Solar-energy liberation from water by electric arcs

1998 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE HATHAWAY ◽  
PETER GRANEAU ◽  
NEAL GRANEAU
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Energy Liberation ◽  
Input Energy ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
The Difference

This paper reports progress in an experimental investigation, started in the Hathaway laboratory in 1994, dealing with the liberation of intermolecular bond energy from ordinary water by means of an arc discharge. Photographic evidence of fog generation and explosion during the arcing period is included. A new fog accelerator is described and a table of results of the kinetic energies of fog jets is provided. A renewable water energy cycle is outlined. The fog kinetic energy has been found to be greater than the difference between the capacitor input energy and the heat losses. Given energy conservation, the only external energy input that can account for the fog kinetic energy is solar heat from the atmosphere.

scholarly journals GIS-Based Energy Consumption and Spatial Variation of Protected Grape Cultivation in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Tian ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Xuejian Wei ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Weisong Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Input Structure ◽  
The Difference

This paper compares the difference in energy consumption in different sub-patterns and features of energy consumption structures used in protected grape production systems using statistical data. Then, spatial characteristics between different production modes based on geographic information systems are also analyzed. The results reveal that the types of energy consumption include steel, iron wire, water, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, electric power, organic fertilizer, plastic films, and labor. The total energy consumption for protected grape production was 210,534.3 MJ ha−1 in 2011, 211,504.6 MJ ha−1 in 2012, and 222,571.8 MJ ha−1 in 2013. From the perspective of cultivation modes, early ripening production and late ripening production consumed more energy than rain-shelter production; in terms of facility types, the total energy input of both vinyl tunnels and solar greenhouses were always higher than rain-shelter greenhouses. Indirect and non-renewable energy consumption were higher than that of direct and renewable energy, which accounted for 90% of energy consumption. Spatial analysis showed that the values of Moran’s I were all positive for the three years, which means protected grape input had a positive spatial autocorrelation. Therefore, we should adjust the energy input structure and choose more sustainable production modes to improve the sustainability of the production of protected grapes.

scholarly journals Intensification of Upper-Ocean Submesoscale Turbulence through Charney Baroclinic Instability

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 3365-3384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Capet ◽  
Guillaume Roullet ◽  
Patrice Klein ◽  
Guillaume Maze
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Baroclinic Instability ◽  
Upper Ocean ◽  
Mode Water ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Turbulent Statistics ◽  
Frontal Activity ◽  
Southern Flank

AbstractThis study focuses on the description of an oceanic variant of the Charney baroclinic instability, arising from the joint presence of (i) an equatorward buoyancy gradient that extends from the surface into the ocean interior and (ii) reduced subsurface stratification, for example, as produced by wintertime convection or subduction. This study analyzes forced dissipative simulations with and without Charney baroclinic instability (C-BCI). In the former, C-BCI strengthens near-surface frontal activity with important consequences in terms of turbulent statistics: increased variance of vertical vorticity and velocity and increased vertical turbulent fluxes. Energetic consequences are explored. Despite the atypical enhancement of submesoscale activity in the simulation subjected to C-BCI, and contrary to several recent studies, the downscale energy flux at the submesoscale en route to dissipation remains modest in the flow energetic equilibration. In particular, it is modest vis à vis the global energy input to the system, the eddy kinetic energy input through conversion of available potential energy, and the classical inverse cascade of kinetic energy. Linear stability analysis suggests that the southern flank of the Gulf Stream may be conducive to oceanic Charney baroclinic instability in spring, following mode water formation and upper-ocean destratification.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Kinerja dan Energi pada Aktivitas Penyemprotan Padi di Sumatera Barat

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iqbal Abdi Lubis ◽  
Renny Eka Putri ◽  
Ashadi Hasan ◽  
Feri Arlius ◽  
Santosa Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Conversion Factor ◽  
Energy Parameter ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Input Energy ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
And Performance

Abstrak. Teknik penyemprotan adalah salah satu aktivitas yang berperan dalam mengoptimalkan pertumbuhan padi. Penyemprotan dilaksanakan petani untuk melindungi padi dari hama, penyakit, dan juga untuk menstimulasi pertumbuhan padi dan biasanya dilakukan pada 15 HST. Selama kegiatan produksi pertanian, energi input selama kegiatan berlangsung dapat diketahui berdasarkan beberapa parameter energi. Beberapa input energi yang dievaluasi pada aktivitas penyemprotan adalah energi pestisida dan energi operator (manusia). Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengevaluasi energi dari aktivitas penyemprotan, analisis teknis kerja, dan membandingkan energi manusia yang dihitung dengan alat (Garmin forerunner 35) dan faktor konversi. Aktivitas penyemprotan pada penelitian ini dianalisis pada 5 petak sawah pada 15 HST. Total pestisida yang digunakan dan rata-rata energi pestisida adalah 0,3419 kg/ha dan 67,6612 MJ/ha. Pada saat penyemprotan operator menggunakan knapsack manual (kap. 16 liter). Kapasitas kerja efektif untuk penyemprotan adalah 51,9759 l/ha. Energi operator yang dihitung menggunakan alat dan faktor konversi adalah 5,2480 dan 2,4243 MJ/ha. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa energi terbesar pada aktivitas penyemprotan terdapat pada energi pestisida dan yang paling kecil adalah energi manusia.Energy and Performance Evaluation on Spraying Activity Paddy in Sumatera BaratAbstract. Spraying technique is one of the activities in optimize the growth of rice plants. Spraying is doing by farmers to protecting paddy from pest, disease, and also to stimulate growth up of the paddy usually since paddy at 15 DAP. In the process of agricultural production, input production facilities can be assessed as an energy parameter. Some energy input which evaluating in spraying activities are pesticides and labor energy. The objectives of this study are evaluated energy of spraying activity, analyzed technical performance, and compared between labor energy analyzed by tools (Garmin forerunner 35) and conversion factor. The spraying activity in this study has analyzed on five plots of the paddy field at 15 DAP. The results showed 0.3419 kg/ha and 67.6612 MJ/ha for pesticides used and the average of pesticide energy. respectively. For spraying activity, the labor used manual knapsack (cap. 16 liters). The effective work capacity for spraying is 51.9759 l/h. The labor energy which calculated by tools and conversion factor are 5.2480 and 2.4243 MJ/ha. It means which on spraying activity the largest input energy came from pesticides and the lowest one is labor energy.

The Lorenz Energy Cycle: Trends and the Impact of Modes of Climate Variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiyun Ma ◽  
Valerio Lembo ◽  
Christian Franzke
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Transient Eddy ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Lorenz Energy Cycle ◽  
Modes Of Climate Variability

<p>The atmospheric circulation is driven by heat transport from the tropics to the polar regions, implying energy conversions between available potential and kinetic energy through various mechanisms. The processes of energy transformations can be quantitatively investigated in the global climate system through the Lorenz energy cycle formalism. In this study, we examine these variations and the impacts of modes of climate variability on the Lorenz energy cycle by using reanalysis data from the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JRA-55). We show that the atmospheric circulation is overall becoming more energetic and efficient. For instance, we find a statistically significant trend in the eddy available potential energy, especially in the transient eddy available potential energy in the Southern Hemisphere. We find significant trends in the conversion rates between zonal available potential and kinetic energy, consistent with an expansion of the Hadley cell, and in the conversion rates between eddy available potential and kinetic energy, suggesting an increase in mid-latitudinal baroclinic instability. We also show that planetary-scale waves dominate the stationary eddy energy, while synoptic-scale waves dominate the transient eddy energy with a significant increasing trend. Our results suggest that interannual variability of the Lorenz energy cycle is determined by modes of climate variability. We find that significant global and hemispheric energy fluctuations are caused by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, the Southern Annular Mode, and the meridional temperature gradient over the Southern Hemisphere.</p>

Dependence of energy output on force generation during muscle contraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (1) ◽  
pp. C20-C24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rall
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Energy Liberation ◽  
Work Output ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Constant Distance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Isometric Twitch

It has been proposed that the energy (heat + work) output of an isometric twitch is determined by the force that is generated under conditions of invariant activation, irrespective of muscle length. To test the effect of length and force on total energy output, muscles were stretched by increments beyond the muscle length at which twitch force is maximum (LO) and then stimulated; energy output and force then were measured. These data were compared with isovelocity twitches in which stimulated muscles, initially at different lengths, shortened (near maximum velocity) a constant distance and then redeveloped tension at lengths less than LO. If energy liberation was determined by force generation, plots of energy output versus force produced would be parallel with isovelocity twitches liberating extra energy as shortening heat. As predicted, the ratio of the slopes (n = 13) of these relations, 0.98 +/- 0.02, was not different from 1 and the shortening heat coefficient (alphaF/Pot, measured from the difference in intercepts), 0.15 +/- 0.01, was near to the expected value. Therefore, energy liberation in twitches appears to be uniquely determined by force generation and not by muscle length.

scholarly journals Energetics of the exchangeable quinone, QB, in Photosystem II

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (39) ◽  
pp. 19458-19463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven De Causmaecker ◽  
Jeffrey S. Douglass ◽  
Andrea Fantuzzi ◽  
Wolfgang Nitschke ◽  
A. William Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electron Paramagnetic ◽  
Redox Forms

Photosystem II (PSII), the light-driven water/plastoquinone photooxidoreductase, is of central importance in the planetary energy cycle. The product of the reaction, plastohydroquinone (PQH2), is released into the membrane from the QB site, where it is formed. A plastoquinone (PQ) from the membrane pool then binds into the QB site. Despite their functional importance, the thermodynamic properties of the PQ in the QB site, QB, in its different redox forms have received relatively little attention. Here we report the midpoint potentials (Em) of QB in PSII from Thermosynechococcus elongatus using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy: Em QB/QB•− ≈ 90 mV, and Em QB•−/QBH2 ≈ 40 mV. These data allow the following conclusions: 1) The semiquinone, QB•−, is stabilized thermodynamically; 2) the resulting Em QB/QBH2 (∼65 mV) is lower than the Em PQ/PQH2 (∼117 mV), and the difference (ΔE ≈ 50 meV) represents the driving force for QBH2 release into the pool; 3) PQ is ∼50× more tightly bound than PQH2; and 4) the difference between the Em QB/QB•− measured here and the Em QA/QA•− from the literature is ∼234 meV, in principle corresponding to the driving force for electron transfer from QA•− to QB. The pH dependence of the thermoluminescence associated with QB•− provided a functional estimate for this energy gap and gave a similar value (≥180 meV). These estimates are larger than the generally accepted value (∼70 meV), and this is discussed. The energetics of QB in PSII are comparable to those in the homologous purple bacterial reaction center.

Soft Magnetism and Morphology of Fe Films by Dual Ion Beam Sputtering

1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nagakubo ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Naoe
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Columnar Structure ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Beam Sputtering ◽  
Argon Ions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dual Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Soft Magnetism

ABSTRACTFe films have been deposited by using dual ion beam sputtering apparatus under various conditions, and the dependence of their magnetic properties and morphology on preparation parameters such as film thickness, δt, and argon gas pressure, PAr, have been investigated in detail. The saturation magnetiza ion 4πMs of the specimen films did not change remarkably with 6t in the range of 50 ∼1000nm. However, with decrease of 6t below 50 nm, 4πMs decreased to less than 20 kG and coercivity Hc increased to more than 16 Oe. As PAr increased from 0.5 to 1.6 mTorr without ion bombardment, 4πMs decreased to less than 20 kG and Hc increased to about 20 Oe. The SEM micrographs of these films deposited at higher PAr showed the columnar structure. On the other hand, the films deposited at Yower PAr and ones bombarded by argon ions with proper kinetic energy during deposition did not present any texture and exhibited better soft magnetism. Such a morphology may be attributed to the difference in arrival energy of sputtered Fe particles to film surface and related closely to soft magnetism. It has been found that the dual ion beam sputtering method can control 4πMs and Hc with changing PAr and so prepare Fe films with superior soft magnetism by adjusting the kinetic energy of bombarding argon ions at lower PAr.

Improving of Energy Density in Welding Arc and its Mechanism Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 711 ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Jiao Xiao ◽  
Yong Lun Song ◽  
Qiu Shi Hu ◽  
Chao Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Input Energy ◽  
Mechanism Study ◽  
Pulse Input ◽  
Welding Arc ◽  
Ionization Region ◽  
Contraction Effect

As to traditional single electrode free welding arc, changes about energy density of the ionizing region in the center of arc column is not obvious with current increases due to structural limitations. In this paper, we developed parallel multi-electrode arc discharge torch which is based on the mechanism of self-magnetic contraction effect in welding arc, the torch effectively improve energy density of ionization region in non-melting inert gas arc, which is proved by experiments, and we discussed, effect of the pulse input energy and pulse frequency to energy density of the arc with parallel multi-electrode torch. This study demonstrated the approach of improving the energy density of arc ionizing region by self-magnetic pinch effect is feasible.

Effects of the Heat Transfer at the Side Walls on Natural Convection in Cavities

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Le Peutrec ◽  
G. Lauriat
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Natural Convection ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
The Difference

Numerical solutions are obtained for fluid flows and heat transfer rates for three-dimensional natural convection in rectangular enclosures. The effects of heat losses at the conducting side walls are investigated. The problem is related to the design of cavities suitable for visualizing the flow field. The computations cover Rayleigh numbers from 103 to 107 and the thermal conductance of side walls ranging from adiabatic to commonly used glazed walls. The effect of the difference between the ambient temperature and the average temperature of the two isothermal walls is discussed for both air and water-filled enclosures. The results reported in the paper allow quantitative evaluations of the effects of heat losses to the surroundings, which are important considerations in the design of a test cell.

scholarly journals Determining the solar structure from oscillation frequencies

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 329-331
Author(s):  
S. Basu
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Sound Speed ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Solar Interior ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies

The inverse problem of finding the structure of the solar interior from the observed frequencies can be written aswhere, δωi is the difference in frequency of the ith mode between the solar data and the reference model, f1 and f2 are an appropriate pair of model parameters (e.g. sound speed squared c2, and density ρ), Ei is the mode kinetic energy, K(1) and K(2) are known functions of the reference model, and F(ω) is the unknown function added to account for uncertainties associated with the physics of the surface layers.

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