Canola (Brassica rapa) Plant Density Influences Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Interference, Biomass, and Seed Yield

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
The Impact

Field experiments were conducted at Vegreville, Alberta, in 1990, 1991, and 1992 to investigate the influence of canola plant density and row spacing (1991 and 1992 only) on interference from Tartary buckwheat. Nonlinear regression equations incorporating both canola and Tartary buckwheat density provided good descriptions of the data. Parameter estimates for both weed and crop density were significant (P < 0.05) but did not differ between row spacings. Where no Tartary buckwheat plants were present, canola yield was little affected by canola plant density. At a given Tartary buckwheat density, canola seed yield increased as canola plant density increased, while Tartary buckwheat shoot weight and seed yield decreased. None of the factors significantly affected canola 1000-seed weight, or oil or protein levels in the canola seed. The results suggest that seeding canola to achieve a density of approximately 200 plants m–2will significantly reduce the impact of weeds on canola yield, as well as reduce weed biomass and seed yield.

Influence of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Density on Yield Loss of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ann de St. Remy ◽  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
Alan K. W. Tong ◽  
P. Ashley O'Sullivan ◽  
M. Paul Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. ♯ FAGTA) plant density (x) and percent yield loss (ŷ) was expressed by the following linear regression equations for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), respectively; ŷ = 0.63 + 2.75 √x and ŷ = 5.04 + 3.05 √x. Tartary buckwheat causes serious yield reduction in barley and wheat. A Tartary buckwheat density at 30 plants/m2 at emergence reduced barley yield by 16% and wheat yield by 22%.

Canola seed yield and phenological responses to plant density

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gan Yantai ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
H. Randy Kutcher ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Byron Irvine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Plant Densities

Optimal plant density is required to improve plant phenological traits and maximize seed yield in field crops. In this study, we determined the effect of plant density on duration of flowering, post-flowering phase, and seed yield of canola in diverse environments. The field study was conducted at 16 site-years across the major canola growing area of western Canada from 2010 to 2012. The cultivar InVigor® 5440, a glufosinate-resistant hybrid, was grown at five plant densities (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 plants m−2) in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Canola seed yield had a linear relationship with plant density at 8 of the 16 site-years, a quadratic relationship at 4 site-years, and there was no correlation between the two variables in the remaining 4 site-years. At site-years with low to medium productivity, canola seed yield increased by 10.2 to 14.7 kg ha−1 for every additional plant per square metre. Averaged across the 16 diverse environments, canola plants spent an average of 22% of their life cycle flowering and another 27% of the time filling seed post-flowering. Canola seed yield had a negative association with duration of flowering and a positive association with the days post-flowering but was not associated with number of days to maturity. The post-flowering period was 12.7, 14.7, and 12.6 d (or 55, 68, and 58%) longer in high-yield experiments than in low-yield experiments in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. We conclude that optimization of plant density for canola seed yield varies with environment and that a longer post-flowering period is critical for increasing canola yield in western Canada.

scholarly journals Crop density and seed production of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber). 1. Yield and plant development

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey ◽  
L. P. Lefkovitch
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Crop Density

A field study was conducted with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) to determine the effect of the initial population density and spatial arrangement of plants on crop development and seed yield. Individual seedling plants were transplanted at seven densities (1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 plants m−2) and three row spacings (20, 40, and 80 cm), and characteristics of seed production were determined for 3 yr (1991–1993). Over the 3 yr, heading commenced at dates differing by 15 d and was delayed, as density increased, by 8, 6, and 2 d, respectively, in the first, second, and third production years. The time of seed maturity differed among years (21 July to 4 August) but was generally unaffected by density or row spacing. In the first production year, seed yield increased with density up to 25 plants m−2 for each row spacing, then remained constant to at least 50 plants m−2 with both 20- or 40-cm rows; it decreased slightly at 100 plants m−2 with 20 cm rows. In the second production year, seed yield was relatively independent of plant density except that it decreased when the initial density was less than 6 plants m−2 with a row spacing of 80 cm, and tended to be greatest with the 40-cm row spacing at 6–25 plants m−2. In the third production year, seed yield was much lower than in the previous 2 yr but the pattern of response to the density and row spacing treatments was similar to that in the second production year. The seed yield of tall fescue can be optimized for at least 3 consecutive years by establishing an initial density of 20–100 plants m−2 in rows spaced 20–60 cm apart. If the maximization of first-year seed yield is a priority, then the initial establishment should be at a density of 25–50 plants m−2 in rows spaced 20–40 cm apart. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, population density, plant spacing, seed production

Response of vetch (Vicia spp.) to plant density in south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Seymour ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
N. Brandon ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
E. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Matter Production

The response of Vicia sativa (cvv. Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Morava) and V. benghalensis (cv. Barloo) seed yield to seeding rate was examined in 9 field experiments across 2 years in south-western Australia. There were 2 types of field experiments: seeding rate (20, 40, 60, 100 and 140 kg/ha) × cultivar (Languedoc, Blanchefleur, and Morava or Barloo), and time of sowing (2 times of sowing of either Languedoc or Blanchefleur) × seeding rate (5,�7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha).A target density of 40 plants/m2 gave 'optimum' seed yield of vetch in south-western Australia. In high yielding situations, with a yield potential above 1.5 t/ha, the 'optimum' plant density for the early flowering cultivar Languedoc (85–97 days to 50% flowering) was increased to 60 plants/m2. The later flowering cultivar Blanchefleur (95–106 days to 50% flowering) had an optimum plant density of 33 plants/m2 at all sites, regardless of fitted maximum seed yield. Plant density in the range 31–38 plants/m2 was found to be adequate for dry matter production at maturity of Languedoc and Blanchefleur. For the remaining cultivars Barloo and Morava we were unable to determine an average optimum density for either dry matter or seed yield due to insufficient and/or inconsistent data.

EFFECTS OF RAPESEED OIL AS AN ADDITIVE WITH CERTAIN HERBICIDE TREATMENTS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
NORMAN H. WARRINGTON ◽  
WM. G. CORNS
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Galium Aparine ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Triton X

Various herbicides were sprayed alone and with unrefined oil from rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) mainly at 10% concentration in the spray solution. Triton X-363 M non-ionic emulsifier (5% vol/vol) was mixed with the oil before addition to the herbicide solution. Emulsified oil alone was not toxic to the species of crops and weeds examined in growth chamber and field experiments. In the growth chamber and greenhouse, oil added to chloroxuron (3-(p(p-chlorophenoxy) phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea greatly increased its toxicity to green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) and to faba beans (Vicia faba L.). In field experiments, action of dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) and TCA (trichloroacetic acid) on green foxtail was not appreciably increased by oil addition. The emulsifier, but not the oil, increased barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) toxicity to wild oats (Avena fatua L.) without injuring barley or rape. Added oil increased the toxicity of benazolin (4-chloro-2-oxo-3-benzothiazoline acetic acid) to cleavers (Galium aparine L.) without significant injury to rape. Oil with niclofen (2, 4-dichlorophenyl p-nitrophenyl ether) lessened its toxicity to Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.). Oil with 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid) and MCPA [((4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy) acetic acid] dimethylamines increased control of Tartary buckwheat in wheat and oats, respectively, without crop injury. In the growth chamber, MCPA plus oil was more effective against hemp nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) than MCPA alone.

scholarly journals Impact of Plant Density and Mepiquat Chloride on Growth, Yield, and Silymarin Content of Silybum marianum Grown under Mediterranean Semi-Arid Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arampatzis ◽  
Karkanis ◽  
Tsiropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is a promising new crop in the Mediterranean region. Its seeds contain silymarin, a complex of flavonolignans, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly to produce dietary supplements. To meet the increasing demand for milk thistle, the production and productivity of milk thistle should also be optimized by employing adequate cultivation practices. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of plant density and a plant growth regulator on milk thistle crop growth, seed yield, and silymarin accumulation under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions. Our results showed that plant density had a significant impact on milk thistle crop growth and seed yield. The main crop characteristics, such as height, aboveground biomass, and seed yield were greatest when plant density was the highest. Increased plant density significantly reduced the silymarin content only in 2018. In contrast, mepiquat chloride (MC) treatment did not affect the following traits: plant biomass, relative chlorophyll content, silymarin content, and production. Nevertheless, mepiquat chloride reduced the plant height by 7.9%–14.8%, depending on the application rates and growth conditions. Moreover, the impact of climatic conditions on milk thistle production and quality was significant, since the lowest values of silymarin content and seed yield were recorded in the year with drought conditions during the period from March to May.

Effect of volunteer barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) interference on field pea (Pisum sativumL.) yield and profitability

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
Robert E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Barley Plant ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Analysis ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Pea Seed

Relationships between volunteer barley plant density and both pea and volunteer barley yield were determined in field experiments conducted over 2 yr at Vegreville and Lethbridge, Alberta. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated that severe pea yield losses due to volunteer barley occurred at both locations. Averaged over both years, pea seed yield losses per volunteer barley plant (initial slopes) varied from 1.7% at Vegreville to 5.4% at Lethbridge. Based on certain assumptions, economic thresholds calculated from the equations were approximately 2 and 6 volunteer barley plants m−2at Lethbridge and Vegreville, respectively. Revenue from the volunteer barley seed partially alleviated the monetary losses caused by the reduced pea seed yield. The effects of pea density on pea and volunteer barley yield were inconsistent and marginal. This suggested that there was little advantage, in terms of increasing pea yield or reducing volunteer barley interference, to seeding pea above the recommended rate of 100 plants m−2.

Alternative seeding dates (fall and April) affect Brassica napus canola yield and quality

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken J. Kirkland ◽  
Eric N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Herbicide Tolerant

Brassica napus L. canola production on the Canadian prairies often is limited by hot, dry growing conditions in early July and a short growing season. Brassica napus canola seeded in the fall just prior to freeze-up or in the early spring as soon as fields are passable may allow canola to avoid these adverse conditions. Our objective was to determine if late October (fall), or mid- to late April (April) seeding dates improve canola yield and quality relative to a mid-May (15 to 20 May) seeding date. Plant density and height, phenological development, seed yield, seed weight and seed oil content were assessed in plots sown to herbicide-tolerant B. napus canola at three seeding dates on five fallow sites and three stubble sites at Scott, SK, from 1994 to 1998. A thinner plant stand occurred for the fall compared with spring seeding dates; however, this difference rarely corresponded with less canola yield. Fifty percent flowering occurred 20 d earlier (June rather than July), reproductive growth (50% flowering to maturity) was 10 d longer, plants were 23 (fall) or 8 (April) cm shorter, and maturity occurred 13 d earlier when canola was seeded in the fall and April compared with mid-May seeding. Canola seed yield was 38% greater when seeded on the alternative dates rather than the more traditional mid-May seeding date. The yield advantage for alternative seeding dates was greater and more consistent on stubble than on fallow likely because of lack of soil crusting and temperature and wind protection from stubble. The response of seed weight to seeding date was similar to that for seed yield, indicating that a portion of the positive yield response to alternative seeding dates was associated with larger seed size. Oil content also was greater for the fall and April compared with mid-May seeding dates, but the improvement was smaller (6%) than that for seed yield. Fall- and April-seed-ed canola tolerated spring frosts and avoided adversely hot, dry weather during the flowering period, thus improving canola seed yield and quality. Alternative seeding dates provide canola producers in semi-arid regions with a sustainable option to diversify their cropping systems. Key words: Seeding date, dormant, stubble, fallow, herbicide tolerant, alternative cropping practice

Effect of imazamethabenz on green foxtail, tartary buckwheat and wild oat at different growth stages

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Harker ◽  
P. A. O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail

Field experiments were conducted at the Lacombe Research Station to determine the influence of growth stage on the control of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum (L.) Gaertn.) with imazamethabenz in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In greenhouse experiments, the effct of imazamethabenz on canola (Brassica campestris L.) or green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) at two growth stages was also studied. Canola and wild oat were highly susceptible, Tartary buckwheat was somewhat less susceptible, and green foxtail was rather tolerant to imazamethabenz. Imazamethabenz was much more effective on early growth stages of wild oat (2 leaf) and Tartary buckwheat (1–2 leaf), whereas the control of canola and the suppression of green foxtail was much less dependent on growth stage. Linear regression equations were developed to describe the response of the above species to the imazamethabenz treatments. Key words: AC 222, 293; phenology; regression; Setaria viridis; Fagopyrum tartaricum; Avena fatua

Unraveling the impact of plant-density genetic architecture on agronomic traits in canola

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesica C Menendez ◽  
Diego H Sanchez ◽  
Rod J Snowdon ◽  
Deborah P Rondanini ◽  
Javier F Botto
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Plant density defines vegetative architecture and competition for light between individuals. Brassica napus (canola), as a model system of indeterminate growth, presents a radically different plant architecture compared to traditional crops commonly cultivated at high density. Using a panel of 152 spring-type canola accessions and a double haploid (DH) population of 99 lines from a cross between Lynx and Monty, we performed Genome-Wide-Analysis-Studies (GWAS) and Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping for 12 growth and yield traits at two contrasting plant densities (15 and 60 plants m -2). We revealed mostly novel associations by GWAS (19) and QTLs (11) for growth and yield traits being the most significant for flowering, biomass, rosette height, silique and seed number, and grain yield; often representing density-independent signals although we also uncovered some density-dependent associations typically mapping at low density. Further RNA-seq transcriptomics revealed distinctive latent gene regulatory responses to simulated shade between Lynx and Monty. Given the phylogenetic relatedness, we additionally used Arabidopsis thaliana aiming at testing genes to validate density effects of homologous counterparts mapping into relevant rapeseed QTLs. Our results suggest that TCP1 may promote the growth independently of plant neighbors, while HY5 could increase biomass and seed yield specifically at high plant density. For flowering time, the observations in tested mutants suggested that the corresponding genes may plausibly contribute to promote flowering in plant-density dependent (i.e., PIN) and independent (i.e., FT, HY5 and TCP1) manner. This work underscores the advantages of using agronomic field experiments together with genetic and transcriptomic approaches to decipher quantitative complex traits that potentially mediate superior crop productivity.

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