Control options for Neospora caninum – is there anything new or are we going backwards?

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL P. REICHEL ◽  
MILTON M. McALLISTER ◽  
WILLIAM E. POMROY ◽  
CARLOS CAMPERO ◽  
LUIS M. ORTEGA-MORA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Primary Producer ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Practical Level

SUMMARYRecent work has highlighted and enumerated the economic annual losses due to Neospora caninum abortions worldwide, which should provide strong motivation for the control of bovine neosporosis. However, with the recent withdrawal from sale of the only commercially available vaccine, control options for N. caninum have become more restricted. While researchers continue to work on developing alternative efficacious vaccines, what are the control options presently available for the cattle industries? At the practical level, recommendations for ‘Test-and-cull’, or ‘not breeding from seropositive dams’ stand diametrically opposed to alternative options put forward that suggest a primary producer is better advised to keep those cows in the herd that are already seropositive, i.e. assumed to be chronically infected, and indeed those that have already aborted once. Treatment with a coccidiostat has been recommended as the only economically viable option, yet no such treatment has gained official, regulatory approval. Dogs are central to the life cycle of N. caninum and have repeatedly been associated with infection and abortions in cattle by epidemiological studies. Knowledge and understanding of that pivotal role should be able to be put to use in control programmes. The present review canvasses the relevant literature for evidence for control options for N. caninum (some of them proven, many not) and assesses them in the light of the authors’ knowledge and experience with control of N. caninum.

Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis: Recent advances and perspectives

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ortega-Mora ◽  
Aurora Fernández-García ◽  
Mercedes Gómez-Bautista
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Foetal Infection

AbstractNeospora caninum is considered a major cause of abortion in cattle. Appropriate techniques for diagnosis of bovine neosporosis, both in vivo and in aborted foetuses, have been developed in the last ten years and some of them are commercially available. For diagnosis in live animals, detection of antibodies in serum or milk has been shown to be the best option both at the herd and the individual level. These techniques are excellent tools to examine N. caninum-associated abortion problems and to adopt some basic herd-control measures. Concerning foetal diagnosis, detection of compatible lesions by histological examination and parasites by PCR in brain (as well as heart and liver) are the best choices. Diagnostic criteria to distinguish foetal infection and Neospora-associated abortion are based not only on the demonstration of the parasite in the foetus but also on the extent and severity of the lesions in the foetus, foetal age and the assessment of neosporosis at the herd level. In the near future, new tools to diagnose infection should help to detect animals with parasite reactivation by testing the immune response to stage-specific antigens and lead to the development of molecular typing methods to characterise different parasite isolates. Finally, uniform diagnostic procedures need to be established between laboratories and countries in order to standardise result interpretation. The role of National or Regional Reference Laboratories is essential in countries or regions where control programmes for the disease are being developed.

Governing obesity in Denmark

2018 ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Peter Triantafillou ◽  
Naja Vucina
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Child Obesity ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Political Concern ◽  
Obesity Control ◽  
Control Programmes

This chapter analyses predominant forms of political rationalities, expert knowledge, and governing technologies employed in the attempt to govern obesity in Denmark. If first examines how obesity became the object of biomedical and political concern through epidemiological studies. Moreover, it accounts for the key health promotion programmes employed to control obesity in Denmark. It points to the importance of a highly organized civil society, notably the gymnastics movement. Finally, by exploring two obesity control programmes targeting child obesity, the chapter examines the workings of health promotion.

scholarly journals PO 8505 LEISHMANIASIS IN ANGOLA – AN EMERGING DISEASE?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A47.3-A48
Author(s):  
Sofia Cortes ◽  
André Pereira ◽  
Jocelyne Vasconcelos ◽  
Joana P Paixão ◽  
Joltim Quivinja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
African Patient ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundPoverty, lack of resources, inadequate treatments and control programmes exacerbate the impact of infectious diseases in the developing world. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is among the ten major neglected tropical diseases. Although endemic in more than 90 countries, the ones most affected, representing over 90% of new cases, are Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal, and Sudan. In Africa south of the equator, the impact of leishmaniasis is much lower. In several countries, like Angola, little is known about this infectious neglected disease. In the 1970s, a group of Portuguese researchers described three cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children from Huambo district and in the 1990s visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in an African patient. More recently a canine survey in Luanda revealed two Leishmania-infected dogs.After some suspected cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Huambo region in 2017, the Angola health authorities and the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal, established a collaboration to analyse samples from some suspected cases.MethodsThree paraffin-embedded human skin samples from dermatological lesions were sent to IHMT for molecular analysis. After DNA extraction, PCR was performed by using four protocols with different molecular markers.ResultsOne PCR protocol using a nested approach was positive in two of the samples. Sequencing analysis confirmed Leishmania sp. DNA.ConclusionThis was the first time that suspected human cutaneous samples were screened for leishmaniasis by molecular methods with detection of Leishmania sp. DNA. These preliminary studies highlight the need for higher awareness of health professionals for leishmaniasis clinical forms, to recognise risk factors and the epidemiological features of leishmaniasis in the Huambo province. It would be relevant to perform further epidemiological studies to confirm if this vector-borne disease could be emergent in this country.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Neospora caninum serodiagnostic antigens for bovine neosporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 102045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanan H. Abdelbaky ◽  
Maki Nishimura ◽  
Naomi Shimoda ◽  
Jun Hiasa ◽  
Ragab M. Fereig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis

scholarly journals Experimental Neosporosis in Pregnant Ewes and Their Offspring

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. McAllister ◽  
A. M. McGuire ◽  
W. R. Jolley ◽  
D. S. Lindsay ◽  
A. J. Trees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Cerebral Necrosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Caninum Tachyzoites ◽  
Clinical And Pathological Features

Six groups of six pregnant ewes each were inoculated with 170,000 or 1,700,000 tachyzoites of Neospora caninum on gestation day 65, 90, or 120. All ewes seroconverted, and none showed signs of illness other than abortion. Regardless of the inoculum dose, all ewes inoculated on gestation day 65 aborted: ewes inoculated on gestation day 90 aborted, gave birth to weak lambs, or gave birth to clinically normal lambs; and all ewes inoculated on gestation day 120 gave birth to clinically normal lambs. Using an immunohistological procedure that stains bradyzoites, we observed protozoal cysts in brains of 11 of 29 (38%) aborted fetuses, in one of four (25%) weak lambs, and in seven of 18 (39%) clinically normal lambs. Cysts were not observed in extraneural tissues from two clinically normal lambs that had cysts in the brain. No evidence of infection was observed in tissues of five ewes examined using an immunohistological procedure that stains N. caninum tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Multifocal nonsuppurative encephalitis was observed in 46 of 51 (90%) aborted, weak, or clinically normal lambs. Cerebral necrosis, dystrophic mineralization, and meningitis were also commonly identified in live and aborted lambs (even when severely autolyzed). Nonsuppurative, necrotizing placentitis was observed in 15 of 17 (88%) placentas. Nonsuppurative myositis was common in fetuses but not in live lambs. Inflammation occurred less frequently in liver and lung. Clinical and pathological features of neosporosis in sheep closely resemble those of bovine neosporosis and ovine toxoplasmosis. Although abortion caused by naturally occurring neosporosis in sheep has not been reported, diagnosticians should carefully distinguish between neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in cases of ovine protozoal abortion unless future investigations exclude the likelihood of naturally acquired neosporosis in sheep.

Investigating the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER STUART ◽  
ANNETTA ZINTL ◽  
THEO DE WAAL ◽  
GRACE MULCAHY ◽  
CONALL HAWKINS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Local Ecology

SUMMARYNeospora caninumis a protozoan parasite, primarily associated with bovine abortion. The only definitive hosts discovered to date are carnivores. This study aimed to identify the role of mammalian carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis. A sample bank of serum, fecal and brain samples was established: American mink (Mustela vison), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), pine martens (Martes martes), badgers (Meles meles), stoats (Mustela erminea), otters (Lutra lutra) and feral ferrets (Mustela putorius). Approximately 1% of mink and 1% of fox samples were positive by IFAT. According to PCR analysis of DNA extracted from brain tissue, 3% of the mink, 4% of the otters and 6% of the foxes examined were infected withN. caninum.All fecal samples tested negative forN. caninumDNA (n = 311), suggesting that the species that tested positive were intermediate not definitive hosts. This is the first time that tissues from mustelids have tested positive forN. caninum. The need to test 2 relatively large (∼200 mg) targeted parts of the brain to avoid false negatives was also identified. The relatively low prevalence ofN. caninumin Irish carnivores suggests that the local ecology of a species has an important influence on its epidemiological role.

scholarly journals The Role of Career Woman in Islamic Education Field in a Digital Era

2016 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Anisa Dwi Makrufi
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Career Women ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
Career Woman ◽  
Modern Era

This paper aims to analyses the role of career woman in Islam especially Islamic education in a digital, modern era. To this end, analyses on the relevant literature have been carried out. As a result, an educated family with values of Islam is the greatest favors. In a family, a woman has a central role in Islamic education. Nowadays, many women opt for a career outside their home. In Islam it is allowed, even in the recorded history, several women who became wives of the Prophet also became career women. Islam provides a strong motivation for women to run their careers in any fields in accordance with their nature and dignity without leaving their duties as ra’iyah fi baiti zaujiha (person(s) in charge of the internal problems of households). The role of a career woman in the field of Islamic education is a challenge. Considering the fact of the digital era, it is significantly important to take account of the concept of monotheism. It is the single concept referring to that of God, the Absolute Power. In this digital era, the principle of tauhid as the main one of monotheism itself is to stand for a belief that Allah, the only God, encompasses all the things. In short words, the digital age would bring people into the circumtance where they are united to be faithful to God Almighty. In the sense, career women are eble to optimize their roles in lifting this tauhid value as well as especially educating their family.

scholarly journals Ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum em bovinos e cães oriundo de propriedades produtoras de leite do Norte Central do Estado do Paraná

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
Simone Marins Spiti ◽  
Luiz Daniel de Barros ◽  
Mércia De Seixas ◽  
Ana Flavia Minutti ◽  
Thais Agostinho Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Neosporosis is one of the principal causes of reproductive problems in cattle worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from dairy farms from the central northern region of Paraná state. Blood samples with and without EDTA were collected from 400 cattle and 46 dogs from 20 properties. Nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR) was performed on whole blood samples and indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IFR) on the serum samples (after clot retraction). Cattle and dogs with titers ? 100 and ? 50, respectively, were considered positive. Anti-N. caninum was detected in 20,1% (80/400) of cattle, with titers ranging from 100 to 1600. The n-PCR presented only two cattle positives (0.5%). Anti-N. caninum was detected in 19,6% (9/46) of the dogs, with titers ranging from 50 to 6400. The occurrence of antibodies against N. caninum obtained in the present study was similar to those in studies performed in other regions of Paraná and Brazil. The probability of detecting parasitemia in epidemiological studies is a rare event.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandra M. Oshiro ◽  
Maria de Fatima C. Matos ◽  
Jacqueline M. de Oliveira ◽  
Letícia A.R.C. Monteiro ◽  
Renato Andreotti
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
Indirect Fluorescence Antibody

Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect domestic and wild canids, as well as ruminants and equines. It was described in 1988 and has been known as a major cause of abortion in bovines and neuromuscular alterations and death in dogs. To estimate the prevalence of bovine neosporosis in the 22 municipalities of the so-called Estrato 1 subregion of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, blood samples were collected from cows aged 24 months and older, from December 2003 to March 2004. During sample collection, a questionnaire was used to gather data of epidemiological interest. The samples were subjected to serological diagnosis (indirect fluorescence antibody test - IFAT). Prevalences of 14.9% (449/2488) and 69.8% (143/205) were found for the animals and herds sampled, respectively. The variable found to be associated with seropositivity to N. caninum was abortion (OR 2.52; CI 1.25-5.06). The results revealed the presence of infection by N. caninum in the herds investigated, drawing attention to its role as a potential cause of abortion in cattle in Mato Grosso do Sul.

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