The effects of 2 methods of incorporating soybean oil into the diet on milk yield and composition in the cow

1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
R. C. Noble ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Milk Solids

SummaryIn a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid-lactation a portion of the starch in the concentrate part of the diet was isocalorically replaced by 8% soybean oil, and the effects on the yield and composition of the milk were studied. The oil was incorporated into the diet either as coarsely ground soybeans or by direct addition of the oil itself. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 5·5 kg hay and 2·7kg sugar-beet pulp/day.When the soybean oil was included in the diet either in the form of soybeans or as the oil itself there was an increase in the yields of milk, solids-not-fat (SNF) and lactose, and an increase also in the percentage of lactose in the milk. The percentage of protein, however, was decreased.When the oil was included in the form of soybeans there was an increase in the yield of fat but a decrease in the percentage of SNF in the milk.When soybean oil was included in the diet, the yield of protein was increased but the yield of fat and the percentage of fat in the milk were both decreased.With both methods of incorporating the oil there was an increase in the relative proportion of propionic acid and a decrease in that of butyric acid in the total volatile fatty acids of the rumen liquor. When the oil was added directly, but not when it was added as soybeans, there was a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid in the total volatile fatty acids. The implications of these findings are discussed.

The use of sugar beet pulp stillage for co-digestion with sewage sludge and poultry manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1025-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Borowski ◽  
Marcin Kucner
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Beet Pulp

The anaerobic mesophilic co-digestion of sugar beet pulp stillage with poultry manure and municipal sewage sludge was investigated in this study. The sugar beet pulp stillage (SBPS) mono-digestion failed owing to an accumulation of volatile fatty acids, leading to a pH value lower than 5.5. A 20% addition of poultry manure to stillage allowed for stable digestion performance despite high volatile fatty acid (total volatile fatty acids) concentrations of 5500–8500 g m−3 with propionic acid being the predominant one and constituting 72%–76% total volatile fatty acids. For this mixture, the maximum methane production of 418 dm3 kgVSfed−1 was achieved when the reactor was operated at a solids retention time of 20 days and an organic loading rate of 4.25 kgVS m−3 d−1. The co-digestion of stillage with 60% municipal sewage sludge gave the average methane yield of around 357 dm3 kgVSfed−1 for all operational conditions applied, however, the methane percentage of biogas (up to 70%) was far greater than the corresponding values obtained for sugar beet pulp stillage–poultry manure co-digestion. Neither ammonia nor volatile fatty acids destabilised the biogas production, and the volatile fatty acid profile showed the dominance of acetic acid (72%–82% total volatile fatty acids) followed by propionic and butyric acids.

scholarly journals Metabolism of propane-1:2-diol infused into the rumen of sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Clapperton ◽  
J. W. Czerkawski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Total Volatile

1. Propane-1:2-diol (loog/d) was infused through a cannula into the rumen of sheep receiving a ration of hay and dried grass. The concentration of volatile fatty acids, propanediol, lactic acid and of added polyethylene glycol, and the pH of the rumen contents were measured. The energy metabolism of the sheep was also determined.2. Most of the propanediol disappeared from the rumen within 4 h of its infusion. The infusion of propanediol resulted in a 10% decrease in the concentration of total volatile acids; the concentration of acetic acid decreased by about 30%, that of propionic acid increased by up to 60% and there was no change in the concentration of butyric acid.3. The methane production of the sheep decreased by about 9% after the infusion of propanediol and there were increases in the oxgyen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heat production of the animals; each of these increases was equivalent to about 40% of the theoretical value for the complete metabolism of 100 g propanediol.4. It is concluded that, when propanediol is introduced into the rumen, a proportion is metabolized in the rumen and a large proportion is absorbed directly. Our thanks are due to Dr J. H. Moore for helpful discussions, to Mr D. R. Paterson, Mr J. R. McDill and Mr C. E. Park for looking after the animals and to Miss K. M. Graham, Miss A. T. McKay and Mrs C. E. Ramage for performing the analyses.

The effects of dietary soybean oil on milk-fat composition in the cow

1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
R. C. Noble ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Requisite Amount

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by 8% soybean oil on the yield and composition of milk fat were investigated in a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid lactation. Two high-fat concentrate mixtures were given to the cows. In one the requisite amount of soybean oil was given by including 50% coarsely ground soybeans in the concentrate mixture. In the other an equal amount of soybean oil was added directly to the concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 5·5kg hay and 2·7kg of sugar-beet pulp/day.When the 2 high-fat rations were given to the cows there were reductions in the percentages and yields of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids and increases in the concentrations and yields of 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 fatty acids in the milk fat. The direct addition of the soybean oil to the diet also reduced the percentage and yield of 6:0 and 8:0 whilst the inclusion of the soybeans increased the percentage of 4:0 and the yields of 4: 0 and 6:0 in the milk fat.When both high-fat rations were given to the cows there were increases in the yields and concentrations of as-9–18:1 in the milk fat, whilst inclusion of the soybean oil in the diet increased also the concentration and yield of trans-11–18:1.The implications of these findings are discussed.

The roughage requirement of the early-weaned calf

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hi Shin Kang ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYAn experiment was conducted with 50 male Friesian calves between 5 and 11 weeks of age. Milled wheat straw (0·95 cm screen) was included in a pelleted all-concentrate diet at concentrations of 0, 15, 30 or 45 %. The nitrogen content of the diets was maintained by the addition of urea. The diets were given alone or with a chaffed lucerne hay or wheat straw supplement ad libitum. All diets contained 2 % sodium bicarbonate.The feed intake and weight gains of the calves were increased significantly by the inclusion of 15 % milled wheat straw, but were reduced by 30 or 45 % straw. The supplements of chaffed wheat straw or lucerne hay ad libitum did not influence the performance of the calves. The inclusion of wheat straw in the diets reduced their dry-matter digestibility but the digestibility of acid detergent fibre was maximal with 27 % straw. The digestibility of nitrogen was significantly increased by 15% straw but reduced by further increases in straw.The inclusion of wheat straw in the diets did not influence the pH of the rumen contents or the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Increasing the level of straw in the diet caused a significant linear increase in the proportion of acetic acid and decreases in butyric, propionic and valeric acids.

The effects of mono-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the diet on milk-fat secretion in the cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Pronounced Change ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

SummaryThe effects of the addition of either 5 or 10% ‘oleic acid’ (78% pure) or 10% of a mixture of saturated fatty acids (64% palmitic acid, 31% stearic acid) to the dietary concentrate mixture on the yield and composition of the milk and milk fat and on the pattern of fermentation in the rumen were investigated in a feeding experiment with 8 cows in mid-lactation. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 9·1 kg of hay/day.The addition of 5% ‘oleic acid’ to the concentrate mixture resulted in increased yields of milk and solids-not-fat (SNF); the percentage of fat in the milk was decreased but the yield of milk fat was unaltered. The addition of 10% ‘oleic acid’ to the concentrate mixture decreased both the yield and percentage of fat in the milk. In contrast, the concentrate mixture containing 10% of the mixture of saturated fatty acids increased the yield of milk fat.When the concentrate mixture containing 5% ‘oleic acid’ was given to the cows, the yields and percentages of the fatty acids from 4:0 to 16:0 (except 12:0) in the milk fat were decreased, but the yields and percentages of 18:0 and 18:1 were increased. Similar but more pronounced effects on the yields and percentages of the fatty acids from 4:0 to 16:0 (except 12:0) in the milk fat were observed when the cows were given the concentrate mixture containing 10% ‘oleic acid’, but under these dietary conditions the yield and percentage of only 18:1 in the milk fat were increased. The addition of the mixture of saturated fatty acids to the concentrate mixture decreased the percentages of the fatty acids from 4:0 to 14:0 (except 12:0) in the milk fat but decreased the yields of only 10:0 and 14:0; the yields and percentages of 16:0 and 18:1 were increased.When the cows were given the concentrate mixture containing 5% ‘oleic acid’ there was a small but significant decrease in the acetic acid:propionic acid ratio in the rumen liquor. A similar but more pronounced change in the acetic acid:propionic acid ratio in the rumen liquor was observed when the cows were given the concentrate mixture containing 10% ‘oleic acid’, but in this instance there was a significant reduction in the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor. Apart from a small increase in the relative proportion of propionic acid, the addition of the mixture of saturated fatty acids to the concentrate mixture had no effect on the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor.

scholarly journals Assessment of fermentation in growing pigs given unmolassed sugar-beet pulp: a stoichiometric approach

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Zhu ◽  
V. R. Fowler ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Beet Pulp

In four experiments growing pigs were given a cereal-based diet alone or supplemented with unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP), used as a model substrate for fermentation. The rates of production of methane and gaseous hydrogen were measured and, together with the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the digesta, used in stoichiometric calculations of fermentation. The resulting estimates were only one-sixth of the observed extent of digestion of SBP. Bacteriostatic levels of antibiotics reduced fermentation by more than half, as judged from the digestion of non-starch polysaccharides: allowing for the incomplete suppression of fermentation it was estimated that the production of methane and VFA could account completely for the digested SBP. The potential contribution of various routes of hydrogen disposal to the error of the stoichiometric calculations is discussed.

scholarly journals Pilot Study of the Effects of Polyphenols from Chestnut Involucre on Methane Production, Volatile Fatty Acids, and Ammonia Concentration during In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Yichong Wang ◽  
Sijiong Yu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Xiaolong Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Nutritional strategies can be employed to mitigate greenhouse emissions from ruminants. This article investigates the effects of polyphenols extracted from the involucres of Castanea mollissima Blume (PICB) on in vitro rumen fermentation. Three healthy Angus bulls (350 ± 50 kg), with permanent rumen fistula, were used as the donors of rumen fluids. A basic diet was supplemented with five doses of PICB (0%–0.5% dry matter (DM)), replicated thrice for each dose. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and methane (CH4) yield were measured after 24 h of in vitro fermentation, and gas production was monitored for 96 h. The trial was carried out over three runs. The results showed that the addition of PICB significantly reduced NH3-N (p < 0.05) compared to control. The 0.1%–0.4% PICB significantly decreased acetic acid content (p < 0.05). Addition of 0.2% and 0.3% PICB significantly increased the propionic acid content (p < 0.05) and reduced the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio, CH4 content, and yield (p < 0.05). A highly significant quadratic response was shown, with increasing PICB levels for all the parameters abovementioned (p < 0.01). The increases in PICB concentration resulted in a highly significant linear and quadratic response by 96-h dynamic fermentation parameters (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that 0.2% PICB had the best effect on in-vitro rumen fermentation efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas production.

DUST-BORNE TRACE GASES AND ODORANTS The analysis of dust-borne trace gases requires their i-solation from the dust particles. Procedures for the isolation and characterization of trace gases and odorants in the dust from pig houses are given by SCHAEFER et al. (29), HAMMOND et al.(30) and TRAVIS and ELLIOTT (31). Alcoholic solvents were found to be effective for the extraction of volatile fatty ac­ ids and phenols from the dust of hen (32) and pig houses (33), (34). Today, gas chromatography is usually used for the sepa­ ration and identification of the trace gases. Table IV gives a literature review of compounds identified in the dust of pig houses. There are only very few reports on investigations on the dust from hen houses (32). Most of the odours coming from livestock production units are associated with the biological degradation of the animal wastes (35), the feed and the body odour of the animals (1). Volatile fatty acids and phenolic compounds were found to con­ tribute mostly to the strong, typical odour of animal houses by the help of sensory evaluations parallel to the chemical analysis (29),(30). Table V gives quantitative values of volatile fatty acids and phenolic/indolic compounds found in the aerosol phase and in settled dust of piggeries, respectively. The results from the aerosol phase coincide, particularly as far as acetic acid is concerned. For the investigations of the settled dust the coefficients of variation (CV) and the relative values (%) characterizing the percentage of the single compounds as part of the total amount are quoted. The values are corrected with the dry matter content of the dust. Main components are acetic acid and p-cresol, respectively. Table VI compares results from air, dust and slurry in­ vestigations on VFA and phenolic/indolic compounds in piggeries. Relative values are used. When comparing the results derived from investigations on dust, air or slurry it is necessary to use relative values because of the different dimensions, for experience shows that in spite of large quantitative differ­ ences between two samples within the group of carboxylic acids and within the group of phenolic/indolic compounds the propor­ tions of the components remain rather stable (36). In the group of VFA acetic acid is the main component in air, dust, and slurry followed by propionic and butyric acid. The other three acids amount to less than 25%. In the group of phenols/ indoles p-cresol is the main component in the four cited in­ vestigations. However, it seems that straw bedding can reduce the p-cresol content; in this case phenol is the main compo­ nent , i nstead (37 ). 4. EMISSION OF DUST-BORNE VFA AND PHENOLS/INDOLES FROM PIGGERIES The investigations of dust from piggeries show that both VFA and phenols/indoles are present in a considerable amount. However, compared to the air-borne emissions calculated on the base of the results of LOGTENBERG and STORK (38) less than the tenth part (1/10) of phenols/indoles and about the hundredth part (1/100) of VFA are emitted by the dust, only. Table VII compares the dust-borne and air-borne emissions of VFA and

1986 ◽  
pp. 337-337
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Indolic Compounds ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Main Component

Further studies on the effects of dietary cottonseed oil on milk-fat secretion in the cow

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Steele ◽  
J. H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Low Levels

SummaryThe effects of the isocaloric replacement of part of the dietary concentrate mixture by cottonseed oil on the yield and composition of the milk fat and on the pattern of rumen fermentation was investigated in 2 feeding experiments with a total of 8 cows in mid-lactation. The concentrate mixtures were given with high- or low-roughage diets that supplied 9·1 or 1·8 kg of hay/day.In expt 1 the yield of milk fat was not altered by the addition of 10% cottonseed oil to the concentrate mixtures given either with the high- or with the low-levels of dietary roughage. On the low-roughage treatment, dietary cottonseed oil increased milk yield but reduced the fat content of the milk. The change from the high- to the low-roughage diets containing no cottonseed oil resulted in reductions in the yield and percentage of fat in the milk. In expt 2 the yields of milk and milk fat were similar irrespective of whether the concentrate mixture contained 5 or 10% cottonseed oil.In expt 1 the inclusion of 10% cottonseed oil in the concentrate mixture reduced the yields and percentages of the medium-chain fatty acids (12:0, 14:0 and 16:0) and increased the yields and percentages of the C18 fatty acids in the milk fat. In expt 2, when the concentrate mixture contained 5% cottonseed oil, the yields and percentages of all the fatty acids in the milk fat were similar to the values obtained when the concentrates contained 10% cottonseed oil. For any given concentrate mixture, the change from the high- to the low-roughage treatments in both expts 1 and 2 resulted in increases in the percentage of oleic acid in the milk fat. The highest concentration of trans-octadecenoic acid was observed in the milk fat of the cows when they were given the high-roughage diet with the concentrate mixture containing 10% cottonseed oil.In expt 2 the level of cottonseed oil in the concentrate mixture did not influence the pattern of rumen fermentation as measured by the concentrations of the various volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor. However, the change from the high- to the low-roughage diets reduced the proportion of acetic and increased the proportions of propionic and n-valeric acids in the total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF LIVESTOCK MANURE FOR COAL ACTIVATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
EllIN HARlIA HARlIA ◽  
MARlINA ET ◽  
MASITA R ◽  
RAHMAH KN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Coal Bed Methane ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

The natural methane formed by bacteria in anaerobic conditions is known as biogenic gas. Gas trapped in coal, formed through thermogenesis as well as biogenesisis known as coal-bed methane (CBM). The availability of organic material as decomposition of this material into methane is continuously required for the production of methane in the coal aquifer. The aim of this research was to investigate whether or not cattle feces bacteria were able to grow and produce methane in coal. Parameters measured were Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and the production of biogas, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. Explorative method was used and data obtained was analyzed by descriptive approach. The results showed that the bacteria found in the feces survived in the coal and produce biogas. On day 2 when the process was at the acidogenesis phase, it produced VFA with the largest component of acetic acid. Acetic acid would undergo decarboxylation and reduction of CO2 followed by reactions of H2and CO2 to produce methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the final products. ,

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