Volatilization, Leaching, and Adsorption of Prometryne in Relation to Selectivity in Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Talbert ◽  
D. R. Smith ◽  
R. E. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Wettable Powder

In leaching studies utilizing slotted columns of soil and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) bioassay, 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine(prometryne was leached to a greater depth in the coarse-textured sandy soils than in the fine-textured clay soils. There was little correlation between the depths of leaching and the amount of water used to leach the herbicide. Prometryne formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate was leached to a greater depth than the wettable powder and the granules. The14C-pro-metryne was much more strongly adsorbed to a clay soil than to loam and silt loam soils. Volatility studies, using cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) plants to assay for vapor injury, showed the vapor loss of prometryne was greater from a metal surface than from a soil surface. Injury from prometryne vapors was greater with silt loam and sandy loam soils than clay soils. Cotton plants exposed 1 week after emergence were more severely injured by prometryne vapors than cotton plants exposed at emergence or 2 and 3 weeks after emergence. The vapor injury from prometryne formulated as a wettable powder or an emulsifiable concentrate was greater from granules. Prometryne vapor injury was increased as soil moisture and temperature was increased. Vapor injury to leaves of cotton was characterized by interveinal chlorosis while injury from root uptake was characterized by veinal chlorosis.

Effects of some soil conditions on sugar-beet seedling emergence

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Longden
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
Water Holding

SUMMARYSeven soil conditioners added to a sandy clay soil at Saxmundham did not benefit sugar-beet seedling emergence in four experiments in 3 years. In microplots at Broom's Barn free draining peat and sandy loam gave consistently more seedlings than limestone loam or flinty loam. In the laboratory, for each of three soil types, emergence was maximal only for a small soil moisture range and decreased rapidly when soils became drier or wetter. This suggests that conditioners which increase water-holding capacity should be tested on sandy loams rather than clay soils and that seed-bed preparation on heavier soils should seek to aerate the soil.

scholarly journals Pretreatment of soil samples before NO3-N analysis.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
T. Breimer ◽  
J.H.G. Slangen
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Room Temperature Storage ◽  
N Level ◽  
Temperature Storage ◽  
Long Storage

Storage of sandy, loam and clay soil samples at 35 deg C or 70 deg C for 2-3 days reduced the NO3-N level in the soils. Freezing (-20 deg C), refrigeration (-4 deg C) or storage at room temperature for 2-3 days had little effect on NO3-N levels, although low or room temperature storage for 2 months increased NO3-N levels in the loam and clay soils. Freezing or refrigeration of the sandy soil for 2 months reduced NO3-N levels, while long storage at room temperature markedly increased NO3-N levels in this highly organic soil. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Wheat root penetration and total available water on a range of soil types

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 570 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Root Penetration

Depth of root penetration was examined over three years on a range of soil types in Western Australia. A consistent pattern was recognized. Roots penetrated rapidly to 5 to 10 cm from the soil surface within the first week from planting. Subsequent penetration was slow to 6 weeks, at which stage, depending on soil types, depth of root penetration was 15 to 30 cm. Rates of root penetration increased after 6 weeks from planting with greatest penetration occurring between 8 to 13 weeks. Respective maximum depths of root penetration in the deep sand, sandy loam, grey clay and sand over clay soils investigated were 169, 173, 31 and 73 cm. These depths were reached between 10 to 14 weeks after planting. Potential available soil water to maximum depths of root penetration were 2.6, 20.1, 5.6 and 8.1 cm for the deep sand, sandy loam, grey clay and sand over clay respectively. More than half of this available soil water was accessible for crop exploitation over the 9 to 14 week period after planting, except with shallow water and root penetration in the grey clay.

scholarly journals Full Season Japanese Beetle Grub Control with Merit, 1993

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-314
Author(s):  
Stanley R. Swier
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Wettable Powder

Abstract Two formulations of Merit were compared for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course fairway in Amherst, NH. Plots were 10 × 10 ft, replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Treatments were applied 26 Apr and rated 24 Sep. The granular formulation was applied with a homemade salt shaker. The wettable powder was applied in a watering can at a volume of 5 gal water/1000 ft2. After application, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches water. Plots were rated by counting the number of live grubs in a 3 ft2 sample. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 53.3°F; soil temperature, 2 inches, 50.8°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil pH, 5.8; slope, 1%; soil texture, sandy loam, 53% sand, 43% silt, 4% clay; soil organic matter, 6.5% soil moisture, 19.4%.

scholarly journals MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF ENDOSULFAN IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Ismail ◽  
A.O.S. Enoma
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Endosulfan Sulphate

A study of the degradation of endosulfan (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10-hexachloro – 1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a –hexahydro – 6, 9- methano – 2, 4, 3 – benzodioxanthiepin 3 – oxide) in Malaysian sandy loam and clay soils was carried out using a radioisotopic technique under laboratory conditions. It was demonstrated that endosulfan possessed long half-lives of 433, 495 and 462 days in aerobic sandy loam, aerobic clay and anaerobic clay soils respectively. Endosulfan degrades faster in non-sterile than in sterile soils. This study indicates that microorganisms are involved in the degradation of endosulfan. In general, degradation of the pesticide was relatively higher in the clay soil than in the sandy soil. Apart from the parent compounds, α- and β-isomers, the degradation products include endosulfan sulphate and three minor unidentified products. 

scholarly journals Soil- and land classification in the old coastal plain of Surinam.

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-298
Author(s):  
J.J. Van der Eijk ◽  
H.A.J. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Tidal Flat ◽  
Aerial Photograph ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Land Classification ◽  
Waterlogged Soils

The old coastal plain consists of isolated, scattered areas of dry or only periodically waterlogged soils. Their total area is 21% of the entire coastal plain. The soils are either sandy loam soils formed on the old offshore bar or silt loam or silty clay soils formed on the old tidal flat. An aerial photograph and a map on a scale of 1: 666, 666 are given and the soils are classified into series. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effect of soil type and rainfall on dicyandiamide concentrations in drainage from lysimeters

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Shepherd ◽  
Justin Wyatt ◽  
Brendon Welten
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Dispersive Flow

The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) is mobile in drainage water, which has implications for its effectiveness in reducing nitrate leaching from urine patches. Lysimeters had been used to investigate the effect of soil type (clay, silt loam, or sandy loam) and precipitation (target ~1140 or 2280 mm/year) on the effectiveness of DCD to decrease nitrate leaching. This paper reports the associated effects on DCD in drainage water. DCD was applied in May and July at a rate of 10 kg/ha, and natural rainfall was supplemented with irrigation to ensure that the target precipitation was achieved for each treatment. The experiment was undertaken twice. The pattern of DCD concentrations in drainage water suggested that movement of DCD in the silt loam and sandy loam soils was typical of convective–dispersive flow. Although there was some preferential flow of DCD from the soil surface to depth in the clay soil, DCD concentration profiles suggested that the main transport mechanism was also by convective–dispersive flow. There were significant soil-type and precipitation effects on DCD leaching (P < 0.05). The soil-type effect could be attributed to differences in drainage volume between soils. Combining data from the two experimental years, DCD leaching losses ranged from 12 to 46% of applied, with annual drainage in the range 422–1292 mm. DCD was detected in drainage up to 15 months after application, demonstrating the longevity of the compound. The experiment demonstrates that leaching of DCD on all of the soil types tested can be substantial under high rainfall. This is likely to have implications for the effectiveness of DCD to decrease nitrogen losses from urine patches under such rainfall conditions, as well as being a source of nitrogen itself.

Rice (Oryza sativa) response to clomazone

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Patrick K. Bollich ◽  
Ann B. Burns ◽  
Douglas M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
Additional Field

Experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to determine if seed treated with disulfoton at 3, 6, or 12 g ai kg−1 reduced bleaching of rice foliage caused by clomazone applied delayed preemergence at 0.56, 1.1, 1.7, or 2.2 kg ai ha−1 on silt loam and silty clay soils. Clomazone injured rice more on silt loam soil than on silty clay soil. Disulfoton reduced bleaching caused by clomazone. In additional field experiments conducted during 1995 and 1996, clomazone at rates as high as 2.2 kg ha−1 did not affect grain yield in seven of 10 experiments. Clomazone at rates below 1.7 kg ha−1 did not reduce grain yield in any of the experiments.

scholarly journals Effect of moisture and freezing on some physical properties of clay soils from plough layer

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-326
Author(s):  
Simo Kivisaari
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Structural Formation ◽  
Freeze Dried

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of freezing on some structural properties of clay soils. The laboratory analyses were based on field observations including measurements of soil temperature and frost depth. The daily temperatures showed remarkable variations on the very soil surface both in the autumn and spring, ranging from below zero at night-time to above 10°C at daytime. The depth of soil frost was deepest in the ploughed field, whilst the straw cowers on the soil surface not only strongly reduced its depth, but also slowed up the thawing. Eight clay soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory. At the potentials of —0.001 to —0.1 bar the water retention capability of soil was reduced by freezing. Disruption of the 5 —10 mm aggregates by freezing, analyzed with wet and dry sievings and waterdrop analysis was strongly dependent on the water potential, the Water potential of 1.0 bar or lower having in general no effect. The total pore volume of aggregates Was dependent on the water potential when it exceeded —15.0 bar. Freezing had a minor effect on the pore volume of the aggregates, if they were let to thaw before drying. The freeze-dried aggregates showed a clear increase of pore volume when the water potential at freezing exceeded —1.0 bar. The movement of water due to ice formation was studied with small and big soil cylinders. It showed a great effect on the structure, if total pore volume, determined with a mercury method, is considered the standard of judgement. Thus it was concluded that the water movement even at a short freezing period is one of the most essential factors determining the structural formation of ploughed clay soil.

Planter Closing Wheel Effects on Cotton Emergence in a Conservation Tillage System

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Way ◽  
Ted S. Kornecki ◽  
Haile Tewolde
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
Cotton Plants ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Crop Stand

Abstract. Closing wheels on a row crop planter help provide good seed-soil contact during planting and can influence emergence and crop stand. Various types of closing wheels are available to producers for use on planters. Seven closing wheel types were used on a row crop planter planting cotton in a conservation tillage system during a three-year study on a sandy loam soil and a clay soil. Cotton was planted into a rye cover crop which had been rolled prior to cotton planting. The planter closing wheel type did not significantly affect emergence of cotton plants at 10 days after planting. Keywords: Closing wheels, Cotton, Emergence, Planters, Planting, Presswheels, Seeders, Seeding, Sowing.

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