Antimicrobial resistance and the ecology ofEscherichia coliplasmids

SummaryFour hundred and seven clinical isolates ofEscherichia coliwere examined for the presence of plasmids. These isolates comprised 189 which were collected irrespective of antimicrobial resistance (VP) and 218 which were collected on the basis of high-level trimethoprim resistance (TPR). The VP isolates were divided into drug sensitive (VPS) and drug-resistant (VPR) subpopulations.Plasmids were detected in 88% of VP isolates (81% of VPS and 94% of VPR) and 98% of TPR isolates. The distribution of plasmids in both groups and subpopulations was very similar. However, there were small but statistically significant differences between the plasmid distributions. These showed that more isolates in the resistant groups harboured plasmids than in the sensitive subpopulation (VPS) and that the number of plasmids carried by resistant isolates was greater. Multiple drug resistance was significantly more common among TPR isolates than the VPR subpopulation and this was paralleled by increased numbers of plasmids.Fifty-eight per cent of VPR and 57% of TPR isolates transferred antimicrobial resistance and plasmids toE. coliK12. Of the R+isolates, 60% carried small plasmids (MW < 20Md) and 52% of these co-transferred with R-plasmids. These results are discussed.

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R plasmids conferring multiple drug resistance from shigella isolated in Korea

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400064160 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 153-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Doki Chun ◽

Dong Taek Cho ◽

Sung Yong Seol ◽

Min Ho Suh ◽

Yoo Chul Lee

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Shigella Flexneri ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

R Plasmids ◽

Resistance Markers ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Almost All ◽

Drug Resistant Strains

SUMMARYThe majority (85%) of shigella isolated in 1980 and 1981 in Korea wereShigella flexneri, the others wereSh. sonnei(14%) with only a small number ofSh. dysenteriae. Only 14 of the 459 strains of shigella isolated were susceptible to all 12 drugs tested, and 445 were resistant to three or more drugs. Strains multiply resistant to the six drugs, chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracycline (Tc), streptomycin (Sm), sulfisomidine (Su), ampicillin (Ap) and trimethoprim (Tp) were most frequently encountered, followed by those resistant to Cm, Tc, Sm, Su and Tp. The complete patterns of resistance to drugs except nalidixic acid and rifampin in approximately 73% of drug-resistant strains were co-transferred toEscherichia coliby conjugation, indicating that the resistance was R plasmid-mediated. Randomly selected R plasmids conferring various patterns of resistance markers were tested for the incompatibility groups, and almost all of them were classified intoIncFII. Two of three R plasmids conferring resistance to Cm, Tc, Sm and Su were classified intoIncB and one toIncFII. Two R types with resistance markers of Cm, Tc, Sm and Ap were not classified with our standard plasmids used.

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Advanced molecular characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic camel neonates in Egypt

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.85-91 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 85-91

Author(s):

Momtaz A. Shahein ◽

Amany N. Dapgh ◽

Essam Kamel ◽

Samah F. Ali ◽

Eman A. Khairy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

E Coli

Background and Aim: Camels are important livestock in Egypt on cultural and economic bases, but studies of etiological agents of camelid diseases are limited. The enteropathogen Escherichia coli is a cause of broad spectrum gastrointestinal infections among humans and animals, especially in developing countries. Severe infections can lead to death. The current study aimed to identify pathogenic E. coli strains that cause diarrhea in camel calves and characterize their virulence and drug resistance at a molecular level. Materials and Methods: Seventy fecal samples were collected from diarrheic neonatal camel calves in Giza Governorate during 2018-2019. Samples were cultured on a selective medium for E. coli, and positive colonies were confirmed biochemically, serotyped, and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. E. coli isolates were further confirmed through detection of the housekeeping gene, yaiO, and examined for the presence of virulence genes; traT and fimH and for genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, ampC, aadB, and mphA. The isolates in the important isolated serotype, E. coli O26, were examined for toxigenic genes and sequenced. Results: The bacteriological and biochemical examination identified 12 E. coli isolates from 70 fecal samples (17.1%). Serotyping of these isolates showed four types: O26, four isolates, 33.3%; O103, O111, three isolates each, 25%; and O45, two isolates, 16.7%. The isolates showed resistance to vancomycin (75%) and ampicillin (66.6%), but were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and tetracycline (100%). The structural gene, yaiO (115 bp), was amplified from all 12 E. coli isolates and traT and fimH genes were amplified from 10 and 8 isolates, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes, ampC, mphA, and aadB, were harbored in 9 (75%), 8 (66.6%), and 5 (41.7%), respectively. Seven isolates (58.3%) were MDR. Real-time-polymerase chain reaction of the O26 isolates identified one isolate harboring vt1, two with vt2, and one isolate with neither gene. Sequencing of the isolates revealed similarities to E. coli O157 strains. Conclusion: Camels and other livestock suffer various diseases, including diarrhea often caused by microbial pathogens. Enteropathogenic E. coli serotypes were isolated from diarrheic neonatal camel calves. These isolates exhibited virulence and multiple drug resistance genes.

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Tentative epidemiologic cut-off value and resistant characteristic detection of apramycin against Escherichia coli from chickens

FEMS Microbiology Letters ◽

10.1093/femsle/fnz196 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 366 (16) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Erjie Tian ◽

Ishfaq Muhammad ◽

Wanjun Hu ◽

Zhiyong Wu ◽

Rui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Aminoglycoside Antibiotic ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Broth Microdilution ◽

E Coli ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistant Strains

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli are important foodborne zoonotic pathogens. Apramycin is a key aminoglycoside antibiotic used by veterinarians against E. coli. This study was conducted to establish the epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) and resistant characteristics of apramycin against E. coli. In this study, 1412 clinical isolates of E. coli from chickens in China were characterized. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of apramycin were assessed by broth microdilution method. MIC50 and MIC90 for apramycin against E. coli (0.5–256 µg/mL) were 8 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, the tentative ECV was determined to be 16 µg/mL by the statistical method and 32 µg/mL by ECOFFinder software. Besides, the percentages of aac(3)-IV positive strains ascended with the increase of MIC values of apramycin, and the gene npmA was detected in strains with higher MICs. Sixteen apramycin highly resistant strains displayed multiple drug resistance (100%) to amoxicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, tetracycline, trimethoprim and florfenicol, while most of them were susceptible to amikacin and spectinomycin. In summary, the tentative ECV of apramycin against E. coli was recommended to be 16 µg/mL.

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B rma Gene, Which Confers Multiple Drug Resistance in Escherichia coli

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.2.360-366.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 360-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Mahmoud. A. Yassien ◽

Hosam E. Ewis ◽

Chung-Dar Lu ◽

Ahmed T. Abdelal

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Genomic Library ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Protein Profile ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

E Coli ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

High Degree

ABSTRACT A genomic library from a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B that exhibits multiple drug resistance (MDR) was constructed in Escherichia coli. Two of the recombinant plasmids, pNOR5 and pNOR5, conferred resistance only to fluoroquinolones in E. coli, whereas the third, pNCTR4, conferred the MDR phenotype. Sequence and subcloning analysis showed that it is the presence of RecA on the first two plasmids which confers resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli. A similar analysis established that the MDR phenotype conferred by pNCTR4 is due to a gene, rma (resistance to multiple antibiotics), which encodes a 13.5-kDa polypeptide. The derived sequence for Rma exhibits a high degree of similarity to those of a group of MarA-like activators that confer MDR in E. coli. A MalE-Rma fusion protein was purified to near homogeneity and was shown to interact with a DNA fragment carrying a MarA operator sequence. Furthermore, overexpression of rma in E. coli caused changes in the outer membrane protein profile that were similar to those reported for MarA. These results suggest that Rma might act as a transcriptional activator of the marA regulon.

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High antimicrobial resistance and plasmid-carrying resistance genes in swine-origin mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli in Guangxi, South China

10.21203/rs.2.13699/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jingzhi Yuan ◽

Xiaoye Wang ◽

Dali Shi ◽

Qiang Ge ◽

Xingxing Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

South China ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

High Rate ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Abstract Background The discovery of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC), a notable superbug, attracted great attention worldwide. Swine-origin multi-drug resistance MCRPEC is a potential threat to public health and safety. To date, few detailed studies regarding swine-origin MCRPEC in Guangxi, South China, have been reported. Results In this study, thirty-three MCRPEC harbored mcr-1 genes were identified from 142 E. coli strains isolated from swine droppings and entrails in Guangxi in 2018. All MCRPEC isolates were assigned to 8 unique STs, including ST10, ST224 and ST410, which overlapped with the human-origin MCRPEC. Additionally, a total of six plasmid replicon types (IncFI, IncHI1, IncY, IncN, IncI1 and IncX1) were found. Moreover, the drug susceptibility of the MCRPEC isolates was tested with 27 antimicrobial agents belonging to 17 antimicrobial categories that are usually used in hospitals. There were 19 extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and 12 carbapenem resistant E. coli among the 33 MCRPEC strains. Importantly, the MCRPEC showed a high rate of resistance against two broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotics, imipenem and meropenem, which are forbidden in livestock production use. Three MCRPEC strains were further identified to be extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and other isolates were recognized as multi-drug-resistant (MDR). Meanwhile, to detect whether plasmid-carrying antimicrobial resistance genes coexisted with the mcr-1 gene in the MCRPEC isolates, a total of 22 plasmid-carrying antimicrobial resistance genes were tested for. The results showed that four ESBL genes and one pAmpC gene were identified. Eight of the MCRPEC isolates also contained the carbapenem gene blaNDM-5, which could cause untreatable infections. Moreover, ten non-lactamase genes were also detected. Conclusion This study indicated that swine-origin MCRPEC isolated in Guangxi seemed to have a high rate of resistance to both regular and final line of defense drugs as well as drug resistance genes, which pose a great threat to human public safety and health.

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Multi-Locus Sequence Typing and Drug Resistance Analysis of Swine Origin Escherichia coli in Shandong of China and Its Potential Risk on Public Health

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.780700 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Wei Wang ◽

Lanping Yu ◽

Wenwen Hao ◽

Fusen Zhang ◽

Meijie Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Shandong Province ◽

Multi Locus Sequence Typing ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Human Origin ◽

E Coli

The extensive use of antibiotics has caused antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli and gradual expands it into a worldwide problem. The resistant E. coli could be transmitted to humans through animal products, thereby creating a problem for bacterial treatment in humans and resulting in a public health issue. This study aims to investigate the molecular typing and drug resistance of swine and human origin E. coli within the same prefecture-level cities of Shandong Province and the potential risk of E. coli on public health. The drug sensitivity results indicated that tetracycline (TE) (97.17%) is a major antibiotic with high drug resistance in 106 swine origin E. coli. There was a significant difference in the drug-resistant genotypes between the two sources, of which the blaTEM positive rate was the highest in the genera of β-lactams (99% in swines and 100% in humans). Among the 146 E. coli isolates, 98 (91.51% swine origin) and 31 (77.5% human origin) isolates were simultaneously resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics, respectively. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) results indicate that the 106 swine origin E. coli isolates are divided into 25 STs with ST1258, ST361, and ST10 being the dominant sequence analysis typing strains. There were 19 MLST genotypes in 40 strains of human E. coli from Tai'an, Shandong Province, with ST1193, ST73, ST648, ST131, ST10, and ST1668 being the dominant strains. Moreover, the cluster analysis showed that CCl0 and CC23 were the common clonal complexes (CCs) from the two sources. Our results provide a theoretical basis for guiding the rational use of antibiotics and preventing the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, and also provide epidemiological data for the risk analysis of foodborne bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in swine farms in Shandong Province.

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Mechanistic insights into synergy between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02074-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amit Gaurav ◽

Varsha Gupta ◽

Sandeep K. Shrivastava ◽

Ranjana Pathania

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Infection Model ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has become a global health problem. Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen due to its capacity to persist in the hospital environment. It has a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Antibiotic combinations can help to fight multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, but they are rarely used in the clinics and mostly unexplored. The interaction between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics are mostly reported as antagonism based on the results obtained in the susceptible model laboratory strain Escherichia coli. However, in the present study, we report a synergistic interaction between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and E. coli. Here we provide mechanistic insight into this dichotomy. The synergistic combination was studied by checkerboard assay and time-kill curve analysis. We also elucidate the mechanism behind this synergy using several techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, morphometric analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline combination displayed synergy against most of the MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii and E. coli but not against susceptible isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination is also effective in vivo in an A. baumannii/Caenorhabditis elegans infection model (p < 0.001)

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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of potentially human‐pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from riding horses

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02832-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pouya Reshadi ◽

Fatemeh Heydari ◽

Reza Ghanbarpour ◽

Mahboube Bagheri ◽

Maziar Jajarmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Health Concern ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Abstract Background Transmission of antimicrobial resistant and virulent Escherichia coli (E. coli) from animal to human has been considered as a public health concern. This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic background and prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli and antimicrobial resistance in healthy riding-horses in Iran. In this research, the genes related to six main pathotypes of E. coli were screened. Also, genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance against commonly used antibiotics were studied, then phylo-grouping was performed on all the isolates. Results Out of 65 analyzed isolates, 29.23 % (n = 19) were determined as STEC and 6.15 % (n = 4) as potential EPEC. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (46.2 %) and ceftriaxone (38.5 %). blaTEM was the most detected resistance gene (98.4 %) among the isolates and 26.15 % of the E. coli isolates were determined as multi-drug resistant (MDR). Three phylo-types including B1 (76.92 %), A (13.85 %) and D (3.08 %) were detected among the isolates. Conclusions Due to the close interaction of horses and humans, these findings would place emphasis on the pathogenic and zoonotic potential of the equine strains and may help to design antimicrobial resistance stewardship programs to control the dissemination of virulent and multi-drug resistant E. coli strains in the community.

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