Predicting colostrum and calf blood components based on refractometry

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Do T. Hue ◽  
John L. Williams ◽  
Kiro Petrovski ◽  
Cynthia D. K. Bottema
Keyword(s):  
Serum Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Abstract Provision of good quality colostrum is essential for the passive immunity and nutrition of newborn calves. In order to better predict the quality of colostrum and the transfer of passive immunity, the relationships between colostrum components and between calf serum components were examined in this study. Samples of bulk tank milk, colostrum pooled from several cows 0–4 d postpartum, and colostrum collected from individual cows twice daily for 3 d post-partum were compared. With the exception of fat percentage, there were strong correlations between the levels of the components in the pooled colostrum and in the individual cow colostrum collected 0–1 d postpartum. The correlations between total solids as measured by Brix refractometry and total protein, immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactose % and protein % in colostrum within 1 d postpartum and pooled colostrum were 0.92, 0.90, −0.88 and 0.98, respectively. These high correlations enabled these colostrum components to be accurately predicted from Brix % and therefore, the volume of colostrum required to feed neonate calves can be optimised based on Brix refractometry to avoid failure of passive immunity transfer. To assess whether the components obtained from colostrum were correlated in calf blood, newborn calves were separated from their dams before suckling and blood sampled before feeding (day 0), and on days 1 and 7, after receiving colostrum or milk twice a day. The correlations between glucose, total protein, IgG, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in the calf blood were lower than the correlations observed between the colostrum components. The highest correlation was between serum protein measured by refractometer and serum IgG within one week postpartum. GGT activity was not a good indicator of serum IgG levels. However, serum protein refractometer measurements predicted serum IgG level with high accuracy, providing an on-farm test to determine that calves have received sufficient passive immunity and colostrum components.

scholarly journals 281 Techniques to estimate colostrum quality and the effects of cow age and pre-partum supplement intake levels on colostrum quality and serum IgG levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 207-208
Author(s):  
Julia M Dafoe ◽  
Samuel Wyffels ◽  
Cory T Parsons ◽  
Boone Carter ◽  
Timothy DelCurto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Rapid City ◽  
Serum Igg Levels ◽  
Supplement Intake

Abstract Our study was conducted to evaluate the influence of cow age and supplement intake level during gestation on the quality of colostrum at calving, serum IgG levels of the cow at parturition, and serum IgG levels of the calf 3 days post-partum using two on-farm refractometer methods. Forty-five non-lactating multiparous Angus cows were selected from a contemporary group of 300 cows winter grazing northern mixed grass prairie rangelands with free choice protein supplement. Specifically, 15 first service bred cows were selected for each of the following treatment groups: 1) low supplement intake (> -0.75 SD); 2) average supplement intake (± 0.50 SD); 3) high supplement intake (> +0.75 SD). Supplement intakes were measured using 8 feeding stations in a SmartFeed Pro self-feeder system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and measurements were obtained from d 164 to 215 of gestation. Cows were further divided by age comparing young (4, 5, and 6 yr) to old (7 and 8 yr). Cow age did not interact with supplement intake for any of the colostrum or blood serum measurements (P ≥ 0.29). In addition, cow age and supplement intake did not influence colostrum Brix %, calf serum total protein taken 3 d post-partum or cow serum total protein taken at birth (P ≥ 0.14). The optical refractometer was found to be a good alternative to the more expensive digital refractometer. When regressing values of the two techniques, they were observed to be correlated (P < 0.01; R = .96). In summary, cow age and supplement intake levels of mature cows during the mid to late stages of gestation did not influence colostrum quality at birth. The lack of colostrum quality differences was likely due to the moderate to good condition of the cows and adequate nutrition 90 d prior to parturition.

scholarly journals Passive immunity transfer and serum constituents of crossbred calves

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís G. Rocha ◽  
Ricardo P. Nociti ◽  
Alexandre A.M. Sampaio ◽  
José Jurandir Fagliari
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Passive immunity transfer (PIT) evaluation is an essential tool for the maintenance of healthy calves during the first months of life. Since lactation number and breed have been proven to influence immunoglobulin levels in colostrum, the aim of this study was to evaluate PIT from primiparous and multiparous Canchim cows to their calves. Blood samples were collected from the calves before colostrum intake and 1, 2, 7, 15 and 30 days thereafter, while colostrum samples from the cows were taken immediately after parturition. Activities of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulins, immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), total and ionized calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium were evaluated in calves' serum and activities of GGT and ALP and concentrations of total protein, IgA and IgG were assessed in cow's colostrum whey. Immunoglobulins concentrations were evaluated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Serum biochemistry evaluations revealed an increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities and in total protein, globulins, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G levels in calves' serum after colostrum intake. Only total protein and light chain immunoglobulin G levels in colostrum whey were affected by the cows' lactation number. Phosphorus and magnesium levels in blood serum increased after colostrum intake, while sodium and potassium levels oscillated in the experimental period. PIT was influenced by the cows' lactation number but was efficient in both groups.

scholarly journals Techniques to Estimate Colostrum Quality and the Effects of Cow Age and Pre-Partum Supplement Intake Levels on Colostrum Quality and Serum IgG Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Julia M Dafoe ◽  
Samuel A Wyffels ◽  
Cory T. Parsons ◽  
Timothy DelCurto ◽  
Darrin L. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Serum Igg ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Serum Igg Levels ◽  
Supplement Intake

This study evaluated cow age and supplement intake level during gestation on the quality of colostrum at calving, cow serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels at parturition, and serum IgG levels of the calf 3-days post-partum using two refractometer methods. Forty-five multiparous Angus cows were selected from a contemporary group of 300 cows that were winter grazing northern mixed grass prairie rangelands with free choice protein supplement. Specifically, 15 first service bred cows were selected for each of the following winter grazing supplement intake treatment groups: 1) low supplement intake (> -0.75 SD); 2) average supplement intake (± 0.50 SD); 3) high supplement intake (> +0.75 SD). Supplement intakes were measured using a SmartFeed Pro self-feeder system with 8 feeding units. Measurements were obtained from day 164 to 215 of gestation. Cows were further divided by age comparing young (4, 5, and 6 yr) to old (7, 8 and 9 yr). The results of this study suggest that cow age did not interact with supplement intake for colostrum or blood serum measurements (P ≥ 0.29). In addition, cow age and supplement intake did not influence colostrum Brix %, calf serum total protein, or cow serum total protein taken at birth (P ≥ 0.14). The optical refractometer was found to be a good alternative to the more expensive digital refractometer (P < 0.01; R = .96). In summary, cow age and supplement intake levels of mature cows during the mid to late stages of gestation did not influence colostrum quality at birth.

Vitamin-B12-Konzentration im Blutserum von Milchkühen in der Frühlaktation

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
M. Fürll ◽  
K. Obitz
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Zusammenfassung Ziel war, das Verhalten der Vitamin-B12-Konzentration im Blutserum von Milchkühen post partum (p. p.) zu beschreiben und Beziehungen zu Stoffwechselparametern, dem Erythrogramm sowie zum Gesundheitsstatus der Kühe zu prüfen. Material und Methoden: Bei 157 Holstein-Friesian-Kühen wurden 2–6 Tage p. p. sowie 4–5 Wochen p. p. Blutproben zur Stoffwechselanalytik entnommen und klinische Daten zur Bewertung des Gesundheitsstatus (gesund/krank) erhoben. Ergeb nisse: Bei allen Tieren ergab sich 4 Wochen p. p. eine im Vergleich zu 2–6 Tage p. p. verminderte Vitamin-B12-Konzentration (p 0,05). Kühe beider Gruppen (gesund/krank) wiesen 2–6 Tage p. p. höhere Werte für die Parameter Erythrozytenzahl, Hämatokrit und Hämoglobinkonzentration auf als 4 Wochen p. p. Bei allen Kühen korrelierte die Aktivität der Gamma-Glutamyl-Transferase (GGT) eng mit der Vitamin-B12-Konzentration (p 0,01). Ferner wurden bei allen Tieren 2–6 Tage p. p. infolge der partusbedingten gesteigerten Lipolyse höhere Konzentrationen an Betahydroxybutyrat, freien Fettsäuren und Bilirubin (p 0,05) bestimmt. Auffallend war der geringere Abfall der Vitamin-B12-Konzentration bei den kranken im Vergleich zu den gesunden Kühen (p 0,05). Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Die Vitamin-B12-Konzentration zeigt eine signifikante Laktationsdynamik und enge Beziehungen zur GGT-Aktivität und zu den Parametern des Energiestoffwechsels. Vitamin B12 kann eine Indikatorfunktion für gesteigerte Lipolyse und Cholestase besitzen. Höhere Vit amin-B12-Konzentrationen können auf klinische Probleme hinweisen. Beziehungen zur Hämatopoese werden durch die erythrozytären Mess werte erkennbar. Sinkende erythrozytäre Messwerte p. p. verbunden mit Leistungsdepression können in Zusammenhang mit einer niedrigen Vitamin-B12-Konzentration stehen. Aufgrund der engen Korrelation mit der GGT-Aktivität sowie der Bilirubinkonzentration kann Vitamin B12 bei einer Serumkonzentration 227 ng/l (3. Quartil 2–6 Tage p. p. in der Gruppe gesund) bei Milchkühen cholestatische Stoffwechselbelastungen anzeigen. Kranke Kühe lassen sich schon im subklinischen Stadium identifizieren.

scholarly journals Passive Transfer of Immunity and Serum Proteinogram during the First 35 Days of Age in Nelore Calves Conceived Naturally or Through In Vitro Fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa ◽  
Tiago Torrecillas Sturion ◽  
Mayara Cardoso dos Anjos ◽  
Karina Keller Marques da Costa Flaiban
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Serum Protein ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Serum Parameters ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Serum Activity ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Background: Some reports indicate that calves produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) may have excessive birth weights, increasing the rates of dystocia. Prolonged labor can cause the birth of lethargic calves that slowly ingest colostrum; this may compromise the intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins. Although the number of beef calves produced by IVF is high in Brazil, there have been few physiological studies examining the neonatal period in such cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the passive transfer of immunity, and characterize the variation in serum protein concentrations, in Nelore calves up to 35 days of age, comparing naturally conceived calves with those conceived by IVF.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy newborn Nelore calves were randomly selected and allocated into two groups (n = 20) according to their method of conception (natural versus IVF), and each group was composed of ten males and ten females. All calves were born and raised on the same farm, and kept with their mothers on extensive management condition. Blood samples were collected between 24 and 36 h after birth, and at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. Total protein (TP) concentration in serum was measured by the biuret method, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) serum activity was measured by the kinetic method. Concentrations of serum albumin, as well as alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta, and gamma globulins were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration was estimated by the zinc sulfate turbidity test. The effects of sex, age, and conception method, on aforementioned serum parameters, were tested by repeated measures ANOVA. Sex of calves did not affect the studied variables (P > 0.05) and there was no interaction between the age and the conception method (P > 0.05). Naturally conceived calves presented higher TP and IgG concentrations (P < 0.05), and lower concentrations of alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins (P < 0.05), than that of those conceived by IVF. Age exerted greater influence on the serum parameters in the two groups. Serum concentrations of TP (P < 0.05), beta globulin (P < 0.05), gamma globulin (P < 0.001), IgG (P < 0.01), and globulins (P < 0.001), as well as serum activity of GGT (P < 0.0001) were high at 24 to 36 h after birth, and decreased with age. Albumin concentration, however, increased (P < 0.01) in the first weeks of life. The variation in alfa 2-globulin concentration was discrete (P < 0.05), and the serum concentration of alfa 1-globulin did not change (P > 0.05) with age. These patterns of variation related to age were observed in both groups with no apparent distinctions. Based on values obtained at 24 to 36 h after birth, it can be asserted that the passive transfer of immunity was successful in both groups, despite the differences in total protein and IgG concentrations.Discussion: The age-related variations in serum proteinogram components over the first 35 days of age may be considered physiological; and were consistent with previous studies in healthy Nelore calves. These were characterized by gradual decreases in TP, gamma globulins, IgG, and globulin concentrations, as well as GGT activity, and by increase in albumin concentration. The results do not corroborate the suspicion that calves conceived by IVF are more prone to failure of passive transfer. It can be concluded that Nelore newborn calves conceived through IVF, having standard weight at birth, do not have physiological differences related to serum protein concentrations when compared to calves conceived by natural methods.

scholarly journals Metabolic profile of lactating goats fed integral mango meal

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-892
Author(s):  
Janaina de Lima SILVA ◽  
Adriana GUIM ◽  
Francisco Fernando Ramos de CARVALHO ◽  
Carla Wanderley MATTOS ◽  
Diogo Anastácio GARCIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Forage:Concentrate Ratio

SUMMARY The work was conducted to evaluate the metabolic profile of lactating goats fed diets containing integral mango meal as a replacement for corn. Four levels of replacement (0, 33, 66 and 100%) were evaluated in diets with forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Eight crossbred multiparous lactating Saanen goats (48.72 ± 1.99 kg of BW) were introduced in the experiment 48 days postpartum and maintained up to 124 days of lactation. It was used a double Latin Square (4x4) experimental design, with four treatments, four periods and four animals per square. There was no effects (P>0.05) for the integral mango meal level on the intake of DM (1890 g/day), CP (278 g/day) and NDF (959 g/day). However, the intake of NFC and TDN decreased (P<0.05) 27.9 g/day and 0.082 kg/day, respectively, as the dietary integral mango meal increased. The concentrations of urea, creatinine, gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, total protein, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and magnesium were not altered (P>0.05) by replacement levels, with average values of 54.52 mg/dl, 0.71 mg/dl, 52.59 UI, 77.37 UI, 4.69 g/dl, 9.32 g/dl, 74.44 mg/dl, 40.10 mg/dl, 39.39 mg/dl, and 11.09 mg/dl, respectively. Considering the metabolic profile, mango meal whole can totally replace corn in diets of dairy goats.

scholarly journals The short-term effect of vitamin D supplementation on the response to muscle and liver damages indices by exhaustive aerobic exercise in untrained men: a quasi-experimental study

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Parvizi Mastali ◽  
Rastegar Hoseini ◽  
Mohammad Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
T Test ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Abstract Background Exercise-induced muscle damage typically caused by unaccustomed exercise results in pain, soreness, inflammation, and muscle and liver damages. Antioxidant supplementation might be a useful approach to reduce myocytes and hepatocytes damages. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of short-term vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation on the response to muscle and liver damages indices by Exhaustive Aerobic Exercise (EAE) in untrained men. Methods In this clinical trial, 24 untrained men were randomly divided into experimental (Exp; n = 12) and control (C; n = 12) groups. Exp received 2000 IU of Vit D daily for six weeks (42 days), while C daily received a lactose placebo with the same color, shape, and warmth percentage. Two bouts of EAE were performed on a treadmill before and after six weeks of supplementation. Anthropometric characteristics (Bodyweight (BW), height, Body Fat Percentage (BFP), Body Mass Index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR)) were measured at the Pre 1 and Pre 2. Blood samples were taken to measure the Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Vit D levels at four stages: Pre 1 (before the first EE session), Post 1 (after the first EE session), Pre 2 (before the second EE session), and Post 2 (after the second EE session). The data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni's post hoc test, independent t test, and dependent t-test at the significant level of P < 0.05 using SPSS version 26. Results The results show significant differences between Exp and C in alterations of BW (P = 0.039), BMI (P = 0.025), BFP (P = 0.043), and WHR (P = 0.035). The results showed that EAE increased muscle and liver damage indices and Vit D (P < 0.05). Compared with C, the results of the independent t-test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.011; P = 0.001), GGT (P = 0.018; P = 0.001), and ALP (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the Exp in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptivity. The independent t test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.011; P = 0.001), GGT (P = 0.018; P = 0.001), and ALP (P = 0.001; P = 0.001) and considerably greater Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the Exp in both Pre 2 and Post 2 compared to C. The results of an independent t test showed that LDH and CK levels in the Exp were significantly lower than those in the Post 2 (P = 0.001). Conclusions Short-term Vit D supplementation could prevent myocytes and hepatocytes damage induced by EAE.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Stefano Petrini ◽  
Cecilia Righi ◽  
Carmen Iscaro ◽  
Giulio Viola ◽  
Paola Gobbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Glycoprotein E ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Newborn Calves

Different types of vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) are commercially available. Among these, inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are commonly used, but their ability to induce passive immunity is poorly known. Here, we evaluated the passive immunity transferred from dams immunised with commercial inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccines to calves. We vaccinated 12 pregnant cattle devoid of neutralising antibodies against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and divided them into two groups with 6 animals each. Both groups were injected with a different inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccine administrated via intranasal or intramuscular routes. An additional 6 pregnant cattle served as the unvaccinated control group. After calving, the number of animals in each group was increased by the newborn calves. In the dams, the humoral immune response was evaluated before calving and, subsequently, at different times until post-calving day 180 (PCD180). In addition, the antibodies in colostrum, milk, and in serum samples from newborn calves were evaluated at different times until PCD180. The results indicated that inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are safe and produce a good humoral immune response in pregnant cattle until calving and PCD180. Moreover, results showed that, in calf serum, passive immunity persists until PCD180.

scholarly journals Complex toxin binder mycotox® ng influence on the hepatotoxic effect of aflatoxin B1 in experimental treated goslings

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
I. Valchev ◽  
К. Stojanchev ◽  
N. Nicolov ◽  
R. Binev
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Abstarct. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B1 and Mycotox NG applied either independently or together, on blood total protein, albumin, blood glucose, total bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and changes in liver morphology. At the same time, the potential of supplementation of feed with a mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) was evaluated. Experiments were carried out with 40 1-day-old Toulouse geese from mixed sexes divided into one control and three treatment groups (n=10). Groups were as followed: Group I – control (0 mg/kg AFB1 not supplemented with Mycotox NG); Group II (0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG), Group III (0.5 mg/kg AFB1) and Group IV (0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG). In this study, commercially available geese of Toulouse strain were reared from day one to forty two days in the deep litter system of management and the birds were divided into four groups. Normal feed tested free of aflatoxin (AFB1), was given to the control (Group – 1). 0.5 g/kg Mycotox was supplemented with the feed to Group 2, Aflatoxin (0.5 mg/kg feed) was supplemented with the feed to Group 3 and Mycotox Ng (0.5 g/kg feed) + 0.5 mg/kg feed AFB1 was supplemented with the feed to Group 4. The duration of the experiments was 42 days. The monitored blood chemical parameters were analysed on post treatment days 21 and 42. In birds treated only with AFB1, (group III) increased blood activities of studied enzymes. At the same time, blood total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides were reduced as compared to controls. The observed histopathological changes in the liver consisted in various extent of dystrophy (congestion, vacuolar and granular dystrophy, round cell proliferation, necrobiotic changes, hyperplasia of gallbladder epithelium). The addition of mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) to the feed of Groups IV reduced substantially the changes in blood chemistry and the severity and frequency of liver histological lesions. The addition of mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) to the feed of Groups IV reduced substantially the changes in blood chemistry and the severity and frequency of liver histological lesions.

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