The Haiphong Shipping Boycotts of 1907 and 1909–10: Business interactions in the Haiphong-Hong Kong rice shipping trade

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 930-969
Author(s):  
BERT BECKER
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Freight Rate ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Considerable Decrease ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tramp Shipping ◽  
Financial Losses

AbstractThe main focus of this article is the Haiphong shipping boycotts of 1907 and 1909–10, which were conflicts over freight rates on rice which arose between several Chinese rice hongs in Haiphong (Hải Phòng), the main port in northeastern French Indochina, and three European tramp shipping companies. When these companies set up a joint agreement in 1907 unilaterally increasing the freight rates for shipping rice to Hong Kong, the affected merchants felt unfairly treated and boycotted the companies’ ships. Furthermore, in 1909, they formed a rival charter syndicate and set up a steamship company chartering the vessels of other companies to apply additional pressure on the firms to return to the previous rate. Although the Chinese suffered direct financial losses due to their insufficient expertise in this business, they were successful in achieving a considerable decrease in the freight rate on rice, which shows that boycotting, even when costly, proved to be an effective means to push for reductions and better arrangements with shipping companies. In contrast to a similar incident in the same trade—the shipping boycott of 1895–96 when the French government intervened with the Chinese government on behalf of a French shipping company—the later boycotts did not provoke the intervention of Western powers. This case suggests that growing anti-imperialism and nationalism in China, expressed in public discourses on shipping rights recovery and in the use of economic instead of political means, had an impact on the boycotts. Economic, not imperial, power determined the outcome of this struggle.

scholarly journals Freight rates and productivity gains in British tramp shipping 1869–1950

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif I.Shah Mohammed ◽  
Jeffrey G Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Freight Rates ◽  
Tramp Shipping ◽  
Productivity Gains

The Japanese Occupation of Hainan

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
R. T. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The South ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Special Sales ◽  
The Tropics

Japanese interest in Hainan stemmed from the desire to emulate the success which they had achieved in Taiwan in an area further south which could offer a full range of tropical products for theuse of the Japanese economy. The naval importance of Hainan was also recognized, because it could dominate the South China Sea from the excellent harbour of San-ya ( Samah) Bay, and there were indications that the island was rich in minerals. The development of official Japanese interest in the island was largely the work of the governor-general's office in Taiwan. Thus in 1918 and 1919 an official from Taiwan called Kaku () was sent to Hainan to observe conditions under the title of special sales office head. In the 1920's the Taiwan government sponsored conferences o the South China Japanese consuls to discuss plans for the area, and in 1935 a conference was held production in the tropics, to coordinate research on the economy, production possibilities and culture of the tropical part of China.Meanwhile Chinese government interest in Hainan began to be aroused in the 1930's, culminating in the visit of T.V. Soong, one of the highest ministers of e Kuintang government, in 1936. Thereafter a rail route a west of the island was surveyed but no furthe progress was made. Private businessmen in the 1930's began to develop rubber plantations to join those set up with overseas Chinese capital in the 1910's,and there was a sharp rise in the area planted to sugar in 1936 as the price of sugar rose. Hence when war broke out between China and Japa,the possibilities for the development were just beginning to be explored.1

General Information & Statistics

2002 ◽  
Vol 06 (08) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
General Information ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Development ◽  
Biotech Industry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Great Stride

China Made Great Stride in Biotechnology Over Last 15 Years. First Asian Biotech Summit to be Held in China. International Biotechnology Exhibition to Kick off in Beijing. Sino-Canadian Bioscience Lab Set up in Xinjiang. China Join Hands with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine in Science and Technology. Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China Urged to Cooperate in Bio-Pharmaceutical Development. India Seeks More US Funds for Farm R&D. Incidence of Pulmonary Disease Diagnosed as Asthma High in India. Japanese Biotech Industry Seeking to Establish Ties with Europe. Korea Spends Half the Agriculture Budget to Subsidize Farming Sector. NZ Biotech Sector to Overtake Meat Industry in Eight Years. Singapore and Japan Strengthen R&D Ties. Biotechnology in Asia 2002 to be Held in Singapore. Singapore Sets up New Infectious Diseases Center.

Exploring Hong Kong Nonprofit Education Programs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Ju Kim ◽  
Helen Liu ◽  
Bok Gyo Jeong ◽  
Qihai Cai
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Nonprofit Sector ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Degree Programs ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Greater China ◽  
Continuous State ◽  
Nonprofit Education ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Education In Hong Kong

The nonprofit sector in Hong Kong has developed under unique historical circumstances, including the introduction of the nonintervention policy by the British colonialism and the political transition to the Chinese government in 1997. These historical developments obviously had an impact on the development and expansion of the nonprofit sector within Hong Kong and the requisite qualifications for nonprofit employees that have been in a continuous state of flux. For example, during the 1960s, social work education in Hong Kong was developed through the influence of the professionalization movement in human service organizations, which encouraged the development of nonprofit education in Hong Kong. This study was undertaken to identify NPO/NGO degree programs at the university level in Hong Kong along with their curricula, finding 20 NPO/NGO degree programs within seven universities in Hong Kong including a total of 163 listed courses. The results show that NPO/NGO education programs in Hong Kong were developed based on an interdisciplinary perspective, that the programs highlight service provision and advocacy, while the Greater China regional contents, such as cultural, historical aspects of the Greater China, are reflected in the programs.

scholarly journals Electronic Waste Governance under “One Country, Two Systems”: Hong Kong and Mainland China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Wong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
One Country Two Systems

China is one of the largest e-waste dumping sites in the world, and Hong Kong, a semi-autonomous territory in China, is also affected by illegal e-waste disposal and transfer. While the Chinese government implemented a waste import ban in January 2018, Hong Kong has not enforced Chinese policies under the “One Country, Two Systems” framework. Drawing on a policy network approach, this paper provides an explanatory framework for e-waste governance in Hong Kong and China, and identifies the major obstacles to shaping effective transboundary e-waste control and prevention. The paper argues that institutional arrangements play a dominant role in governing e-waste policy networks at the local level of governance in Hong Kong and China; however, a lack of accountability and capacity at the transboundary level can explain the different waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management strategies in these two places.

Conceptualizations of sociopolitical culture in Hong Kong and Mainland China

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233
Author(s):  
Ray C. H. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Occupy Central ◽  
Cultural Linguistics

Abstract This study of media discourse focuses on how the sociopolitical culture in Hong Kong and Mainland China is conceptualized by the English-speaking press. To this end, the present research studies newspaper articles on the Hong Kong Occupy Central Movement published in Britain, the United States, and Australia. Cultural Linguistics, combined with corpus analytical techniques, is used to examine the construals of hong kong and mainland china. A 303,455-word corpus which contains 402 articles was compiled for data analysis. It is found that the disagreement between the Hong Kong civilians and the Mainland Chinese government is often reported with metonymical conceptualizations (place for inhabitants versus place for the institution). In general, the sociopolitical culture in Hong Kong and Mainland China is imbued with negative emotions, disharmony, and power differences, as is evident from the body, illness, disease, container, and possession conceptualizations. At the end of this paper, issues about researching conceptualizations in newspaper texts, such as the journalistic input, are discussed.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Two-child Policy on China’s Population Projection

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Yan
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Entropy Weight ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Entropy Weight Method ◽  
Weight Method ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Evaluation Matrix

Since January 1,2016, China has implemented the Two-child policy. The Two-child policy is contrast to the One-child policy which has been implemented for nearly 30 years by Chinese government. Since this Two-child policy is a basic national policy of China, its purpose is to determine a reasonable rate of population development. Whether the two-child policy can really achieve the desired effect. This article will discuss statistical methods and social realities.Firstly, author uses the entropy weight with Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method. Eighteen indicators affecting the population were set up to establish an initial evaluation matrix according to the actual situation and determine the accurate weight of each indicator.Secondly, the author makes predictions on China’s future population. In order to make sure the accuracy of the forecast, author makes second forecast of the modified value to reduce the noise caused by the entropy weight method. And the author discusses which method is suit for this question.Finally, author analyzes this situation.

scholarly journals Complaints on abortuses handling: policy recommendations for Hong Kong

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Celine S.M. Cheng ◽  
Amanda P.Y. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Ethical Concern ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hong Kong Sar ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Clinical Wastes

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review cases about complaints of abortuses handling in Hong Kong, and to further propose policy recommendations to help comfort parents with respect and dignity toward abortuses. Design/methodology/approach There is a systematic review of articles/newspapers related to the practice and regulation of abortuses handling in Hong Kong and overseas countries. Also, point of views among stakeholders are selected from: newspapers, patients’ groups, Hong Kong SAR Government’s websites, radio programmes’ interviews, related organizations’ websites, blogs from legislative councilors and lawyers. Findings Since parents suffered from miscarriage before 24 weeks’ pregnancy are increasingly willing to share their experiences and struggled for arranging a legal funeral for their children, Hong Kong SAR Government is able to understand these parents’ needs and hence set up more “Angel Garden” in both the public and the private cemeteries. Yet, the provision of funeral and cremation services are still not comprehensive. Existing measures from Mainland China and overseas countries to handle abortuses and to provide support for parents are analyzed. More critically, ethical concern on handling abortuses as one of the clinical wastes is further included in the discussion. Originality/value Although all less than 24 weeks’ fetuses cannot be given any Certificate of Stillbirth, respect and dignity can still be presented toward their parents by flexible regulation. After discussing the related measures on handling abortuses from other countries, some of their humane regulations are feasible to be applied to Hong Kong.

scholarly journals The Dilemma of Stability Preservation in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongyi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Media ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability

Stability preservation ([Formula: see text], weiwen) has been a core policy of the Chinese communist government for the last two decades. China is the only major country in the contemporary world to have set up stability preservation offices at all levels of government alongside the normal administrative institutions for social control. These offices are mainly staffed by the existing personnel of the security apparatus, who in turn exercise control over people and the propaganda apparatus, who exercise control over information. The consequences of the stability preservation policy and the “system of stability preservation” ([Formula: see text], weiwen tizhi) are widely reported in the media, but the academic community is still in the initial stages of understanding the process of this unique phenomenon in China (Sandby-Thomas 2011; Shambaugh 2000; Social Development Research Group 2010; Sun 2009; Yu 2009). Why has the Chinese government pursued this policy? Is stability preservation in China a conventional issue of “law and order”? Are the policy and institutions of stability preservation effective in providing social and political stability? What are the implications of these special arrangements for China and the Chinese communist regime in the long run?

scholarly journals Ocean Freight Rates and Productivity, 1740–1913: The Primacy of Mechanical Invention Reaffirmed

1988 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Knick Harley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Freight Rate ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Dominant Source ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
General Decline

This article demonstrates that new industrial technology caused a revolutionary decline in nineteenth-century freight rates. This overturns Douglass North's well-known conclusion that organizational improvements were the dominant source of savings. While North's American freight rate series declines prior to the use of the metal steamship, British rates decline only modestly prior to 1850 and then rapidly as metal steamships come into use. Cotton freights dominate North's index and declined when cotton became more tightly packed for shipment. Metal ships and steam propulsion, however, caused a general decline in freight rates after 1850.

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