Economic Development in Preindustrial Japan, 1859–1894

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mataji Miyamoto ◽  
Yōtarō Sakudō ◽  
Yasukichi Yasuba
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opening Up

In this paper we shall try to do three things: first, to describe the economic conditions which prevailed before the arrival of Commodore Perry; second, to survey the economic policy of the Shogunate and the Meiji Government in responding to the impact of the opening up of the country; and third, to make a few general comments on some selected aspects of Japan's economic development between 1859, when three Japanese ports were opened to foreign trade, and 1894, when the Sino-Japanese War broke out. The latter date is chosen because it fairly clearly marks off the beginning of the rapid development of the modern sector of the Japanese economy.

scholarly journals Exports diversification as a key point of Сhina’s trade strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Natallia Shalupayeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
High Tech ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Nowadays, economic diversification remains a key challenge for most developing countries. The world trading system is developing from universal liberalization to increased protectionism which imposes additional difficulties in countries’ exports development and puts export diversification at the heart of a strategy for economic diversification. China's foreign trade is also in a critical period of rapid development and transformation at present. China is building a new pattern of integration into the world economic system, but its economic transformation is not smooth and faces problems. Taking into account China’s high reliance on exports, one of the most important threat to China’s economic development – the susceptibility to fluctuations in global economy – is largely due to a low level of Chinese exports diversification. In order to achieve a more sustainable long-term economic growth and hedge against the impact of external shocks China needs to diversify its exports markets, range of exported products and trade methods. Purpose. The purpose of the article is the research of practical aspects of exports diversification in China, identification of features and problems of China’s exports product and market diversification, diversification of trade methods and high-tech products exports diversification. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is presented by the theories of foreign trade and industrial policy, as well as by the researches realized in the field of exports diversification. The information basis of the study are the databases of UNCTAD, WTO and National Bureau of Statistics of China. General scientific methods, systematic approach, economic-statistical methods are used in the research. Findings. An analysis of China’s exports diversification was realized in the article, including revealing of features and problems of China’s exports product and market diversification, diversification of trade methods and high-tech products exports diversification, as well as identification of some driving effects of China’s exports diversification on its economic development and substantiation of the significance to improve its export diversification strategy in order to reduce economic risks and promote the sustainable development of foreign trade.

scholarly journals Development of foreign economic activity of ukrainian enterprises under conditions of economic globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

In today’s globalized world, international trade, which covers the totality of foreign trade of all countries of the world, is a powerful force of economic development. The economic development of any country is impossible without its active participation in trade relations with other countries of the world. The rapid formation of the global economy contributes to the emergence of a number of opportunities for both large and small businesses. The article considers both advantages and disadvantages of globalization of economy. The article claims that in the current conditions of technological development and rapid integration processes, it is necessary to take into account results of globalization, while forming an effective state policy regarding the realization of foreign trade activities. The country participating in the system of global economic relations should have competitive advantages and improve its competitiveness in order to avoid the impact of negative factors. The article reveals the current state of the development of Ukraine’s foreign trade with other countries of the world, as well as explores Ukraine’s exports and imports structure. Despite a significant increase in the cost of exporting goods and services to the world, Ukraine is still an import-dependent country. The currency liberalization contributed to the reduction of prejudice from foreign counterparties, investors and banks, which allowed Ukrainian enterprises to operate fully in foreign markets, which resulted in a significant reduction in the negative foreign trade balance of the country. The new currency law has provided Ukraine with a base for free capital movement, which brought the country closer to European standards. However, despite significant easing in foreign exchange regulation, Ukrainian manufacturers continue to face a number of both internal and external obstacles to boosting their export activity. The article defines further ways of development of foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises in the conditions of globalization. It has been established that the stable development of the economy is possible only in the conditions of maintaining its openness and rapid development of foreign trade.

US Library of Congress Catalog / Phạm, Minh Chính

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.L. Cu Si
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Library Of Congress

LCCN Permalink https://lccn.loc.gov/2009335322Description xxx, 554 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.LC classification HC444 .P446 2009Related names Vương, Quân Hoàng.Summary Portraits of strategy and development of economics in Vietnam.LC Subjects Economic development--Vietnam--History. Structural adjustment (Economic policy)--Vietnam--History. Vietnam--Economic conditions--1975-

Economic Policy and Class Structure in Syria: 1958–1980

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Aziz-al Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
The Impact

It is indeed an interesting endeavor to investigate the impact of economic policies on social stratification. Doing so enables us to see to what extent economic policies bring changes in class structure in a society. We take the case of Syria to study its economic policies and their accompanying impact on the evolving pattern of the Syrian elite from the late 1950s to the early 1980s and then look at accompanying impact on class structure.The two poles or aspects of this paper are (1) economic policies themselves and (2) their impact on class structure. The question that we are going to raise in the first pole is the following: what is the nature of the economic policies? This refers to land reforms, industrial and commercial reforms, and foreign trade controls.

scholarly journals Views of Ivan Vernadsky on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
pp. 182-198
Author(s):  
Tetiana Bodnarchuk ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Modern Economic

Nowadays, the process of making effective economic decisions requires reference to the history of Ukrainian economic thought. The study of intellectual heritage and innovative ideas of prominent Ukrainian economists, among whom Ivan Vernadsky occupies an important place, will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms and ways of modern economic transformation. The purpose of the article is to analyze and generalize Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual views on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development. The theoretical basis of this study is conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of foreign trade policy, in particular, protectionism and free trade. Systematic, comparative-historical, institutional-evolutionary, and historical-genetic analyses were used as the research methodology. The author considers Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual approach to foreign trade as a basis for providing the country's economic leadership in the international area. The economist’s ideas on the advantages of liberal foreign trade policy, free trade, and its mutual benefits for countries are revealed. Ivan Vernadsky was a staunch opponent of restrictive foreign trade policy, which creates obstacles to the country's competitive advantages and economic progress. Attention was paid to Ivan Vernadsky's criticism of customs protectionism. According to the scientist's point of view, protectionism leads to monopolization, price rises, technical and technological backwardness of production, destabilization of foreign trade relations, etc. At the same time, one of the scientist’s merits is the formation of an innovative approach to the interpretation of protectionism as a general economic doctrine and a realistic economic policy. Ivan Vernadsky’s vision of the basics of efficient management is generalized. He creates an original theory of economic development, which can be used for selection of effective mechanisms of modern economic policy.

scholarly journals DID Analysis on the Impact of Policies on the Rural-Urban Income Disparity in Resource-Dependent Regions: A Case Study of Ordos

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Rijimoleng Si ◽  
Gang Han
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Coal Resources ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
The Government ◽  
Coal Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

Ordos is the most abundant coal resource city in Inner Mongolia. Its coal resources account for one half of Inner Mongolia's coal resources and one sixth of China's total coal reserves. Abundant coal resources have laid the foundation for Ordos become today’s resource-based city. In 2003, Inner Mongolia issued “the guiding opinions on accelerating the development of key coal enterprises” (hereinafter referred to as “policy”), supporting the development of coal enterprises and providing policy conditions for the rapid economic development of Ordos. However, with the rapid development of economy, the rural-urban income disparity is also getting bigger in Ordos. Based on panel data from 1999 to 2012 and use the DID analysis of “quasi-natural experiment”, the paper finds that the policy has increased the rural-urban income disparity. The policy increases the rural-urban income disparity by promoting GDP growth. Therefore, the role of the policy system in the economic development of a region cannot be ignored. The government supports the development of local resource-based industries and also increase support for the development of upstream and downstream industries. Under the guidance of policy, the mineral resources income should be transformed reasonably. Government should invest the proceeds of mineral resources in material capital and human capital. Government also should invest the proceeds of mineral resources in external industries and projects that require large initial capital or long construction cycles, such as those essential infrastructure sectors: education, health, transportation and energy. In this way, the integration of urban and rural development will be realized and the rural-urban income disparity will be reduced.

scholarly journals The Economic Development in the Context of the Development of Foreign Trade in Poland – a Comparison to some EU Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (4) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
Anna Rytko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Indexing Methods ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The themes of the impact of foreign trade on economic growth has been repeatedly assumed by investigators and were most often related to various aspects: the openness of the economies, economic prosperity, competitiveness and diversification of export. The objective of the research was the evaluation of changes in economic development and the development of foreign trade in Poland comparing them with the EU and some EU countries. Particular attention was given to the issue of diversification and competitiveness of exports by putting the hypothesis that the greater product diversification of Polish export, the greater its competitiveness, which leads to economic growth. The work uses the following test methods: descriptive methods, statistical methods, the indexing methods of which Indicator of the Absolute Deviations and Revealed Comparative Advantages were calculated. Export diversification can lead to speeding up the pace of economic growth. By analyzing in detail the situations in Poland can conclude that it is advisable to diversify of the export structure.

scholarly journals SPECIAL SYSTEM REGIMES OF TAXATION IN THE FORMATION OF INVESTMENT POTENTIAL BY SMALL BUSINESSES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
И.А. Журавлева
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
Regional Budgets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Рассматривая инвестиционный аспект в срезе применения специальных системных режимов налогообложения (ССРН) субъектами малого предпринимательства (СМП) в регионах, необходимо отметить актуальность данной проблемы. Стратегическими задачами экономической политики страны является выравнивание уровней развития регионов России и выполнение национальных проектов в стране. Налоговый потенциал, являясь комплексным макроэкономическим потенциалом каждого субъекта федерации, содержит в себе не только показатели финансово-экономического развития, но и инвестиционную привлекательность. Системность специальных режимов налогообложения хозяйственной деятельности СМП играет свою финансовую роль как в формировании бюджетов регионов, так и инициируя инвестиционную привлекательность в субъект, имея в своем ресурсе преференциальную основу минимальных налоговых баз и ставок, упрощения процедур администрирования и налоговой отчетности. Предложена авторская множественная регрессионная модель, показывающая влияние применения малым бизнесом ССРН на инвестиционную привлекательность в регионе. Considering the investment aspect in the context of the application of special systemic taxation regimes (SSTR) by small businesses (SMEs) in the regions, it is necessary to note the urgency of this problem. The strategic tasks of the country's economic policy are to level the levels of development of the regions of Russia and the implementation of national projects in the country. Tax potential, being the complex macroeconomic potential of each constituent entity of the Federation, contains not only indicators of financial and economic development, but also investment attractiveness. The systematic nature of special taxation regimes for the economic activities of the SMEs plays its financial role both in the formation of regional budgets and in initiating investment attractiveness in the subject, having in its resource a preferential basis of minimum tax bases and rates, simplification of administration procedures and tax reporting. The author proposes a multiple regression model showing the impact of small business use of the SSTR on the investment attractiveness in the region.

IMPACT OF FOREIGN TRADE ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER REGIONS IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-165
Author(s):  
N. S. EPIFANOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Regional Development Strategies ◽  
The Impact

The border regions of the Russian Federation play a very important role in the territorial structure of the country, as well as in ensuring its foreign economic relations with neighboring countries. Meanwhile, it is the border regions in our country that have an extreme degree of heterogeneity of economic development and sectoral specialization, an insufficient level of economic diversification and the effectiveness of territorial development. Therefore, the study of the main determinants of economic development of the economies of border regions is of particular importance. These determinants include, in particular, indicators of foreign trade of border regions. Thus, the purpose of this article is to assess the impact of foreign trade on the socio-economic development of border regions. The analysis showed that this influence is insignificant. It can be assumed that attempts to develop foreign economic activity of border regions may lead to an even greater differentiation of territorial development in Russia. This result is very important for adjusting the leveling regional policy of the federal center and developing regional development strategies.

scholarly journals The External Component of National Economic Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 425-437
Author(s):  
Olena Bulatova ◽  
Mykola Trofymenko ◽  
Oleksandr Karpenko ◽  
Eduard Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
National Security ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
National Economic ◽  
External Component ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Economic Security

The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of the foreign trade component on the formation of national economic security. Transformations occurring in the world’s economic development, the deterioration of the global financial environment, and increasing geopolitical tensions have intensified the main risks to the development of the global economy in today’s conditions. Therefore, national governments are actively using a wide range of tools to ensure economic growth and the appropriate level of competitiveness of their respective economies while ensuring national security, which is relevant for the study of the external component of national economic security. To achieve the aim, general scientific and specific research methods are used, such as methods of analysis, abstraction and synthesis (in the study of protectionism as a policy and practice, instruments of neo-protectionism); methods of classification and systematic generalization (to systematize the forms of protectionism and neo-protectionism); economic and statistical methods (to assess the impact of foreign trade on the development of national economic security). It is demonstrated that the intensification of the risks to the development of the global economy has led to the transformation of trade policies, changes in the use of foreign trade regulation instruments, which affects the economic security of various countries as a major component of their national security. The modern trade and economic policy toolbox used by various countries to ensure national security is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the development of foreign trade of the EU and Ukraine has been carried out, and the features of the influence of the foreign trade component on the formation of economic security have been determined. It is demonstrated that, in the conditions of a global economic crisis, hidden forms of protectionism implemented at various levels of economic policy (global, regional, national), have spread. A classification of specific features and forms of neo-protectionism, that distinguish it from protectionism, is proposed. It is substantiated that global processes encourage national governments to implement deregulatory measures and improve the quality of institutions, while regulated economies contribute to the spread of corruption and grey areas in national economies.

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