Critiquing the Bank: 60 Years of BNDES in the Academy

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE G. HANLEY ◽  
JULIO MANUEL PIRES ◽  
MAURÍCIO JORGE PINTO DE SOUZA ◽  
RENATO LEITE MARCONDES ◽  
ROSANE NUNES DE FARIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scholarly Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article offers a critical analysis of scholarship produced about Brazil's Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) since its founding, in 1952, to 2013. BNDES has performed an important, if changing and sometimes controversial, role in Brazil's economic development over the past 60 years, especially as provider of long-term finance. This analysis of almost 1,000 texts highlights discussions about its initial organisation and mission and how the role and activities of the bank changed over time, guided by turbulent national political and economic contexts. In spite of the bank's institutional importance, however, the literature is more narrative than analytical and of limited scholarly impact, dominated as it is by the bank's authorship. We argue for independent, evidence-driven, critical analyses of the effectiveness of this important institution in promoting Brazil's economic and social development.

Ladders and Bushes: The Problem of Caseloads and Studying Court Activities over Time

1984 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Social Development Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single Pattern ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Over Time

The “litigation explosion” has been a frequent topic of concern in both academic circles and the popular press. This idea draws its polemical power from the assumption that litigation rates were lower in the past. But we presently know little about long-term trends in court activity. This article is a critical review of the existing literature on long-term litigation trends and the social development model which scholars have posited to explain changes in litigation patterns. Whether courts are indeed facing imminent crisis because of an explosion is still very much an open question; the extant literature offers no proof of an explosion. The available data do suggest, however, that previous studies may have been overly optimistic in expecting litigation trends to follow any single pattern. The questions about litigation rates will remain open until we are able to gain a fuller understanding of the trends in court activity over time.

Malaysia's Perspective of Inclusive Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firdaos ROSLI ◽  
En Ning HWA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
High Income ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Development Goals

Since independence, Malaysia has pursued inclusive development for all its economic and social long-term plans. The success of its past national plans for economic development can be assessed by the progress of its Millennium Development Goals. The country now faces greater challenges in achieving inclusive economic and social development before it could become a high income nation by 2020. The authors suggest that inclusive development can also be incorporated in regional frameworks and programmes.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
Paul Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Abstract Theory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

This concluding chapter argues that Russian conservatism is a response to the pressures of modernization and Westernization and, more recently, globalization. For the past two centuries, conservatives have sought to adapt to these pressures while preserving national identity and political and social stability. Although the specific policies being proposed have changed over time, conservatism's approach to change has remained consistent. In this way, Russian conservatism today evinces a clear continuity with Russian conservatism of the past. In particular, Russian conservatives have continually proposed forms of cultural, political, and economic development that are seen as building on existing traditions, identity, and forms of government and economic and social life, rather than being imposed on the basis of abstract theory and foreign models.

The Final Score

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Steven M. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Professional Athlete ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Empowerment ◽  
Final Score ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Over Time

The conclusion provides some final observations about the longitudinal research itself and its short- and long-term effects on the women involved. It briefly touches on the few areas of the sport marriage that have seen improvement in the past few decades, discusses the conscious decisions the women make to continue normalizing the career-dominated marriage, and reports on how the marriages fared over time. It also describes the women’s personal empowerment as a result of their participation in the research. Finally, it summarizes the advice and suggested keys to a successful sport marriage that the wives in both studies offered, based on their lived experience. This overview essentially describes how and why the wife of a male professional athlete must adapt to realities if she wants her marriage to survive her husband’s career and retirement.

Institutions, Investment, and Growth in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 220-237
Author(s):  
Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

Many analyses of long-term development neglect the importance of formal and informal political and economic institutions in developing countries. This chapter discusses the nature of such institutions, their endogeneity and persistence over time as well as their impact on growth, inequality, and political stability. The chapter places particular attention on the institutions that build the market and facilitate economic exchange, and on the public organizations mandated with their enforcement. It then discusses their impact on growth and macroeconomic stability as well as the role played by informal institutions in developing countries where formal institutions are often perceived as a costly obstacle to economic development.

No Margin for Error: Fifteen Years in the Working Lives of Lone Mothers and their Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANE MILLAR ◽  
TESS RIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Qualitative Research Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lone Mothers ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Social Security Policy ◽  
Over Time

AbstractOver the past two decades, the emphasis on paid work has become one of the defining features of social security policy in the UK. Lone mothers and their families have been one of the key groups affected. In this article we focus on the working and family lives of lone mothers and their children over time, drawing on material from a long-term qualitative research study, and setting this in the context of policy developments. We explore the long-term consequences of trying to sustain work, and manage low-income family life as children grow up and needs change over time. This highlights some of the tensions and limitations in family support and relationships when resources are limited. We reflect on the links between insecurity, legacies and the state.

scholarly journals Medical Ethnography over Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Last
Keyword(s):  
Local Culture ◽  
Important Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Medical Ethnography ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Too often, research into the health of a particular community is brief and superficial, focusing only on what is public and leaving the private health of women and children ‘foggy’. By contrast, long-term anthropology can offer access to processes taking place within a local culture of illness. Here, an account of a community’s experience of health over the past 50 years not only outlines the key changes as seen anthropologically but also shows how even close ethnography can initially miss important data. Furthermore, the impact of a researcher – both as a guest and as a source of interference – underlines how complex fieldwork can be in reality, especially if seen through the eyes of the researcher’s hosts.

scholarly journals Green Construction: Contractor Motivation and Trends in Austin, Texas

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Tinker ◽  
Urs Kreuter ◽  
Richard Burt ◽  
Sherry Bame
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Residential Construction ◽  
Sustainable Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Construction Contractor ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this paper is to describe and assess one of the first comprehensive residential green-builder programs in the U.S. It compares trends of items used in residential construction during the past five years and reports why participating builders chose to incorporate specific items and their level of commitment to the program. This description provides a baseline of strategies to investigate the effect of this program in developing sustainable communities. The builder study population was derived from a database of registered “green” residences built during 1998-2002 in greater Austin, Texas (2,335 homes and 73 listed builders). Almost half the builders constructed just one “green” home, whereas two builders built almost 75% of the green homes during the 5-year study period. Less than 1% of the homes received a perfect 5-star rating, whereas 87% were rated 1 or 2 stars. The frequency of implementing the 122 green features were compared over time and analyzed for correlation with cost and their associated star-value. Cost was the primary factor determining item use frequency. Participating builders generally concurred that the program was successful and beneficial to homeowners but that the additional work required for participation provided little financial reward for builders. While much can be done with low-cost interventions to reduce the negative environmental impacts of residential construction, builder participation may be enhanced by promotion of some of the higher cost features. In addition, public education about the long-term benefits of green homes is needed to increase homeowner participation, and encourage builders to incorporate more environmentally friendly features in the homes they construct.

scholarly journals Political and socio-economic development of modern Russia: environmental obstacles and risks

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Olga Tsepilova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Natural Degradation

The article deals with environmental obstructions and limitations for a dynamic political and socioeconomic development of modern Russia. Environmental problems accumulated in the past decades, including problems that appeared in the "Soviet" period of the country's development, together with growing new environmental risks, become a serious obstacle to the progressive development of the country. Contemporary Russian manufacturing practices continue to use extensively anti-environmental obsolete technologies, which lead to increasing degradation of the natural environment and an increase in negative trends in the health of the population. The absence or limited use of remediation activities in extractive industries has led to the natural degradation of a number of territories in the country. Unfavorable socio-demographic characteristics of the development for modern Russia caused by the environmental factors hinder innovative development in all spheres of society in the present period; moreover, their increasing impact will be an obstacle to socio-economic development in the future. Additionally the article discusses long-term negative trends in the development of environmental policy and weakening of the ecological spectrum of civil society.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to Carbendazim and the Current Efficacy of Carbendazim Against Gray Mold After Long-Term Discontinuation

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1647-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leiming He ◽  
Kaidi Cui ◽  
Tongtong Li ◽  
Yufei Song ◽  
Ning Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Mutation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Strong Ability

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a fungal disease that critically threatens agricultural production, and carbendazim was the first fungicide used to control B. cinerea. However, B. cinerea developed serious resistance to carbendazim, and this fungicide has thus rarely been used in the past decade in China. Due to the extended discontinuation of carbendazim use, the evolution of the resistance of B. cinerea to carbendazim in recent years is unclear, and whether carbendazim can effectively control gray mold is largely unknown. Therefore, this study determined the sensitivity of 407 B. cinerea isolates collected from 2014 to 2018 to carbendazim and the ability of carbendazim to control gray mold in the field. The results showed that the frequency of B. cinerea isolates resistant to carbendazim remained above 95%. Three different mutation types responsible for the resistance of B. cinerea to carbendazim were identified at codon 198 in the β-tubulin gene sequence: E198V (changed from GAG to GTG), E198A (changed from GAG to GCG), and E198K (changed from GAG to AAG). Over the last 5 years, E198V was the major mutation. However, an analysis of its evolution revealed that the percentage of the E198V mutation declined after 2017 to 56.5% in 2018. In addition, the proportion of isolates with the E198K mutation decreased over time, and no isolates with this mutation were found in either 2017 or 2018. The proportion of the E198A mutation increased over the 5-year test period to reach 43.5% in 2018. Furthermore, three greenhouse experiments demonstrated that carbendazim has lost its ability to control gray mold. We attribute the above findings to our results showing that the carbendazim-resistant isolates had no fitness penalties compared with the carbendazim-sensitive isolates for sporulation and mycelial growth. In particular, the E198A mutant isolates exhibited a strong ability to sporulate, suggesting that the E198A mutation might become dominant in the future. Interestingly, the results showed that carbendazim-sensitive isolates could be easily controlled by four conventional fungicides, namely boscalid, procymidone, iprodione, and pyrimethanil, with mean EC50 values of 0.71 ± 0.2 mg liter−1, 1.33 ± 0.39 mg liter−1, 0.59 ± 0.33 mg liter−1, and 6.02 ± 3.02 mg liter−1, respectively. In conclusion, carbendazim has lost its application value and is ineffective for the control of gray mold.

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