Spiral torsion in Taenia taeniaeformis (Batsch, 1786) caused by the knotting together of two worms

Parasitology ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Spiral Growth ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Taenia Taeniaeformis

The larval stage of Taenia taeniaeformis, namely, Cysticercus taeniae-taeniaeformis, has recently been described by the writer (1951), a detailed account being given of the musculature and of the excretory and nervous systems of the scolex and strobila. In addition, some abnormalities in structure were noted, chief of which was the spiral torsion observed in some specimens and which involved the musculature, excretory and nervous systems of the strobila but not the surface layers. A search was then made for some adult specimens in order to find whether the same abnormality could be seen and to ascertain what the effect of such a torsion would be on the genitalia in the mature and gravid regions. Several adult specimens, from the intestine of a cat, were given to the writer by Mr L. E. Hughes, veterinary investigation officer. Unfortunately, none of these specimens showed the identical spiral torsion found in the larva, but two of them had become knotted together, presumably at an early stage, and were considerably distorted in the regions involved in the knot. This distortion was again of a spiral nature but involved the entire proglottid and not only the internal structures as was found in the type of spiral torsion common in the larval stage of this species. The condition was not merely a turning over of the strobila but an abnormal spiral growth brought about by the continued constriction on the body where the two worms were twisted around one another. So here again, in the adult stage, spiral torsion is evident but from a different cause and involving the whole of the relevant segments from the surface layers to all the contained organs.

scholarly journals Drosophila larval epidermal cells only exhibit epidermal aging when they persist to the adult stage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Sirisha Burra ◽  
Michael J. Galko
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multinucleate Cells ◽  
Aging Program ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Complete Transformation

AbstractHolometabolous insects undergo a complete transformation of the body plan from the larval to the adult stage. In Drosophila, this transformation includes replacement of larval epidermal cells (LECs) by adult epidermal cells (AECs). AECs in Drosophila undergo a rapid and stereotyped aging program where they lose both cell membranes and nuclei. Whether LEC’s are capable of undergoing aging in a manner similar to AECs remains unknown. Here, we address this question in two ways. First, we looked for hallmarks of epidermal aging in larvae that have a greatly extended third instar and/or carry mutations that would cause premature epidermal aging at the adult stage. Such larvae, irrespective of genotype, did not show any of the signs of epidermal aging observed in the adult. Second, we developed a procedure to effect a heterochronic persistence of LECs into the adult epidermal sheet. LECs embedded within the adult epidermal sheet undergo clear signs of epidermal aging; they form multinucleate cells with each other and with the surrounding AECs on the same schedule as the AECs themselves. Our data reveals that epidermal aging in holometabolous Drosophila is a stage-specific phenomenon and that the capacity of LECs to respond to aging signals does exist.Summary StatementWe show that Drosophila larval epidermal cells do not age at the larval stage. They do, however, exhibit signs of aging if they persist into the adult.

Early Diabetes Discovery From Tongue Images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safia Naveed ◽  
Geetha G ◽  
Leninisha S
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Early Diabetes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Sugar Levels

Abstract Medical imaging shows the internal structures hidden in the skin and bone to diagnose the disease. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that causes high blood sugar levels due to the inadequate secretion of insulin or the body does not respond properly to the secreted insulin. This paper proposes a non-invasive method to detect DM at an early stage based on the physiognomy extracted from tongue images. The tongue extends to identify the disease of a human body. However, unpredictable response of the human body parts such as the stomach, pancreas, liver and intestines revert in the tongue. The changes in the tongue ensure the dereliction of the internal organs of the human being. The changes are difference in the color and surface of the tongue. Processing of tongue image is done by fractional order Darwinian particle swarm optimization (FODPSO) algorithm. The system framework involves obtaining the image, alluring of the image, identifying the texture and color feature and finally classified as normal or diabetic. In this paper, the authors propose to diagnose DM at an early stage from tongue digital image. The tongue image is acquired and processed with FODPSO to extract edge and texture features. Tongue reflects and diagnoses diabetes in a person.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CYSTICERCUS FASCIOLARIS AND COMMON RATS

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SHASHI KIRAN
Keyword(s):  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Hepatic Cysts ◽  
Cysticercus Fasciolaris ◽  
Taenia Taeniaeformis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of C. fasciolaris with common rats. Cysticercus fasciolaris is the larval stage of Taenia taeniaeformis . Development of metacestodes ( Cysticercus fasciolaris) occur in the liver of rodents. An urban and a sylvatic cycle occurs. A total of 40 liver specimens of rats were examined. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of multiple hepatic cysts, and the C. fasciolaris larva was surrounded by granulation tissue. Large and separated ûbroblasts in different orientations with some neoplastic changes were seen in advanced hepatic cysticercosis. The bladder involved the larva and large chamber containing the small chamber and opalescent fluid. The scolex of the mature larva is distinctly large, bearing four lateral distinct suckers, a rostellum armed with double, and alternating rows of hooks.

scholarly journals Fabry Cardiomyopathy: Current Practice and Future Directions

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1532
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Yim ◽  
Olivia Yau ◽  
Darwin F. Yeung ◽  
Teresa S. M. Tsang
Keyword(s):  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Blood Spot

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene that result in deficient galactosidase A enzyme and subsequent accumulation of glycosphingolipids throughout the body. The result is a multi-system disorder characterized by cutaneous, corneal, cardiac, renal, and neurological manifestations. Increased left ventricular wall thickness represents the predominant cardiac manifestation of FD. As the disease progresses, patients may develop arrhythmias, advanced conduction abnormalities, and heart failure. Cardiac biomarkers, point-of-care dried blood spot testing, and advanced imaging modalities including echocardiography with strain imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T1 mapping now allow us to detect Fabry cardiomyopathy much more effectively than in the past. While enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been the mainstay of treatment, several promising therapies are now in development, making early diagnosis of FD even more crucial. Ongoing initiatives involving artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered interpretation of echocardiographic images, point-of-care dried blood spot testing in the echocardiography laboratory, and widespread dissemination of point-of-care ultrasound devices to community practices to promote screening may lead to more timely diagnosis of FD. Fabry disease should no longer be considered a rare, untreatable disease, but one that can be effectively identified and treated at an early stage before the development of irreversible end-organ damage.

scholarly journals Holistic Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT): Development and Use for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Petr G. Lokhov ◽  
Dmitry L. Maslov ◽  
Steven Lichtenberg ◽  
Oxana P. Trifonova ◽  
Elena E. Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds

A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is developed and used within a single laboratory. The holistic metabolomic LDT integrating the currently available data on human metabolic pathways, changes in the concentrations of low-molecular-weight compounds in the human blood during diseases and other conditions, and their prevalent location in the body was developed. That is, the LDT uses all of the accumulated metabolic data relevant for disease diagnosis and high-resolution mass spectrometry with data processing by in-house software. In this study, the LDT was applied to diagnose early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD), which currently lacks available laboratory tests. The use of the LDT for blood plasma samples confirmed its ability for such diagnostics with 73% accuracy. The diagnosis was based on relevant data, such as the detection of overrepresented metabolite sets associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the ability of the LDT to detect normal composition of low-molecular-weight compounds in blood was demonstrated, thus providing a definition of healthy at the molecular level. This LDT approach as a screening tool can be used for the further widespread testing for other diseases, since ‘omics’ tests, to which the metabolomic LDT belongs, cover a variety of them.

scholarly journals Anatomical variants of pulmonary segments and uni-portal thoracoscopic segmentectomy for lung cancer in a patient with Kartagener syndrome: a case report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhou ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Yao Lu ◽  
Xueying Yang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Situs Inversus Totalis ◽  
Middle Lobe ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kartagener Syndrome ◽  
Early Stage Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Lesion

AbstractSitus inversus totalis (SIT) is an extremely uncommon congenital disease where the major organs of the body are transposed through the sagittal plane. Kartagener syndrome is a complication of SIT with immotility of bronchial cilia, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis. There is no report describing patients with Kartagener syndrome who accept uni-portal segmentectomies for lung cancer in past studies. Here we report a 74-year-old female patient with both Kartagener syndrome and a small early-stage lung cancer lesion located in the apical segment of the left upper lobe (LS1). The pulmonary segment anatomy of the left upper lobe in this case, which had very rare variants, was presented and interpreted in detail. This patient underwent an anatomic segmentectomy to the LS1 and a partial excision to the left middle lobe with bronchiectasis through a single 3 cm length incision. We believe that the case can give surgeons some experience and inspiration.

scholarly journals Clostridial Spores for Cancer Therapy: Targeting Solid Tumour Microenvironment

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Umer ◽  
David Good ◽  
Jozef Anné ◽  
Wei Duan ◽  
Ming Q. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Solid Tumour ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Tumours ◽  
Current Status

Solid tumour accounts for 90% of all cancers. The current treatment approach for most solid tumours is surgery, however it is limited to early stage tumours. Other treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are non-selective, thus causing damage to both healthy and cancerous tissue. Past research has focused on understanding tumour cells themselves, and conventional wisdom has aimed at targeting these cells directly. Recent research has shifted towards understanding the tumour microenvironment and it’s differences from that of healthy cells/tissues in the body and then to exploit these differences for treatmeat of the tumour. One such approach is utilizing anaerobic bacteria. Several strains of bacteria have been shown to selectively colonize in solid tumours, making them valuable tools for selective tumour targeting and destruction. Amongst them, the anaerobicClostridiumhas shown great potential in penetration and colonization of the hypoxic and necrotic areas of the tumour microenvironment, causing significant oncolysis as well as enabling the delivery of therapeutics directly to the tumourin situ. Various strategies utilizingClostridiumare currently being investigated, and represent a novel area of emerging cancer therapy. This review provides an update review of tumour microenvironment as well as summary of the progresses and current status of Clostridial spore-based cancer therapies.

ON THE SURVIVAL AND METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND HYPOTHERMIC PRE-VIABLE HUMAN FOETUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. KULLANDER ◽  
B. SUNDÉN
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Human Foetuses ◽  
General Reduction

SUMMARY A total of twenty-three human pre-viable foetuses (7–400 g.) were removed by abdominal hysterotomy (legal abortions) and studied during survival in an anoxic state at different temperatures. The duration of survival, as judged by ECG waves, at 37° c was about 3 hr.; it was longer for female foetuses than for males, and longer for large foetuses than for small ones. General reduction of the body-temperature to 4° c during periods varying between 30 min. and 6 hr. with subsequent rewarming to and maintenance at 37° c increased the survival time by a further 1–2 hr. The blood sugar did not decrease either during the period of survival or during hypothermia, but the non-protein nitrogen increased, while acidosis and hyperkalaemia developed. The glycogen content of the liver decreased during the anoxic period of survival and diminished further during hypothermia. The adrenal glands produced adrenaline in addition to noradrenaline during the anoxic phase, and this may occur in a very early stage of intrauterine life.

Staphylococcal infection and pathomurfological characteristic of the pituitary-adrenal-thyroid system

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Samira Mammadhasan Yagubova ◽  
◽  
Elchin Chingiz Akbarov ◽  
Tarana Nadir Mirzayeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Specific Symptoms

During the staphylococcal infection, changes in the interaction of glandular cells, dystrophic and disorganizing pathologies in tissues, especially acute structural and hemodynamic changes in the stroma of the glands in the pituitary-adrenal-thyroid system, develop from the first day of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, on the background of a decrease in exudative processes, fibroplastic reactions are significantly activated, resulting in signs of incomplete regeneration – mainly sclerotic processes and cystic-atrophic changes in the parenchyma. Structural changes in tissues in the early stages of staphylococcal infection and the dynamics of development are characterized by specific symptoms in each of the glands. Since the pituitary gland is exposed to endogenous and exogenous factors earlier and more often than the adrenal glands, and the adrenal glands are earlier than the thyroid gland, dystrophic and destructive changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands are more pronounced at the early stage of the experiment. These morphological changes can change the hormonal status of the body and lead to dysfunction of the endocrine system as a whole – a decrease in the functional activity of the glands to some extent, and even inhibition of adenohypophyseal cells. Key words: staphylococcal infection, peritonitis, pituitary, adrenal and thyroid glands

Does obesity influence the preferred treatment approach for early-stage cervical cancer? A cost-effectiveness analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. ijgc-2021-003004
Author(s):  
Jacqueline A Bohn ◽  
Miriam L Hernandez-Zepeda ◽  
Alyssa R Hersh ◽  
Elizabeth G Munro ◽  
Jenna M Kahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Radical Hysterectomy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Chemoradiation Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Stage Cervical Cancer

ObjectiveAbdominal radical hysterectomy in early-stage cervical cancer has higher rates of disease-free and overall survival compared with minimally invasive radical hysterectomy. Abdominal radical hysterectomy may be technically challenging at higher body mass index levels resulting in poorer surgical outcomes. This study sought to examine the influence of body mass index on outcomes and cost effectiveness between different treatments for early-stage cervical cancer.MethodsA Markov decision-analytic model was designed using TreeAge Pro software to compare the outcomes and costs of primary chemoradiation versus surgery in women with early-stage cervical cancer. The study used a theoretical cohort of 6000 women who were treated with abdominal radical hysterectomy, minimally invasive radical hysterectomy, or primary chemoradiation therapy. We compared the results for three body mass index groups: less than 30 kg/m2, 30–39.9 kg/m2, and 40 kg/m2 or higher. Model inputs were derived from the literature. Outcomes included complications, recurrence, death, costs, and quality-adjusted life years. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of less than $100 000 per quality-adjusted life year was used as our willingness-to-pay threshold. Sensitivity analyses were performed broadly to determine the robustness of the results.ResultsComparing abdominal radical hysterectomy with minimally invasive radical hysterectomy, abdominal radical hysterectomy was associated with 526 fewer recurrences and 382 fewer deaths compared with minimally invasive radical hysterectomy; however, abdominal radical hysterectomy resulted in more complications for each body mass index category. When the body mass index was 40 kg/m2 or higher, abdominal radical hysterectomy became the dominant strategy because it led to better outcomes with lower costs than minimally invasive radical hysterectomy. Comparing abdominal radical hysterectomy with primary chemoradiation therapy, recurrence rates were similar, with more deaths associated with surgery across each body mass index category. Chemoradiation therapy became cost effective when the body mass index was 40 kg/m2 or higher.ConclusionWhen the body mass index is 40 kg/m2 or higher, abdominal radical hysterectomy is cost saving compared with minimally invasive radical hysterectomy and primary chemoradiation is cost effective compared with abdominal radical hysterectomy. Primary chemoradiation may be the optimal management strategy at higher body mass indexes.

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