Phytotoxicity of Products from Rhizospheres of a Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid (Sorghum bicolorXSorghum sudanense)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Raymond Forney ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
Paper Disk ◽  
Filter Paper Disk ◽  
Sorghum Sudangrass ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Products were collected from rhizospheres of a hydroponically grown sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ×Sorghum sudanense(P.) Stapf. ‘DeKalb SX17+’] (SSH) and tested for effects on seedling root growth of selected species. Phytotoxic activity was recovered in CH2Cl2extracts of aqueous solutions of the rhizosphere products. Significant inhibition of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. was produced by ca. 200 ppmw (H2O weight basis) of the most phytotoxic fraction in filter-paper-disk bioassays. In soils, 70 ppmw (soil weight basis) inhibited alfalfa but not ryegrass. Among several bioassay species, alfalfa was the most sensitive and curly dock (Rumex crispusL. ♯ RUMCR) the least. Treatment of SSH plants with herbicides increased the phytotoxicity but not the amounts of materials collected. Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} was detected in rhizosphere products from plants treated with the herbicide. Amounts of products collected from rhizospheres of common rye (Secale cerealeL. ‘Wheeler’), johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. ♯ SORHA], and cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. ‘PI 169391’) were similar to those from SSH, but their phytotoxicities differed. Johnsongrass products were most phytotoxic, those from common rye and SSH were similar in phytotoxicity, and those from cucumber were least phytotoxic.

scholarly journals 57 Effects of Diploid and Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass Cultivars on Cattle Performance, Herbage Mass, and Nutritive Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Sarah M Montgomery ◽  
Brandi Karisch ◽  
Jane A Parish ◽  
Jesse Morrison ◽  
Brian Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be divided into two cytotypes: diploid (2n = 2x) and tetraploid (2n = 4x). Polyploid versions of a given plant species result in increased seedling vigor, more robust growth and, potentially, greater yield. While most data suggest no difference in yield between diploid and tetraploid cultivars, there is still potential for weight gain advantages thanks to increased non-structural carbohydrates in tetraploid cells. The objectives of this study were to compare weight gain of cattle grazing either diploid or tetraploid cultivars of annual ryegrass. Two diploid annual ryegrass cultivars (Marshall and Tam 90) and two tetraploid cultivars (Jumbo and Nelson) were planted in 0.81-ha pastures, each replicated four times. Four steers (mean initial BW = 214 kg) were randomly assigned to each pasture for an 82-d grazing period. Body weights were recorded starting at d0 then every 28 days throughout the season. Data were analyzed in the GLM procedure of SAS using a significance level of α = 0.05. There were significant differences between cytotypes with respect to seasonal yield with diploids (9547.90 kg/ha) yielding greater than tetraploids (7762.00 kg/ha). As expected, ADF and NDF fractions were significantly less for tetraploids (ADF; 31.39%, NDF; 31.39%) compared to diploids (ADF; 33.75%, NDF; 53.25%). Tetraploids also contained significantly greater crude protein (13.50%) than diploids (12.90%). Cytotype had no effect on final average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.9427). However, final ADG was significantly impacted by cultivar (P = 0.0134). Final ADG for Tam 90 (1.10 kg/d) was greater than Marshall (0.92 kg/d). Cattle grazing Nelson (1.04 kg/d) and Jumbo (0.99 kg/d) did not differ. Results show that regardless of differences in seasonal yield and nutritive value between cytotypes, there were no advantages in ADG for cattle grazing either cytotype.

scholarly journals Metabolism or behavior: explaining the performance of aphids on alkaloid-producing fungal endophytes in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Oecologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 185 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Bastias ◽  
Andrea C. Ueno ◽  
Cristina R. Machado Assefh ◽  
Adriana E. Alvarez ◽  
Carolyn A. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Annual Ryegrass

scholarly journals Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Improved Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Annual Ryegrass by Exogenous Chitosan

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao ◽  
Pan ◽  
Zhou ◽  
Yang ◽  
Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Osmotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Water deficit adversely affects the growth and productivity of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The exogenous application of chitosan (CTS) has gained extensive interests due to its effect on improving drought resistance. This research aimed to determine the role of exogenous CTS on annual ryegrass in response to water stress. Here, we investigated the impact of exogenous CTS on the physiological responses and transcriptome changes of annual ryegrass variety “Tetragold” under osmotic stress induced by exposing them to 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000. Our experimental results demonstrated that 50 mg/L exogenous CTS had the optimal effect on promoting seed germination under osmotic stress. Pre-treatment of annual ryegrass seedlings with 500 mg/L CTS solution reduced the level of electrolyte leakage (EL) as well as the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) under osmotic stress. In addition, CTS increased soluble sugars and chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE), and transpiration rate (E) in annual ryegrass seedlings in response to three and six days of osmotic stress. Transcriptome analysis further provided a comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of CTS impact. To be more specific, in contrast of non-treated seedlings, the distinct changes of gene expressions of CTS-treated seedlings were shown to be tightly related to carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant hormone. Altogether, exogenous CTS could elicit drought-related genes in annual ryegrass, leading to resistance to osmotic stress via producing antioxidant enzymes and maintaining intact cell membranes and photosynthetic rates. This robust evidence supports the potential of the application of exogenous CTS, which will be helpful for determining the suitability and productivity of agricultural crops.

Importance of Root, Shoot, and Seed Exposure on the Herbicidal Activity of EPTC

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Andre J. Weierich
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Barrier Method ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

A charcoal barrier method was devised to prevent the movement of S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in the soil in order to expose certain parts of the plant without exposing the rest of the plant. Exposing the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Blue Mariot), oats (Avena sativa L., var. California Red), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Belle Patna), cotton (Gossypium peruvianum Cav.), and yellow nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus L.) caused more injury than shoot exposure, while shoot exposure caused slightly more injury than root exposure to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense Pers.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers., hybrid Amak R-10), and peas (Pisum sativum L.). Seed exposure caused severe injury in some plant species but not others. The results obtained by this method disagree with published reports which claimed that only shoot exposure to EPTC led to injury. In numerous experiments with barley seeds accurately planted in a vertical position in a ½-inch layer of charcoal between two 1-inch layers of soil, root exposure always injured the plants more than shoot exposure. Exposing all parts (seeds, roots, and shoots) to EPTC caused the most injury to barley followed by exposing only the seeds, a combination of roots and shoots, roots, and shoots in decreasing order of injury symptoms. Similar results were obtained with oats when the depth of the treated soil above or below the seed was 1 inch, but increasing this depth to 1.5 inches or more resulted in more injury by shoot exposure than root exposure. The importance of root exposure was confirmed using another method of testing in which only the roots were exposed to the herbicide in nutrient solutions. Concentrations as low as 1 ppm of EPTC applied to the roots in nutrient solutions inhibited shoot growth of oats, barley, sorghum, and corn, while the growth of the roots was enhanced in some cases.

scholarly journals Lolium multiflorum seeds in the soil: I. Soil seed bank dynamics in a no til system

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Costa Maia ◽  
Manoel de Souza Maia ◽  
Renée M. Bekker ◽  
Rogério Previatti Berton ◽  
Leandro Sebastião Caetano
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Seed Population ◽  
Seed Bank Dynamics ◽  
One Year

The objective of the study was to characterize annual ryegrass seed population dynamics, managed for natural re-sowing, in no til systems in rotation with soybean, in different chronosequences An area was cultivated for two years with soybean, left as fallow land for the next two years and then cultivated again with soybean for the next two years. The four chronosequences represented different management periods, two with soybean (6 and 8 years old) and the other two resting (3 and 9 years old). Soil samples were taken every month during one year and divided into two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm). Vegetation dynamics were also evaluated (number of plants, inflorescences and seedlings). Soil seed bank (SSB) dynamics showed structural patterns in time, with a "storage period" in summer, an "exhausting period" during autumn and a "transition period" in winter and spring. Pasture establishment by natural re-sowing was totally dependent on the annual recruitment of seeds from the soil. The influence of the management practices on the SSB was more important than the number of years that these practices had been implemented. Places where soybean was sown showed the largest SSBs. Most of the seeds overcame dormancy and germinated at the end of the summer and beginning of the autumn, showing a typically transitory SSB, but with a small proportion of persistent seeds

scholarly journals Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass at two pasture allowances

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037-1046
Author(s):  
M.F. Miguel ◽  
R. Delagarde ◽  
H.M.N. Ribeiro-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Strip Grazing

ABSTRACT Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare two supplementation levels (0 and 4kg dry matter [DM]/day of a 7:1 mixture of corn silage and soybean meal) in dairy cows strip-grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at two pasture allowances (PA, low= 25 and high = 40kg DM/d at ground level). The study was carried out according to an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design, using 12 cows and three experimental periods of 12 days. The green leaves allowances were only 4.9 and 8.5kg DM/d at the low and high PA, respectively. The total DM intake and milk production increased in supplemented cows compared to un-supplemented cows at the low PA, but were similar between supplementation levels at the high PA. The PI was unaffected by the PA, whereas the substitution rate was 0.68 in cows at the low PA and 1.35 in cows at the high PA. Corn silage supplementation may improve the total DM intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures, but only at a low PA.

scholarly journals Tree Fern Cyathea lepifera May Survive by Its Phytotoxic Property

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Ida ◽  
Arihiro Iwasaki ◽  
Toshiaki Teruya ◽  
Kiyotake Suenaga ◽  
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Tree Fern ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
Tree Ferns ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Cyatheaceae (tree ferns) appeared during the Jurassic period and some of the species still remain. Those species may have some morphological and/or physiological characteristics for survival. A tree fern was observed to suppress the growth of other ligneous plants in a tropical forest. It was assumed that the fern may release toxic substances into the forest floor, but those toxic substances have not yet been identified. Therefore, we investigated the phytotoxicity and phytotoxic substances of Cyathea lepifera (J. Sm. ex Hook.) Copel. An aqueous methanol extract of C. lepifera fronds inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of dicotyledonous garden cress (Lepidum sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and monocotyledonous ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.). The results suggest that C. lepifera fronds may have phytotoxicity and contain some phytotoxic substances. The extract was purified through several chromatographic steps during which inhibitory activity was monitored, and p-coumaric acid and (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone were isolated. Those compounds showed phytotoxic activity and may contribute to the phytotoxic effects caused by the C. lepifera fronds. The fronds fall and accumulate on the forest floor through defoliation, and the compounds may be released into the forest soils through the decomposition process of the fronds. The phytotoxic activities of the compounds may be partly responsible for the fern’s survival.

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