter produced per unit area decreased with the increase in spacing distance. Leaf area index and leaf area duration increased with an increase in seed size and decreased with increase in spacing distance. There was a greater positive relationship between total tuber yield and leaf area duration between tuber initiation and the final sampling period than that between it and absolute leaf area duration.

scholarly journals Performance of soybean in hydromorphic and nonhydromorphic soil under irrigated or rainfed conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Schmitz Marques da Rocha ◽  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Alencar Junior Zanon ◽  
Elio Marcolin ◽  
Mirta Teresinha Petry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Hydromorphic Soils

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate soybean cultivation in a hydromorphic or nonhydromorphic soil, with or without supplemental irrigation. Field experiments were carried out with the TECIRGA 6070RR and A 6411RG cultivars in highlands (nonhydromorphic soils) and lowlands (hydromorphic soils), which are traditionally cultivated with irrigated rice. The following parameters were determined in both soybean cultivars: leaf area index, developmental stages, dry matter partition, and leaf gas exchange. Low water stresses, which commonly occur either by deficit or excess in soybean areas cultivated in hydromorphic soils, do not affect the development and partitioning of dry matter; however, they cause reductions in stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and leaf area evolution. Growing soybean in lowlands exposes plants to water stress, even in years with well-distributed rainfall during the growing season, due to the low water storage capacity of these soils.

scholarly journals Angular Leaf Spot of Phaseolus Beans: Relationships Between Disease, Healthy Leaf Area, and Yield

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bergamin Filho ◽  
S. M. T. P. G. Carneiro ◽  
C. V. Godoy ◽  
L. Amorim ◽  
R. D. Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Phaeoisariopsis Griseola ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Healthy Leaf ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
The Relationship

Five field experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between the severity of visible disease (X), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), healthy leaf area index on any given day (HLAI), radiation intercepted by healthy leaf area on any given day (HRI), healthy leaf area duration (HAD), total healthy leaf area absorption (HAA), and yield of Phaseolus beans, cultivars Rosinha and Carioca, inoculated with Phaeoisariopsis griseola at several doses. In general, yield was not related to disease severity (X) or AUDPC. In contrast, the highest yields were always related to the highest values of HAD and HAA. The relationship between yield and HAD was linear in each of five trials (29.9 < R2 < 70.2%, P < 0.001). The relationship between yield and HAA was linear in four of the trials (52.3 < R2 < 70.3%, P < 0.001) and exponential in one of them (in which the plant canopy was the largest). Singlepoint models using HRI to estimate yield at various times during the crop season were developed. The slope of the yield-HRI relationship proved to be stable (26.8 ±2.4 g MJ-1), regardless of cultivar, locale, planting date, and bean growth stage (from R5 to R8). The yield-HLAI relationship proved to be less consistent. HRI is proposed as a key explanatory variable for a transportable system of disease management; it may be useful in producing precise recommendations at the farm level.

Comparative performance of some faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars of contrasting plant types. 2. Growth and development in relation to yield

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Silim ◽  
M. C. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Area Index

SUMMARYField experiments were conducted at Tel Hadya, Syria during 1985–1988 using faba bean (field bean) cultivars of three different plant types – independent vascular supply to each flower (IVS), determinate and indeterminate, sown at 22 and 44 plants/m2. The objective of the study was to determine whether yields had been stabilized and improved in the newly developed plant types.Both determinate and indeterminate cultivars continued producing nodes late into the season, the former by producing new branches and the latter on the existing branches. Late formation of branches in determinate lines was suppressed by sowing at a high seeding density of 44 plants/m2 in contrast to the usual density of 22 plants/m2. Indeterminate lines, e.g. ILB 1814, produced the highest leaf area index (LAI), intercepted the highest photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and produced the highest total dry matter (DM). Among the determinate lines, FLIP 84–239F had a high LAI, intercepted a high PAR and produced a high DM. The IVS line, IVSFG–IVS 6, had a low LAI, intercepted a low PAR and attained a low DM. Sowing at a high density of 44 plants/m2 rather than 22 plants/m2 increased LAI and intercepted PAR, resulting in a higher DM production. Determinate lines partitioned proportionately more of the DM to the reproductive parts.Dry matter production was strongly correlated with cumulative intercepted PAR; with r ranging from 0·90–1·00 in both 1986/87 and 1987/88. The variation in the efficiency of conversion of intercepted PAR into DM amongst cultivars was low (1·309–2·017 g/MJ in 1986/87 and 1·191·2·057 g/MJ in 1987/88). ILB 1814 (an indeterminate cultivar) and FLIP 84–239F (a determinate cultivar) had higher light use efficiencies than the other cultivars. The range in cumulative intercepted PAR was, however, high; 224·8–417·8 MJ/m2 in 1986/87 and 118·4–369·1 MJ/m2 in 1987/88. Differences in DM at maturity were mainly due to differences in cumulative intercepted PAR.The relationship between DM at different growth stages and DM at maturity was strong; with the DM values at flowering showing the greatest correlations (r values of 0·93 in 1986/87 and 0·96 in 1987/88).

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