Synthesis of milk fat from β-hydroxybutyrate and acetate in lactating goats

1974 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Smith ◽  
S. McCarthy ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
Lactating Goats

SummaryThe relative importance of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and acetate as precursors for milk-fat synthesis was studied in lactating goats by infusing separately tracer quantities of [3−14C]DL-BHBA and [1−14C]acetate into the jugular vein, and [1−14C]butyrate into the portal vein. The concentrations and specific radioactivities of blood plasma constituents, the yields and specific radioactivities of individual milk fatty acids and the relative radioactivities of individual carbon atoms of milk fatty acids were determined.The infusion of [1−14C]butyrate resulted in the appearance of labelled BHBA in the blood plasma which behaved almost identically with infused [14C]BHBA as a precursor for milk fatty acids.The relative radioactivity of carbon atoms of the fatty acids of milk fat following the infusions provided direct evidence that BHBA had provided an intact 4-carbon unit at the methyl end of each fatty-acid chain. Acetate provided 2-carbon units both for the elongation of the 4-carbon units and for complete de novo synthesis. BHBA also provided 2-carbon units which behaved in a similar fashion to those from acetate.Acetate and BHBA together accounted for all of the C4–C12 acids of milk fat, about 75% of the C14, 45% of the C16 and 10% of the C18.The total contributions of the various precursors to the fatty acids of milk fat were: acetate 42%, BHBA 9·4% and other plasma precursors (by difference) 48·6%.

scholarly journals Effect of calcium salts of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acids containingtrans-10,cis-12 in the diet on milk fat synthesis in goats

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1006-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Shingfield ◽  
Jacques Rouel ◽  
Yves Chilliard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
Milk Fat Synthesis

Dietary supplements of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) containingtrans-10,cis-12 CLA decrease milk fat secretion in the lactating cow and sheep, but their effects on mammary lipogenesis in the goat are less well defined. Eight lactating goats were used in two 4 × 4 Latin-square experiments with 14 d experimental periods to examine the effects of calcium salts of CLA methyl esters (CaCLA) containingtrans-10,cis-12 on milk fat synthesis. Experimental treatments consisted of incremental inclusion of 0, 30, 60 or 90 g of CaCLA/d (corresponding to 7·47, 14·9 and 22·4 g/d oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA) offered during the first 10 d of each experimental period that replaced maize grain in concentrates (Experiment 1) or calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (Experiment 2). Relative to the control, inclusion of 30, 60 or 90 g CaCLA/d in the diet reduced milk fat yield by 19·8, 27·9 and 32·3 % and 17·5, 39·0 and 49·3 % in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Decreases in milk fat were due to reductions in the secretion of fatty acids synthesisedde novorather than the uptake of fatty acids from the peripheral circulation. Indirect comparisons with the studies in the lactating cow indicated a lower efficacy of CaCLA supplements on mammary lipogenesis in the goat. In conclusion, CaCLA in the diet inhibits milk fat synthesis in the goat, responses that are dependent on the supply of dietary fatty acids, with evidence that the caprine is less sensitive to the anti-lipogenic effects oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA compared with the bovine or ovine.

scholarly journals The effect of change from low-roughage to high-roughage diets on rumen fermentation, blood composition and milk fat secretion in the cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Blood Composition ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Saturated Triglyceride ◽  
Cotton Threads

1. Changing cows from a diet with low hay and high flaked maize content, which depressed milk fat secretion, to a high-roughage diet resulted in increased milk fat secretion and in changes in the pattern of rumen fermentation and in the composition of the blood plasma.2. During the 1st week following the change in diet the proportions of propionic and valeric acids in the rumen decreased and the proportion of acetic acid increased. These changes in rumen volatile fatty acids were associated with decreases in the concentration of lactic acid, increases in pH and increases in the rate of breakdown of cotton threads in the ventral sac of the rumen. After 1 week, only minor fluctuations in the proportions of volatile fatty acids occurred from day to day.3. The percentage of fat in the milk increased over a period of 3 weeks following the change in diet and, with the exception of linoleic acid which decreased, the yields of all fatty acids in milk progressively increased over this period. The increase in yield of oleic acid was relatively much smaller than the increases in yield of saturated acids.4. The concentrations in blood plasma of acetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid increased in two cows and, in all cows, saturated triglyceride fatty acids increased, whereas the concentrations of the unsaturated triglyceride fatty acids decreased, during the 1st week after change to the high-roughage diet. The recovery in milk fat secretion is discussed in relation to the observed changes in rumen fermentation and blood composition.

scholarly journals Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Maria P. Mollica ◽  
Giovanna Trinchese ◽  
Fabiano Cimmino ◽  
Eduardo Penna ◽  
Gina Cavaliere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact

Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.

Persistency of milk trans-18:1 isomers and rumenic acid in Holstein cows over a full lactation

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riazuddin Mohammed ◽  
Reza Khorasani ◽  
Laksiri Goonewardene ◽  
John Kramer ◽  
John Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Barley Silage

Mohammed, R., Khorasani, R. G., Goonewardene, L. A., Kramer, J. K. G. and Kennelly, J. J. 2011. Persistency of milk trans-18:1 isomers and rumenic acid in Holstein cows over a full lactation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 147–167. A long-term lactation study was undertaken to determine whether the previously reported short-term persistency in vaccenic acid [VA; trans(t)11-18:1] and rumenic acid (RA) could be maintained. To test this hypothesis, 24 Holstein cows were allotted to two experimental diets (control and test) from 2 wk before calving until they were 270 d in milk (DIM). The test diet was similar to the control diet, but supplemented with sunflower seed (11.2% diet DM), fish oil (0.5%) and monensin (22 mg/kg DM) by replacing an equivalent amount of barley grain. The forage: concentrate ratio was 50:50 (DM basis) with 35% barley silage and 15% alfalfa hay. Milk was sampled every fortnight from the start of lactation until cows were 270 DIM. Data obtained were averaged into three equal periods of 90 d each, representing three stages of lactation (SOL): early-lactation (EL), mid-lactation (ML) and late-lactation (LL). Dry matter intakes were not different between treatments with greater intakes observed during ML than during EL or LL. Milk yield was not different between treatments and decreased with increasing DIM. Milk fat content and yield showed interaction between treatment and SOL with lower values observed for the test diet than control diet during EL and ML. De novo synthesized fatty acids (4:0–15:0), 16:0–16:1 and preformed fatty acids (17:0 and above) showed interaction between treatment and SOL with the former two being greater for control diet than test diet and the latter greater for the test diet than control diet within each SOL. Milk t10-18:1 (% fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) was greater for the test diet compared with control diet (4.38 vs. 1.32) and was greater during ML (3.79) than during EL (2.38) or LL (2.38). Milk VA and RA showed interactions between treatment and SOL with greater values observed for the test diet than the control diet within each SOL. When analyzed by treatment, milk VA was not different across SOL for both diets. Milk RA was not different across SOL for the test diet, but was different for the control diet; it was lower during EL than during ML. Step-wise regression analysis revealed that the variability in milk RA for the control diet (P<0.01; R2=0.97) was determined by VA (70%) and RA/VA (27%); and for the test diet (P<0.01; R2=0.987) by VA (88.7%), RA/VA (5%) and t10-18:1 (3.8%). Desaturase index based on RA/VA showed an interaction between treatment and SOL; it was greater for the control diet than the test diet within each SOL. Overall findings revealed that the differences in milk t10- and VA across SOL reflected possible differences in starch and PUFA intakes, respectively. Differences in milk RA across SOL for the control diet could be attributed to possible differences in mammary desaturase activity based on differences in RA/VA.

GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY FOR COWS’ MILK FATTY ACIDS DERIVED BY INFRARED SPECTRA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 352-354
Author(s):  
E.A. Gladyr ◽  
L.P. Ignatieva ◽  
I.A. Lashneva ◽  
A.A. Kositsin ◽  
O.A. Artemieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
First Results

The first results of the genome-wide associations analysis for fatty acids composition in cow milk by Russian Holsteinized Black-and-White and Holstein breeds were obtained. Genomic regions (QTL) associated with milk fat percentage, fatty acids synthesis, functional parameters of linear type for udder and leg traits, fertility features have been detected.

scholarly journals Physical-chemical characteristics and fatty acids composition in dairy goat milk in response to roughage diet

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Shizuo Torii ◽  
Júlio César Damasceno ◽  
Luciano da Rocha Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo Shiguero Sakaguti ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics (density, pH, acidity, fat, protein, lactose and total of solids contents) and milk fatty acids composition (C: 4 to C: 20) in response to roughage sources (alfalfa hay T1; oat hay T2 and maize silage T3). Nine Saanen lactating goats were used, in a triple Youden square design (3 animals x 2 periods). There was no treatment effects in the physical-chemical variables in the univariate analyses; by multivariate analyses three distinct patterns of fatty acids could be defined: milk with greater quantity of short chain fatty acids and acids C17:1omega7 e C18:2omega6 (T1); milk with equivalent amounts of short, medium and long chain fatty acids (T2); and milk with greater amounts of acids C16:1omega7, C17:0, C18:1omega9 and C20:0 (T3). These results indicated that the roughage sources used in the diet of lactating dairy goats affected the fatty acids composition, without altering the milk physical-chemical characteristics. The acids more sensitive to the treatment effects were: C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1omega7, C18:0 and C18:3omega6.

Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in mammary gland and adipose tissues of lactating goats

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Bernard ◽  
Christine Leroux ◽  
Muriel Bonnet ◽  
Jacques Rouel ◽  
Patrice Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Lipogenic Genes ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Long Chain

While the effect of long-chain fatty acids on adipose tissue (AT) lipogenic activities has been described in non-lactating ruminants (Vernon, 1977), little is known about their effects on the mammary gland and the AT in lactating animals. However, in cows in mid lactation, duodenal rapeseed oil infusion decreased the rate of fatty acid (FA) synthesis in AT and increased milk yield of long-chain FA (18[ratio ]1, 18[ratio ]2 and 18[ratio ]3) and decreased medium-chain FA (14[ratio ]0 and 16[ratio ]0), suggesting a depressive effect of fat feeding on mammary lipid synthesis de novo (Chilliard et al. 1991). On the other hand, in goat species, the addition of vegetable lipids to the diet led to an increase in the milk fat content and yield (Chilliard et al. 2003) suggesting that the possible negative effect of long-chain FA on FA synthesis in the lactating mammary gland could be more than compensated by increasing the supply of FA brought to the mammary gland for milk synthesis. Elsewhere, AT from various anatomical sites are characterized by different FA composition in goat (Bas et al. 1987) together with different patterns of lipogenic gene expression in sheep (Barber et al. 2000). These results suggest that each AT site is characterized by a specific metabolism. However, in lactating ruminants, few data are available on the extent of expression and regulation of genes coding for lipogenic enzymes in AT. Therefore, the current study was performed in three lipogenic tissues of lactating goats, namely the mammary gland, an internal AT site (perirenal AT) and an external AT site (subcutaneous AT).

scholarly journals The effects of intravenous infusions of triglycerides on the secretion of milk fat in the cow

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Storry ◽  
B. Tuckley ◽  
A. J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Successive Addition ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

1. Artificial emulsions of nine synthetic triglycerides ranging from tripropionin to triolein were given as continuous infusions into the jugular vein of lactating cows for periods of 2 days. The effects of these infusions on the composition of blood lipids and on the secretion of the component fatty acids in milk were examined.2. Tricaproin, tricaprylin, tripelargonin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin and triolein, in contrast to tripropionin and tributyrin, increased the yields in milk of the acid contained in the triglyceride. The increased yield of acid was positively correlated with chain length of the infused triglyceride, and with triglycerides above tricaprin the transfer of fatty acid to milk was sufficiently large to give consistently increased yields of total milk fat.3. The infusions increased the concentrations in blood plasma of cholesterol, phospholipid and in some experiments also of triglyceride. Concentrations of these lipids returned to normal by 2 days after the infusion. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma triglycerides were not affected by the infusion of triglycerides up to tripelargonin but with triglycerides longer than this the plasma triglycerides were altered in composition towards that of the infused triglyceride.4. Short- and intermediate-chain fatty acids of the infused triglycerides were elongated by the successive addition of two carbon units to give increased yields in milk of acids ranging up to C15 and C16 when they contained acids with an even and odd number of carbon atoms respectively. Possible interference with the conversion of stearic into oleic acid in the mammary gland owing to the infused emulsions is also discussed.

scholarly journals Unravelling genetic variation underlying de novo-synthesis of bovine milk fatty acids

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Martin Knutsen ◽  
Hanne Gro Olsen ◽  
Valeria Tafintseva ◽  
Morten Svendsen ◽  
Achim Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids
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