Set-shifting ability across the spectrum of eating disorders and in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (16) ◽  
pp. 3365-3385 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wu ◽  
T. Brockmeyer ◽  
M. Hartmann ◽  
M. Skunde ◽  
W. Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Subgroup Analyses

Background.In this meta-analysis we review the findings from neuropsychological studies on set-shifting in people with eating disorders (EDs) or overweight/obesity.Method.Four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX and Web of Science) were searched for eligible studies. Effect sizes (ESs) were pooled using random-effects models. Moderator analyses were conducted for ED and overweight/obese subgroups, adult/adolescent samples and measures of set-shifting.Results.Sixty-four studies with a total of 1825 ED patients [1394 anorexia nervosa (AN), 376 bulimia nervosa (BN) and 55 binge eating disorder (BED)] and 10 studies with a total of 449 overweight/obese individuals were included. The meta-analysis revealed a small to medium ES for inefficient set-shifting across all three ED diagnoses (Hedges’ g = –0.45). Subgroup analyses yielded small to medium ESs for each ED subtype (g = –0.44 for AN, –0.53 for BED, –0.50 for BN), which did not differ significantly. There was a medium ES for restricting type AN (ANR; g = –0.51) but no significant ES for binge/purge type AN (AN/BP; g = –0.18). A medium ES was found across obesity studies (g = –0.61). The ES across overweight studies was not significant (g = –0.07). Adult samples did not differ from adolescent samples in either ED or overweight/obesity studies. The different set-shifting measures were associated with largely varying ESs.Conclusions.The meta-analysis provides strong support that inefficient set-shifting is a salient neuropsychological phenomenon across ED subtypes and obesity, but is less prominent in AN/BP and overweight. Compulsivity seems to be a common underlying factor supporting a dimensional and transdiagnostic conceptualization of EDs and obesity.

scholarly journals Associations between genetic polymorphisms of TLRs and susceptibility to tuberculosis: A meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhou ◽  
Mengtao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Association ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Association Studies ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Subgroup Analyses

Some genetic association studies have tried to investigate potential associations between TLR polymorphisms and tuberculosis. However, the results of these studies have not been consistent. Thus, we performed the present meta-analysis to explore associations between TLR polymorphisms and tuberculosis in a larger combined population. A systematic literature research of PubMed, Web of Science and Embase was performed to identify eligible studies for combined analyses. I2 statistics were employed to assess between-study heterogeneities. If I2 was >50%, random-effects models were used to combine the data. Otherwise, fixed-effects models were applied for synthetic analyses. A total of 39 genetic association studies were included in the analyses. The combined analyses showed that TLR1 rs4833095, TLR1 rs5743557, TLR1 rs5743596, TLR2 rs3804099, TLR2 rs5743704, TLR2 rs5743708, TLR6 rs5743810 and TLR8 rs3764879 polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to TB in the overall population. Further subgroup analyses revealed similar significant findings for TLR1 rs4833095, TLR1 rs5743557, TLR1 rs5743596, TLR1 rs5743618, TLR2 rs3804099, TLR2 rs5743704, TLR2 rs5743708, TLR4 rs4986790 and TLR4 rs4986791 polymorphisms in certain ethnicities. In conclusion, our findings support that these TLR polymorphisms may be used to identify individuals at high risk of developing tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Morbid exercise behaviour and eating disorders: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-224
Author(s):  
Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez ◽  
Adrian Paterna ◽  
Álvaro Sicilia ◽  
Mark D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Exercise Behaviour ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackground and aimsThis study examined the relationship between self-reported symptoms of morbid exercise behaviour (MEB) and eating disorders (ED) using meta-analytic techniques.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus. Random effects models were used to compute pooled effect sizes estimates (r). The robustness of the summarized estimates was examined through sensitivity analyses by removing studies one at a time.ResultsSixty-six studies comprising 135 effect-sizes (N = 21,816) were included. The results revealed: (a) small-sized relationship in the case of bulimic symptoms (r = 0.19), (b) small- (r = 0.28) to medium-sized relationships (r = 0.41) in the case of body/eating concerns, and (c) medium-sized relationships in the case of overall ED symptoms (r = 0.35) and dietary restraint (r = 0.42). Larger effect sizes were observed in the case of overall ED symptoms in clinical, younger, and thinner populations, as well as when employing a continuously-scored instrument for assessing ED or the Compulsive Exercise Test for assessing MEB. Larger effect sizes were also found in female samples when the ED outcome was dietary restraint.ConclusionsThe identified gaps in the literature suggest that future research on the topic may benefit from: (a) considering a range of clinical (in terms of diagnosed ED) and non-clinical populations from diverse exercise modalities, (b) addressing a wide range of ED symptomatology, and (c) employing longitudinal designs that clarify the temporal direction of the relationship under consideration.

scholarly journals Internet-based treatment of gambling problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Sagoe ◽  
Mark. D. Griffiths ◽  
Eilin Kristine Erevik ◽  
Turid Høyland ◽  
Tony Leino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gambling Problems ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Gambling Frequency ◽  
Therapist Support

AbstractBackground and aimsThe effect of internet-based psychological treatment for gambling problems has not been previously investigated by meta-analysis. The present study is therefore a quantitative synthesis of studies on the effects of internet-based treatment for gambling problems. Given that effects may vary according to the presence of therapist support and control conditions, it was presumed that subgroup analyses would elucidate such effects.MethodsA systematic search with no time constraints was conducted in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Two authors independently extracted data using a predefined form, including study quality assessment based on the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was indexed by Cochran’s Q and the I2 statistics. Publication bias was investigated using trim and fill.ResultsThirteen studies were included in the analysis. Random effects models at post-treatment showed significant effects for general gambling symptoms (g = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.43–1.03), gambling frequency (g = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.14–0.45), and amount of money lost gambling (g = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.11–0.27). The corresponding findings at follow-up were g = 1.20 (95% CI = 0.79–1.61), g = 0.36 (95% CI = 0.12–0.60), and g = 0.20 (95% CI = 0.12–0.29) respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that for general gambling symptoms, studies with therapist support yield larger effects than studies without, both post-treatment and at follow-up. Additionally, on general gambling symptoms and gambling frequency, there were lower effect sizes for studies with a control group compared to studies without a control group at follow-up. Studies with higher baseline severity of gambling problems were associated with larger effect sizes at both posttreatment and follow-up than studies with more lenient inclusion criteria concerning gambling problems.Discussion and conclusionsInternet-based treatment has the potential to reach a large proportion of persons with gambling problems. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that such treatments hold promise as an effective approach. Future studies are encouraged to examine moderators of treatment outcomes, validate treatment effects cross-culturally, and investigate the effects of novel developments such as ecological momentary interventions.

Looking beyond depression: A meta-analysis of the effect of behavioral activation on depression, anxiety, and activation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliza Stein ◽  
Emily Carl ◽  
Eirini Karyotaki ◽  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Jasper A. J. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Subgroup Analyses

Background: Depression is a prevalent and impairing condition. Behavioral Activation (BA) is a parsimonious, cost-effective, and easily disseminated psychological intervention for depression. The present meta-analysis expanded on existing literature supporting the efficacy of BA for depression by examining the effects of BA on additional relevant outcomes for patients with depression, namely the reduction in anxiety symptoms and increase in activation. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of BA for depression compared to active and inactive control were identified via systematic review. Effect sizes using Hedges’s g were calculated for each outcome compared to both active and inactive control using random effects models. Subgroup analyses were used to examine the inclusion of a discussion of values as a moderator of depression symptom outcome in BA. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included. Meta-analyses of symptom change between groups from baseline-to-post intervention indicated that BA outperformed inactive control for depression (g = 0.83), anxiety (g = 0.37), and activation (g = 0.64). Effect sizes did not differ significantly from active control for depression (g = 0.15), anxiety (g = 0.03), activation (g = 0.04), or for subgroup analyses. Study quality was generally low, and evidence of publication bias was present. Conclusions: Results support the efficacy of BA relative to inactive control for reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in addition to increasing activation. BA did not differ from active control on these outcomes. These findings support the use of BA for the treatment of depression, yet call for continued high quality evaluations of BA for depression.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of set-shifting ability in eating disorders

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1075-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARION E. ROBERTS ◽  
KATE TCHANTURIA ◽  
DANIEL STAHL ◽  
LAURA SOUTHGATE ◽  
JANET TREASURE
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sort Test ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Standardized Effect Sizes ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim was to critically appraise and synthesize the literature relating to set-shifting ability in eating disorders. PsycINFO, Medline, and Web of Science databases were searched to December 2005. Hand searching of eating-disorder journals and relevant reference sections was also undertaken.MethodThe 15 selected studies contained both eating disorder and healthy control groups, and employed at least one of the following six neuropsychological measures of set-shifting ability; Trail Making Test (TMT), Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST), Brixton task, Haptic Illusion, CatBat task, or the set-shifting subset of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). The outcome variable was performance on the set-shifting aspect of the task. Pooled standardized mean differences (effect sizes) were calculated.ResultsTMT, WCST, CatBat and Haptic tasks had sufficient sample sizes for meta-analysis. These four tasks yielded acceptable pooled standardized effect sizes (0·36; TMT −1·05; Haptic) with moderate variation within studies (as measured by confidence intervals). The Brixton task showed a small pooled mean difference, and displayed more variation between sample results. The effect size for CANTAB set shifting was 0·17.ConclusionProblems in set shifting as measured by a variety of neuropsychological tasks are present in people with eating disorders.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relation Between Engagement and Achievement in Early Childhood Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 027112142110327
Author(s):  
Esther R. Lindström ◽  
Jason C. Chow ◽  
Kathleen N. Zimmerman ◽  
Hongyang Zhao ◽  
Elise Settanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Systematic Literature Search ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Early Childhood Research

Engagement in early childhood has been linked with later achievement, but the relation between these variables and how they are measured in early childhood requires examination. We estimated the overall association between academic engagement and achievement in children prior to kindergarten entry. Our systematic literature search yielded 13,521 reports for structured eligibility screening; from this pool of studies, we identified 21 unique data sets, with 199 effect sizes for analysis. We coded eligible studies, extracted effect sizes, accounted for effect size dependency, and used random-effects models to synthesize findings. The overall correlation between academic engagement and achievement was r = .24 (range: −.08 to −.71), and moderator analyses did not significantly predict the relation between the two constructs. This study aligns with previous research on this topic and examines issues related to these measures, their constraints, and applications as they pertain to early childhood research.

Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012109
Author(s):  
Bruna Bellaver ◽  
João Pedro Ferrari-Souza ◽  
Lucas Uglione da Ros ◽  
Stephen F Carter ◽  
Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Mao B ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Mean Differences

Objective:To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether fluid and imaging astrocyte biomarkers are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for articles reporting fluid or imaging astrocyte biomarkers in AD. Pooled effect sizes were determined with mean differences (SMD) using the Hedge’s G method with random-effects to determine biomarker performance. Adapted questions from QUADAS-2 were applied for quality assessment. A protocol for this study has been previously registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020192304).Results:The initial search identified 1,425 articles. After exclusion criteria were applied, 33 articles (a total of 3,204 individuals) measuring levels of GFAP, S100B, YKL-40 and AQP4 in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as MAO-B, indexed by positron emission tomography 11C-deuterium-L-deprenyl ([11C]-DED), were included. GFAP (SMD = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.71-1.18) and YKL-40 (SMD = 0.76; CI 95% = 0.63-0.89) levels in the CSF, S100B levels in the blood (SMD = 2.91; CI 95% = 1.01-4.8) were found significantly increased in AD patients.Conclusions:Despite significant progress, applications of astrocyte biomarkers in AD remain in their early days. The meta-analysis demonstrated that astrocyte biomarkers are consistently altered in AD and supports further investigation for their inclusion in the AD clinical research framework for observational and interventional studies.

Central coherence in eating disorders: a systematic review

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lopez ◽  
K. Tchanturia ◽  
D. Stahl ◽  
J. Treasure
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Weak Central Coherence ◽  
Central Coherence ◽  
Global Processing ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundThis review systematically appraised the research evidence for local versus global information processing to test the hypothesis that people with eating disorders (ED) had weak central coherence.MethodSearches on Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and ISI Web of Science databases were conducted in November 2006 and subsequently updated in September 2007. Each search was conducted in two steps: (1) neuropsychological tasks measuring central coherence and (2) words related to cognitive functioning in eating disorders. Data were summarized in a meta-analysis if the number of studies for a given test was >5.ResultsData were extracted from 16 studies. Meta-analyses were conducted for four tasks obtaining moderate effect sizes. The majority of studies found global processing difficulties across the ED spectrum. The results are less clear regarding local processing.ConclusionsPeople with ED have difficulties in global processing. It is less certain as to whether they have superior local processing. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to refute the weak central coherence hypothesis.

scholarly journals Effects of Psychological Interventions on the Prevention of Sports Injuries: A Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 232596712092832
Author(s):  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Qianjin Wu ◽  
Zichao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

Background: Studies have shown that preventive psychological interventions can reduce the occurrence of sports injuries. Purpose: To systematically evaluate the published literature on the effects of psychological interventions on rates of sports injuries and propose a set of psychological interventions to reduce such injuries. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 11 randomized controlled trials and intervention control trials involving 1287 participants were included. A random-effects model was used to analyze the data. Pooled results were expressed as effect sizes and 95% CIs. Bias and heterogeneity among the studies were assessed, and sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed. Results: Meta-analysis suggested that preventive psychological interventions effectively prevented the occurrence of sports injuries (effect size = –0.55; P < .001), although the studies showed substantial heterogeneity ( I 2 = 94.2%; P < .001), which could not be attributed to specific variables. Nevertheless, sensitivity analysis suggested that overall results were reliable. No significant risk of publication bias was found. Conclusion: Preventive psychological interventions moderately reduced the risk of sports injuries. Risk screening also significantly reduced the risk of sports injuries. These interventions should focus on cognitive behavior and be administered in 1 to 6 sessions over 7 to 12 weeks for 60 minutes per session.

Action observation therapy for improving arm function, walking ability, and daily activity performance after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1277-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzu-Hsuan Peng ◽  
Jun-Ding Zhu ◽  
Chih-Chi Chen ◽  
Ruei-Yi Tai ◽  
Chia-Yi Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Activity Performance

Objective:This study was to investigate the effectiveness of action observation therapy on arm and hand motor function, walking ability, gait performance, and activities of daily living in stroke patients.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Data sources:Searches were completed in January 2019 from electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and OTseeker.Review methods:Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and evaluated the study quality by the PEDro scale. The pooled effect sizes on different aspects of outcome measures were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the impact of stroke phases on treatment efficacy.Results:Included were 17 articles with 600 patients. Compared with control treatments, the action observation therapy had a moderate effect size on arm and hand motor outcomes (Hedge’s g = 0.564; P < 0.001), a moderate to large effect size on walking outcomes (Hedge’s g = 0.779; P < 0.001), a large effect size on gait velocity (Hedge’s g = 0.990; P < 0.001), and a moderate to large effect size on activities of daily function (Hedge’s g = 0. 728; P = 0.004). Based on subgroup analyses, the action observation therapy showed moderate to large effect sizes in the studies of patients with acute/subacute stroke or those with chronic stroke (Hedge’s g = 0.661 and 0.783).Conclusion:This review suggests that action observation therapy is an effective approach for stroke patients to improve arm and hand motor function, walking ability, gait velocity, and daily activity performance.

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