scholarly journals Neutral change

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRI KAUHANEN
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Random Drift ◽  
Language Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
Demographic Noise ◽  
Theories Of Change

Language change is neutral if the probability of a language learner adopting any given linguistic variant only depends on the frequency of that variant in the learner’s environment. Ruling out non-neutral motivations of change, be they sociolinguistic, computational, articulatory or functional, a theory of neutral change insists that at least some instances of language change are essentially due to random drift, demographic noise and the social dynamics of finite populations; consequently, it has remained little investigated in the historical and sociolinguistics literature, which has generally been on the lookout for more substantial causes of change. Indeed, recent computational studies have argued that a neutral mechanism cannot give rise to ‘well-behaved’ time series of change which would align with historical data, for instance to generate S-curves. In this paper, I point out a methodological shortcoming of those studies and introduce a mathematical model of neutral change which represents the language community as a dynamic, evolving network of speakers. With computer simulations and a quantitative operationalization of what it means for change to be well-behaved, I show that this model exhibits well-behaved neutral change provided that the language community is suitably clusterized. Thus, neutral change is not only possible but is in fact a characteristic emergent property of a class of social networks. From a theoretical point of view, this finding implies that neutral theories of change deserve more (serious) consideration than they have traditionally received in diachronic and variationist linguistics. Methodologically, it urges that if change is to be successfully modelled, some of the traditional idealizing assumptions employed in much mathematical modelling must be done away with.

Die Form des ›Helfens‹ und ihre (Soll-)Bruchstellen

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 406-413
Author(s):  
Norbert Ricken
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Breaking Points

Abstract As familiar and self-evident as what is meant by ›helping‹ may seem at first, it is difficult to define ›helping‹ in a precise conceptual way. Against this backdrop, the question of what ›helping‹ is will be taken up and dealt with from a theoretical point of view. The path taken to work out and systematically define the form of helping leads to the discussion of some of the (predetermined) breaking points built into it and to the conclusion that ›helping‹ must be categorically defined differently. Recent anthropological research also suggests this by referring to the social-theoretical embedding of individuals and leaving behind individual-theoretical understandings of isolated individuals who would then enter into a relationship with each other.

scholarly journals The female characters in Branislav Nušić's and Stefan Kostov's selected comedies

Bastina ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Đurđina Isić
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bereaved Family

The paper presents the results of research that included comparative study of the place and role of female characters in selected and representative comedies by Serbian comedigrapher Branislav Nušić (eng. MP, Suspicious person, Mrs Minister, Bereaved family, Dr, Deceased; srb. Narodni poslanik, Sumnjivo lice, Ožalošćena porodica, Dr, Pokojnik, Vlast) and Bulgarian comedigrapher Stefan Kostov (eng. Gold mine, Golemanov, Grasshoppers, Nameless comedy; blg. Zlamnama mina, Golemanov, Skakalci, Komediâ bez ime) in order to find similarities and differences in the process of comedigraphic shaping of female characters in the work of these two authors. The subject of the research was viewed primarily from a literary-theoretical point of view, and the dominant methods of study were comparative and analytical-synthetic. During the research, there was a differentiation of female characters in accordance with their motivational structures, psychological assemblies and the nature of the place and the role they play in the social environment in which they are located. Therefore, we can distinguish female characters who live in the province and who are fully representative of the small-town spirit, female characters who live in the capital and are a symbol of the modern age and female characters who dwell in the capital, but in fact, deeply down still carry a small-town view of the world. The structure of this paper is in line with this distinction. Conclusions made at the end of the study show that the representation of female characters in analyzed comedies of both comedigaphers is highly similar in its nature.

scholarly journals Ethnographic approach to second life in education: a focus on technological difficulties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Sponsiello ◽  
Maria Jesus Gallego-Arrufat
Keyword(s):  
Second Life ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Educational Experiences ◽  
Educational Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

This paper moves from the data collected during an ethnographic research conducted in Second Life, focused on the observation of different technological difficulties in educational experiences. The main research interests focused on the social dynamics of educational experiences in Second Life and the opportunity to develop a proper research methodology. The main goal is to evaluate the educational experience in such a particular context through the stories of participants, therefore the most appropriate methodology for researching the subject has been considered to be ethnography. As result of the research, it is observed that an appropriate use of the available tools and the adoption of innovative teaching strategies can promote the improvement of the educational experience in online worlds. This paper suggests interesting elements from the analysis of the data collected, which may help to adopt an innovative point of view on ethnographic research in an online world in education.

scholarly journals Reforma agrária e produção do espaço: um estudo sobre o projeto de assentamento Almas/BA

GeoTextos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Luiz Assiz dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Space Form ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Space ◽  
Definition Of

Este artigo busca analisar como o processo de criação e desenvolvimento de assentamentos de reforma agrária representa também um processo de produção do espaço humano. Cada assentamento se constitui numa unidade territorial da reforma agrária, sendo resultado da intervenção estatal no que concerne à modificação do uso e da propriedade da terra no Brasil. O objetivo da pesquisa centrou-se na análise dos resultados, do ponto de vista espacial, da criação de um assentamento rural – o Projeto de Assentamento Almas, localizado no município de Itaguaçu da Bahia/BA – que teve seu processo de implantação antecedido de um planejamento, o qual consistiu, basicamente, em estudos que subsidiaram a definição de um modelo diferente de planejamento. A análise do PA Almas a partir das categorias do espaço – forma, função, estrutura e processo – permitiu-nos apreender a evolução do assentamento na perspectiva das modificações ocorridas em sua configuração territorial. O ritmo de produção espacial do assentamento foi se acelerando à proporção que a dinâmica social estabelecida, ao longo do tempo, foi moldando um novo espaço, a partir do espaço pré-existente, e as novas demandas do grupo social foram sendo materializadas em novas formas-conteúdo e/ ou refuncionalizando formas pretéritas, que participam da dialética espaço-sociedade dentro do assentamento. Abstract This paper analyzes as the agrarian reform establishment creation process and development would also represents a process of production of human space Each establishment is a territorial unit of the agrarian reform as a result of state intervention in the modification of use and earth property in Brazil. The objective of the research was centered in analyses the results on the space point of view of the creation of one rural establishment, called Assentamento Almas’ Project, located in the municipal district of Itaguaçu da Bahia/ BA. It had its implantation process preceded of a planning, which consisted, basically, in studies that subsidized the definition of a different planning model. The analysis of the rural establishment of Almas from the categories of the space - form, function, structure and process - allowed to apprehend the evolution of the establishment in the perspective of the modifications that taken place in its territorial configuration. The rhythm of production of the space of this establishment was accelerated as the established social dynamics along the time went molding a new space from the pre existent one and the new demands of the social group materialized in new form content and / or reoperating former forms which participate in the dialectics space-society inside the rural establishment.

Emotional Experiences in Political Groups: The Case of the McCarthy Phenomenon

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Brown ◽  
John D. Ellithorp
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Groups

In many ways the study of political groups from a theoretical point of view can be said not to have progressed much beyond the conceptions of Arthur F. Bentley. There have been countless studies of political groups, to be sure, but it seems most have been little more than the collection and presentation of ad hoc facts obtained from the testing of ad hoc hypotheses, the concepts of “group” and of “group behavior” having been little altered in the process.Much of the difficulty no doubt stems from Bentley's strict empiricism and the interpretation given his position by most social scientists who have aspired to translate him. When Bentley said that we know nothing of ideas and feelings but only of activity, he was merely reminding the social scientist to remain close to the operations of the phenomena he was studying. Activity, or behavior, can be worked with and studied directly, but it is questionable whether or not the same can be said of ideas and feelings. Scientific progress, Bentley would say, can be made only if one deals with what is visible and replicable. Critics as well as followers of Bentley, however, have interpreted him to mean that such matters as subjectivity are outside the pale of science, since subjectivity is presumed to be private, idiosyncratic, and nonreplicable.

scholarly journals Autoeficácia e autorregulação acadêmica contribuindo para a previsão da evasão escolar

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demerval Rogério Masotti
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

O construto autoeficácia está relacionado às crenças desenvolvidas pelos indivíduos em relação às ações que confiam poder realizar com sucesso em áreas específicas. É também de grande relevância nos processos de autorregulação dos sujeitos, sendo tais conceitos analisados em diferentes contextos, dentre eles o ambiente educacional, com o propósito de avaliar o comportamento dos estudantes diante dos desafios escolares. A evasão escolar é outro importante aspecto que merece destaque nos processos de avaliação institucional na área de educação, em virtude das consequências sociais, acadêmicas e econômicas. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou investigar conceitos referentes à autoeficácia e à autorregulação acadêmica, a fim de verificar se esses fatores contribuem para prever a evasão escolar, e auxiliar no planejamento de intervenções que possibilitem minimizar a evasão dos alunos. As análises indicaram que tanto a autoeficácia quanto a autorregulação acadêmica tratam-se de variáveis significativas, sendo que, do ponto de vista teórico, representam importantes preditores para a evasão dos estudantes. Portanto, o propósito da pesquisa foi alcançado, mas devido às limitações deste estudo que se baseou apenas em fontes bibliográficas, recomenda-se a realização de novas investigações que contemplem pesquisas de campo em diferentes instituições de ensino, a fim de aprofundar a compreensão sobre o assunto. Palavras-chave: Autoeficácia. Autorregulação Acadêmica. Evasão Escolar. SELF-EFFICACY AND ACADEMIC SELF-REGULATION CONTRIBUTING TO PREDICTIONOF THE ESCOLAR EVASION Abstract: The self-efficacy construct is related to beliefs developed by individuals in relation to the actions that trust can perform successfully in specific areas, it is also of great importance in the processes of academic self-regulation of the people, these concepts have been analyzed in different contexts, including the environment educational, in order to evaluate the behavior of students facing school challenges. The school evasion is another important aspect that deserves attention in institutional assessment processes in the education area, because of the social, academic and economic consequences. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate concepts related to self-efficacy and academic self-regulation to verify if these factors contribute to predict school evasion, and assist in planning interventions that enable minimize the evasion of the students. The analysis indicated that both self-efficacy and academic self-regulation are significant variables, and the theoretical point of view is important predictor for school evasion. Therefore, the purpose of the study was achieved, but due to the limitations of this study that was based only on literature sources, it is recommended to conduct further investigations that include field research in different educational institutions, to deepen understanding about the subject. Keywords: Self-Efficacy. Academic Self-Regulation. School Evasion.

scholarly journals The looking glass

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Gattino ◽  
Anna Miglietta
Keyword(s):  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Comparison Process ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
The Social ◽  
Plural Society ◽  
Looking Glass ◽  
Social Comparison Process

The paper discusses the concept of citizenship both from a critical-theoretical point of view and in the light of the findings of a research conducted in Italy on the social representation of citizens and migrants. The research aims to analyze how the thêma of social recognition is objectified in everyday language and to explore the characteristics attributed to the other in a plural society. We show how the contemporary foreigner figure that we have come to know as ‘the migrant’ is a political and legal figure, but is also the result of a symbolic construction which is shaped through a social comparison process between citizens and non-citizens.

scholarly journals TEORI WEWENANG DALAM PERIZINAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Grace Sharon
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Government Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Based on the provisions in the 1945 Constitution article 1 paragraph 3 which states the State of Indonesia is a state based on law, it brings the consequence that every government action must always be based on the law. From another point of view related to the development of the 21st century, the State is often said to have developed into a modern state. Whereas the state's tasks, which were initially very limited, have become increasingly widespread. This is due to the increasing needs of modern humans and especially those related to the interests of life together. Regarding the social dynamics that occur in the community, licensing arrangements are needed. A license as a one-sided government action is a stipulation arising from the strategies and techniques used by the Government to control or control various conditions or activities carried out by the community. In other words, licensing is very much needed as an instrument of community guidance. However, the author limits the scope of research on licensing only to the nature of the authority of the permit, so that the author's research in this article is done through a literature review.

Language change as a scientific construct of a probabilistically organized information system

Glottotheory ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eike U. Decker
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Levels

AbstractThe present paper discusses language change from an information and systems theoretical point of view, taking on a diachronic perspective. It is argued that human language has to be regarded as a probabilistically organized information system in which synchronizations of linguistic systems of individuals create unstable (dynamic, ever-changing) collective levels (“language systems”). Therefore, probabilistic organization of language processing on an individual level leads – via bottom-up structure – to probabilistic organization of language systems as a whole. If we thus regard linguistic objects like e.g. a Saussurean sign as generally unstable and defined by probability distributions even from a synchronic point of view, we must understand language change (diachronic developments) as probabilistic as well. Therefore, language change in its “classical sense” (a change in linguistic objects) has to be reinterpreted as a change in probability distribution. Nevertheless, the term language change and its meaning then still lack exactness regarding some details; so we have to use this term carefully and be aware of its weaknesses. With a close look at language as an information system with both a synchronic as well as a diachronic dimension, we finally have to admit that language change is a scientific construct serving as a – sometimes quite useful – simplification within the linguistic field.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF RECREATIONAL RESOURCES OF LIUDVINAVAS TO MEET SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Marija Beržanskienė ◽  
Vida Jakštienė ◽  
Nijolė Koncevičienė ◽  
Raminta Bakelytė ◽  
Laimutė Kaušikienė
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Local Form ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Government ◽  
Recreational Resources ◽  
The Town

Research background. Recreation as a phenomenon is gaining more and more attention from the government, scientists and other researchers. It is becoming more and more important to preserve population’s dynamic activity, energy and health because of a faster pace of life and increased workload. Any chosen form of recreation allows a person to get some rest, regain peace, relax from tension and worries, and experience new things, etc. This article examines the theoretical point of view of recreation and the need for it. The purpose of the conducted study was to determine the application of recreational resources of Liudvinavas to satisfy the needs of its residents. The problem of the research. Only little research has been conducted in rural areas, including Liudvinavas recreational environmental studies, its application for recreation. The purpose of the research. To analyse the application of recreational resources of Liudvinavas to satisfy the social and cultural needs of the community. Methods of the research. Quantitative and qualitative. Results and conclusions. Recreational potential in Liudvinavas is quite big but it requires detailed research to be done. Recreational potential in leisure, forests, cognitive and sports (active) recreation can be used without requiring big investments. Employing a recreational specialist in Liudvinavas who would be in charge of organising leisure (recreation) activities would help to meet the needs of local residents as well as those visiting the town. In the future it can be used to promote entrepreneurship. Usually a passive and local form of recreation is chosen, but the potential of Liudvinavas nature is great for the active forms of recreation as well. Respondents usually prefer recreational resources of nature such as forests, water and coastlines, natural heritage objects that are suitable for people’s leisure and entertainment. Therefore it is important to adapt all those resources of nature to be suitable to satisfy the recreational needs. Both younger and older residents of Liudvinavas would like to have more organised gatherings and activities, more recreation of sports and wellness, and the majority would prefer a lake shore that is nicely arranged and adapted for leisure. Keywords: recreation, globalization, recreational resources, natural resources.

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