ELOQUENT ACTION: THE BODY AND MEANING IN EARLY COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Buckley

One of the things that strikes one most forcibly in surviving images of early commedia dell'arte is its enigmatic physicality, the manner in which its actors everywhere adopt postures and make gestures that seem not merely emphatic and exaggerated but almost hieroglyphic, full of some additional implication, laden with a figural and emblematic resonance that we sense but no longer see. In general terms, this quality is easily understood, as the body clearly served in commedia as a complex and polyvalent instrument of expression. Its gestures and movements were, as in all theatre, indexically linked to dramatic action, and they also served, as in much masked drama, as surrogates for the facial expression of affect, in that the movements and aspects of the whole body were enlisted to articulate the motions and mien of a veiled face and to overcome or play upon the sensation of estranged speech produced by the half-mask's bifurcation of the visage. Moreover, in a manner less familiar but illustrated well in Fig. 1, these movements and aspects also functioned as expressions in their own right, not articulating the affect or expression attendant upon immediate speech or situation or delineating the lines of external action but signaling the many impulses and various appetites of the world, the varied aspects of all persons and of the body itself, and invoking at times as their implicatory context human nature, common character, and identity rather than situation, attitude, or emotion.

Author(s):  
Marina Okladnaya ◽  
Ivan Yakovyuk ◽  
Victoria Dyadyk

Problem setting. Today the European Union interacts with the whole world and represents the interests and values of the European community far beyond one continent. Carrying out such activities provides for the existence of effective institutions for its implementation, which today are the European External Action Service and the European Uniondelegations around the world. It significantly differs from the classical manifestations of diplomacy, which determines the relevance of research into the establishment and development of the European Union diplomatic service. Moreover, understanding the process of formation and features of European Union diplomacy is interesting for domestic researchers of European Union law given the pro-European aspirations of Ukraine. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Certain aspects of this topic have been studied by suchdomesticscientistsas F. Baranovsky, M. Hnatyuk, O. Grinenko, O. Gladenko, M. Entin, O. Opanasyuk-Radlinska, E. Ryaboshtan, D. Tkachenko, O. Turchenko, Y.Sergienko, V. Streltsova, G. Utko, O. Fisun, V. Tsivaty, V. Shamraeva, O. Shapovalova, etc. Target of research is to research the basic preconditions and features of the establishment and development of the European Union diplomatic service and its functioning in today’s conditions. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the study of the main prerequisites and features of the establishment and development of the diplomatic service of the European Union. The authors paid attention to the coverage of the status, competence and procedure for sending the first representations of the Communities abroad, in particular the delegations of the European Commission. The changes made by the Maastricht, Amsterdam and Lisbon treaties on foreign policy are analyzed as well. All the reforms implemented by these treaties were aimed primarily at making the European Union more effective and coordinated in the international arena, and finally resolved the issue of the institutionalization of the body that deals with the European Union diplomatic service. So now it has the status of the European External Action Service and successfully performs its functions in the current conditions. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The modern European Union diplomatic service is the result of a long process of formalization and institutionalization of a whole set of its foreign policy bodies. The development of the European Union representation system shows that the spread of its representative activities has become global, as well as the dynamic transformation of the content of its goals to interact with the world in order to implement its foreign policy. However, despite the current and rapid dynamics of development and evolution of this institution, the question remains whether the European External Action Service is the final option for the external design of the European Union diplomatic service, or whether it will be another step in the process of building pan-European diplomacy.


Author(s):  
Jamie A. Davies

This chapter addresses muscles. The ultimate result of sensation and thought is usually some kind of action, be it moving the whole body; manipulating an object with the hand; or moving diaphragm, mouth, tongue, and voice-box to speak. All of these depend on muscles which, in their various forms, provide a nearly universal means for the nervous system to control the body and the world. Muscle cells are highly adapted for turning chemical energy into mechanical force. The chapter then looks at skeletal muscle and the musculoskeletal system. Some muscles are arranged circumferentially around a cavity. Two examples of this are the heart and the gut.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tahmid Nur

Marriage is one of the manifestations of human nature in the world to find happines, and make their descendant. Unfortunately, not all marriages are lasting until the end of the age, and not a litle ended in divorce. one case of divorce, is when a husband on his wife filed for divorce in religious courts. It dilator overshadow the many factors causing the disharmony that leads todivorce. However, the judiciary and the associated constantly seek and forge solutions to minimize the number of divorce cases divorce tends to increase from year to year.


Author(s):  
Hansjörg Hohr

“Upbringing” refers to the purposive activity of the older generation toward the young in order to further their growth into adulthood. These activities unfold in the intersection of instinct and culture and of individual and society and are, thus, a specifically human activity. They comprise the growth of the body of the children, their introduction into the world of symbols and the world of experience. One of the basic traits of upbringing is pointing out objects, naming them, and thus creating a shared world of things. Among the symbolic activities in upbringing there is the interplay of asking and explaining, of showing and imitating, dialogue, negotiation, discourse, storytelling, and play. The symbolic activities constitute and simultaneously are the basis of experience. Thus, speaking in general terms, upbringing means the arrangement and shaping of the environment to afford valuable experiences to the children and thus further their growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Everton Nery Carneiro ◽  
Marcelo Máximo Purificação ◽  
Emerson Nery Carneiro

É preciso compreender o que é um vírus e principalmente sua ação. Assim, trabalhamos o referencial nietzschiano, que intenta a construção de uma base teórica para fundamentar sua hermenêutica/perspectiva sobre a vida, sendo esta na vida, inexistido separação nítida/perceptível entre ciência, teologia, arte e filosofia.  Seguiremos aqui com a biologia (ciência), não divorciada da teologia, visando fundamentar a concepção de vontade-de-poder, numa dimensão filosófica. Na primeira parte, desenvolvemos a compreensão de que caos e cosmo (teologicamente e filosoficamente) são indispensáveis na constituição orgânica e inorgânica, entendendo que o mundo é um caos eterno e qualquer projeção de padrão, ordem ou objetivo é um mero antropomorfismo. Assim, entendemos que a luta, o polemos está estabelecido e, tudo isso pode ocorrer antes mesmo do corpo apresentar quaisquer sinais de enfermidades. Na segunda parte, retomamos o conceito de “eterno retorno”, degustando o aforismo 341. Eterno retorno, que é uma construção filosófica nietzschiana, construído a partir da compreensão teológica de Eclesiastes 2. Por último movimento do texto, apresentamos o para não concluir, que a guisa de um final de artigo, produz pontos elucidativos, aqui um ao qual destacamos:  A vontade-de-poder trabalha uma hermenêutica ao constituir o mundo como uma relação entre campos de força instáveis e em constante conflito e autoconfiguração. AbstractIt is necessary to understand what a virus is and, in general terms, its action. Thus, we work with the Nietzschean framework, which attempts to build a theoretical basis to support his hermeneutics / perspective on life, which is in life, there is no clear / noticeable separation between science, theology and philosophy. We will continue here with biology (science), not divorced from theology, aiming to base the conception of will-to-power, in a philosophical dimension. In the first part, we developed the understanding that chaos and cosmos (theologically and philosophically) are indispensable in organic and inorganic constitution, understanding that the world is eternal chaos and any projection of pattern, order or objective is a mere anthropomorphism. Thus, we understand that the struggle, the polemic, is established and all of this can happen even before the body shows any signs of illness. In the second part, we return to the concept of "eternal return", tasting the aphorism 341. Finally, we present the not to conclude that, as a way of concluding the article, produces elucidating points, one of them here highlighted: The will-to-power hermeneutically constitutes the world as a relationship between unstable force fields and in constant conflict and self-configuration.É preciso compreender o que é um vírus e principalmente sua ação. Assim, trabalhamos o referencial nietzschiano, que intenta a construção de uma base teórica para fundamentar sua hermenêutica/perspectiva sobre a vida, sendo esta na vida, inexistido separação nítida/perceptível entre ciência, teologia, arte e filosofia.  Seguiremos aqui com a biologia (ciência), não divorciada da teologia, visando fundamentar a concepção de vontade-de-poder, numa dimensão filosófica. Na primeira parte, desenvolvemos a compreensão de que caos e cosmo (teologicamente e filosoficamente) são indispensáveis na constituição orgânica e inorgânica, entendendo que o mundo é um caos eterno e qualquer projeção de padrão, ordem ou objetivo é um mero antropomorfismo. Assim, entendemos que a luta, o polemos está estabelecido e, tudo isso pode ocorrer antes mesmo do corpo apresentar quaisquer sinais de enfermidades. Na segunda parte, retomamos o conceito de “eterno retorno”, degustando o aforismo 341. Eterno retorno, que é uma construção filosófica nietzschiana, construído a partir da compreensão teológica de Eclesiastes 2. Por último movimento do texto, apresentamos o para não concluir, que a guisa de um final de artigo, produz pontos elucidativos, aqui um ao qual destacamos:  A vontade-de-poder trabalha uma hermenêutica ao constituir o mundo como uma relação entre campos de força instáveis e em constante conflito e autoconfiguração.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-219
Author(s):  
Duoyi Fei

In the interpretation of the body in the 20th century, philosophy placed less emphasis than before on its natural composition and sought to integrate value judgements from different perspectives. The philosophy of the body addresses the deepest essential problems of human society and culture, it generates a uniquely detailed analysis of human nature and its various roles and performances in social operations, and it reveals contemporary society’s operating mechanisms and deep internal contradictions. Accordingly, philosophy no longer gives the mind any priority or superiority in terms of cognition, and the focus of research has moved away from pure consciousness and towards the body. Contemporary philosophical exploration of the body covers both the concept of belongingness and the feasibility of bodily freedom. It not only foregrounds the impossibility of viewing the body and the mind as separate entities but also leads us to examine the connections between humans and the world, taking meaning, reason and the body as their basis. This paper explores the connections between body and thought in modern philosophy, traces the development of philosophy’s increasing concern with the body, elucidates the main contributions of representative figures in the field of philosophy of the body, and analyses the methodological significance and influence of the philosophy of the body as a contemporary philosophical trend.


2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Afkhami ◽  
Maryam Ehsanpour ◽  
Amin Mokhleci ◽  
Kazem Darvish Bastami

ABSTRACT Sea cucumbers are aquatic animals of wide variety, useful for human health. Sea cucumbers are among the aquatic creatures that have many important and useful properties known for human health. Increasing demand for beche-de-mer, along with steady price increases, has led to worldwide intensification of sea cucumber harvesting. The rearing of sea cucumbers with shrimps controls environmental pollution that results from over- enrichment in nutrients, built up on the pond bottom. These animals eat detritus and, together with devouring organic materials on the surface, not only do they clean the environment, but also they cause the fast growth of shrimps and themselves. Holothuria scabra is the main species for production of beche-de-mer and is exploited especially in the tropical regions of the world. The wall of the body used in the process of beche-de-mer production forms 56% of the whole body. Holothuria scabra (sandfish) is an aspidochirote holothurian widely distributed in coastal regions throughout the Indo-Pacific region. H. scabra is often found on inner reef flats and near estuaries, half-buried in silty sand during the day and emerging at night to feed. In this study, based on information from local fishermen on Qeshm Island, we provide some data about the fishing methods, processing and distribution on the Qeshm Island coastline. Comparative study of fishing status with another part of the world determined that the status of sea cucumber stocks in Qeshm Island is sustainable. For prevention of overexploitation of the sandy sea cucumber, prohibition on capturing should continue. In this study, seven exploited sites are recognized, the target size for fishermen was more than 20 cm and sandy cucumber was the target species in Qeshm Island. In this area, the fishing operation was only carried out by scuba diving and was done only by men; although in another countries women have an important role in sea cucumber fishing activities. Among the coasts around Qeshm Island, it is found at Hmoon, Tolla, Kovei, Ramchah, Messen and Hengam. A maximum length of 35 cm and maximum weight of 1,080 g was recorded.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254905
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yagi ◽  
Yoshihiro Nakata ◽  
Yutaka Nakamura ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro

Expressing emotions through various modalities is a crucial function not only for humans but also for robots. The mapping method from facial expressions to the basic emotions is widely used in research on robot emotional expressions. This method claims that there are specific facial muscle activation patterns for each emotional expression and people can perceive these emotions by reading these patterns. However, recent research on human behavior reveals that some emotional expressions, such as the emotion “intense”, are difficult to judge as positive or negative by just looking at the facial expression alone. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated whether robots can also express ambiguous facial expressions with no clear valence and whether the addition of body expressions can make the facial valence clearer to humans. This paper shows that an ambiguous facial expression of an android can be perceived more clearly by viewers when body postures and movements are added. We conducted three experiments and online surveys among North American residents with 94, 114 and 114 participants, respectively. In Experiment 1, by calculating the entropy, we found that the facial expression “intense” was difficult to judge as positive or negative when they were only shown the facial expression. In Experiments 2 and 3, by analyzing ANOVA, we confirmed that participants were better at judging the facial valence when they were shown the whole body of the android, even though the facial expression was the same as in Experiment 1. These results suggest that facial and body expressions by robots should be designed jointly to achieve better communication with humans. In order to achieve smoother cooperative human-robot interaction, such as education by robots, emotion expressions conveyed through a combination of both the face and the body of the robot is necessary to convey the robot’s intentions or desires to humans.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Mario Bernardo-Filho

There is consistent and strong scientific evidenceabout the numerous health benefits related to thephysical activity (PA). Regular PA can improve physicalfitness and health and assist in the prevention of variousdiseases. In general, physically active adults are healthierand present higher physical performance in comparisonwith inactive adults worldwide. Among some desirablebehaviors, PA can be considered as part of a healthy lifestyleand can be categorized into occupational, sports,conditioning, household, or other activities involvingmovement of the body generated by skeletal muscleswith energy expenditure. Aligned with that, it is undeniablethe relevance of the physical inactivity as a riskfactor for premature mortality and for cardiovasculardisease and a variety of other chronic diseases, includingdiabetes mellitus, cancer (colon and breast), obesity,hypertension, bone and joint diseases (osteoporosis andosteoarthritis), and depression. Moreover, exercise inpatients with hematologic cancer, like leukemia, couldimprove immune function.Due to the relevance of the PA, it is important to stimulatebehaviors involving the physical practice. There areseveral factors that can influence these behaviors, suchas: personal (biological, health and psychological attributes),social (family, affiliation group, and work factors),and environmental (contexts for different forms of PAand policy factors that could determine availability ofrelevant settings and opportunities).The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID--19) has interfered in different factors of the PA behaviors.Depending of the severity of the COVID-19 inan individual, there are limitations to performed PA.Furthermore, aiming to contain the COVID-19 infectionsand to reduce interaction between infected andnon-infected individuals, strategies and restrictivepolicies have been suggested, such as quarantine, localconfinement, lockdown and isolation. It is clear that,while the individuals are confined at home the levelof PA, in general, decreases, due to the reduction of (i)daily activities outside, (ii) the participation in socialevents and, (iii) sometimes, of laboral activities. Thismay have a negative impact in general heath becauseit can contribute to sedentary behaviors. Besides theconfinement, it is important to consider other actionsto protect against the COVID-19 infection that is theuniversal use of masks.In addition to those facts, as an environmental factor,in confinement, the sunlight exposure is reduced.The relevance of the ultraviolet B radiation present insunlight to the active production of vitamin D in theorganisms is well known. This vitamin has a relevantrole to metabolic responses and protection againstdiseases, including cancer. Vitamin D deficiency hasbeen recognized as an undesirable global public healthproblem and it plays a wide role in health and in theprevention of several diseases, including the COVID-19.As the reduction of the muscle strength is observedin the individuals that had COVID-19, PA or exercisescould be important for their rehabilitation. There aredifferent modalities of exercises that could be also usedfor them, including the whole-body vibration exercisesto improve the muscular performance.Putting together, people in the world is living, or istrying to live, in conditions to maintain a minimal, butconvenient level of PA to have health to contercousethe bad situation of the COVID-19 up to a definitiveand confident vaccin be available to the human beings.The researchers are working hard to aid the worldpopulation to win this fight against the COVID-19 andthe sedentary behaviors.Naturally, COVID-19 and the sedentarism are problemsfor the world, but the continuous education aboutthe importance of PA, the studies about the effects ofmedications that can be used in the treatments of diseases,the control of use of drugs, as the pesticides, andthe discussion about the biological and legal aspects ofreprocessing of medical-hospital material are welcometo contribute to improve the health.


2013 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrogia Cereda

The body has come to play an increasingly crucial role in social context, where appearance represents the privileged sphere for self-expression and identity construction. Among the many ways of decorating, adorning and camouflaging the body, some traditional techniques (tattoing, piercing, scarification) are competing with newer and technological ones (aesthetic surgery, implants) to shape and portray individualities. On the one hand, those techniques are borrowing from the world of fashion purposes and codes of presentation, on the other hand, they challenge that fluidity and continuous change by materializing long term identity projects aimed at resisting transformation.In both cases individuals refer to the body as a privileged realm to narrate and reflect upon their own personal story, they also seem more capable to manage the different techniques, and to mix them for their expressive purposes. The result is a combination of visual codes that can reveal different bodily models as well as different ways of experiencing corporeality and embodiment.The article tries to account for this variety by referring to a research carried out on four techniques (tattoing, scarification, aesthetic surgery and piercing) among a group of users and professionals.


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