On the History of Recording Tide Gauges

1972 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Matthäus
Keyword(s):  
Tide Gauge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Level Gauge ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic

SynopsisRecords of water levels date from the first hydrospheric observations. The levels of inland and coastal waters are recorded with the use of tide gauges of various types and construction. The float-level gauge, however, is by far the most frequently used.The oldest self-recording tide gauge was constructed by Henry R. Palmer, civil engineer of the London Dock Company, in 1831. A float resting on the water is placed in a well communicating with the river. The motion of the water surface is transmitted to the recording machine by wheels and shafts which act on a pencil rack. As the water level rises and falls, by the combined motions of a clock and the tide the pencil produces a line as a function of time.Even today this principle is still used for float-level gauges. It represents the basis of the modern tide gauges for observing sea levels and their variations.In 1831 we find another construction by Mitchell, which was erected in the Sheerness dockyard. A few years later Thomas G. Bunt developed a tide gauge, which was used on the eastern bank of the river Avon near Bristol from 1837 to 1872.In 1834 the first self-recording gauge was erected in France, near Le Havre. On the other continents the first installations were established in Algiers (1834), in the United States and in India (1846), and in Australia (1858)An installation in Hamburg (1861), which was developed by F. H. Reitz the engineer, is identified as the first German construction.In 1870 fifteen tide gauges were known on the shores of the European continent (except the British Isles). By 1883 Carlos Ibañez was using information from approximately 67 tide gauge stations for the determination of the mean sea level around the European mainland. Today we find more than 300 installations in Europe, about three-quarters of which are working in north-western European waters and in the Baltic.

scholarly journals Overlapping sea level time series measured using different technologies: an example from the REDMAR Spanish network

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pérez ◽  
A. Payo ◽  
D. López ◽  
P. L. Woodworth ◽  
E. Alvarez Fanjul
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Tsunami Detection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper addresses the problems of overlapping sea level time series measured using different technologies and sometimes from different locations inside a harbour. The renovation of the Spanish REDMAR (RED de MAReógrafos) sea level network is taken here as an example of the difficulties encountered: up to seventeen old tide gauge stations have been replaced by radar tide gauges all around the Spanish coast, in order to fulfil the new international requirements on tsunami detection. Overlapping periods between old and new stations have allowed the comparison of records in different frequency ranges and the determination of the impact of this change of instrumentation on the long-term sea level products such as tides, surges and mean sea levels. The differences encountered are generally within the values expected, taking into account the characteristics of the different sensors, the different sampling strategies and sometimes the different locations inside the harbours. However, our analysis has also revealed in some cases the presence of significant scale errors that, overlapping with datum differences and uncertainties, as well as with hardware problems in many new radar gauges, may hinder the generation of coherent and continuous sea level time series. Comparisons with nearby stations have been combined with comparisons with altimetry time series close to each station in order to better determine the sources of error and to guarantee the precise relationships between the sea level time series from the old and the new tide gauges.

State-by-State Use of AMA Guides

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 3-7, 16
Keyword(s):  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workers Compensation ◽  
Federal Employees ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Abstract This article presents a history of the origins and development of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), from the publication of an article titled “A Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment of the Extremities and Back” (1958) until a compendium of thirteen guides was published in book form in 1971. The most recent, sixth edition, appeared in 2008. Over time, the AMA Guides has been widely used by US states for workers’ compensation and also by the Federal Employees Compensation Act, the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, as well as by Canadian provinces and other jurisdictions around the world. In the United States, almost twenty states have developed some form of their own impairment rating system, but some have a narrow range and scope and advise evaluators to consult the AMA Guides for a final determination of permanent disability. An evaluator's impairment evaluation report should clearly document the rater's review of prior medical and treatment records, clinical evaluation, analysis of the findings, and a discussion of how the final impairment rating was calculated. The resulting report is the rating physician's expert testimony to help adjudicate the claim. A table shows the edition of the AMA Guides used in each state and the enabling statute/code, with comments.

Analysis and prediction of storm water levels in Delaware inland bays

Shore & Beach ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Michele Strazzella ◽  
Nobuhisa Kobayashu ◽  
Tingting Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Storm Tide ◽  
Barrier Beach ◽  
Wave Overtopping ◽  
Inland Bays ◽  
Damping Parameter

A simple approach based on an analytical model and available tide gauge data is proposed for the analysis of storm tide damping inside inland bays with complex bathymetry and for the prediction of peak water levels at gauge locations during storms. The approach was applied to eight tide gauges in the vicinity of inland bays in Delaware. Peak water levels at the gauge locations were analyzed for 34 storms during 2005-2017. A damping parameter in the analytical model was calibrated for each bay gauge. The calibrated model predicted the peak water levels within errors of about 0.2 m except for Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The analytical model including wave overtopping was used to estimate the peak wave overtopping rate over the barrier beach from the measured peak water level in the adjacent bay.

scholarly journals Economic damages from Hurricane Sandy attributable to sea level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Strauss ◽  
Philip M. Orton ◽  
Klaus Bittermann ◽  
Maya K. Buchanan ◽  
Daniel M. Gilford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Sea Levels

AbstractIn 2012, Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast of the United States, creating widespread coastal flooding and over $60 billion in reported economic damage. The potential influence of climate change on the storm itself has been debated, but sea level rise driven by anthropogenic climate change more clearly contributed to damages. To quantify this effect, here we simulate water levels and damage both as they occurred and as they would have occurred across a range of lower sea levels corresponding to different estimates of attributable sea level rise. We find that approximately $8.1B ($4.7B–$14.0B, 5th–95th percentiles) of Sandy’s damages are attributable to climate-mediated anthropogenic sea level rise, as is extension of the flood area to affect 71 (40–131) thousand additional people. The same general approach demonstrated here may be applied to impact assessments for other past and future coastal storms.

scholarly journals Validation of Copernicus Sea Level Altimetry Products in the Baltic Sea and Estonian Lakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4062
Author(s):  
Aive Liibusk ◽  
Tarmo Kall ◽  
Sander Rikka ◽  
Rivo Uiboupin ◽  
Ülo Suursaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Geoid Model ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Level 2

Multi-mission satellite altimetry (e.g., ERS, Envisat, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason) data have enabled a synoptic-scale view of ocean variations in past decades. Since 2016, the Sentinel-3 mission has provided better spatial and temporal sampling compared to its predecessors. The Sentinel-3 Ku/C Radar Altimeter (SRAL) is one of the synthetic aperture radar altimeters (SAR Altimeter) which is more precise for coastal and lake observations. The article studies the performance of the Sentinel-3 Level-2 sea level altimetry products in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea and on two lakes of Estonia. The Sentinel-3 data were compared with (i) collocated Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ship measurements, (ii) the Estonian geoid model (EST-GEOID2017) together with sea-level anomaly corrections from the tide gauges, and (iii) collocated buoy measurements. The comparisons were carried out along seven Sentinel-3A/B tracks across the Baltic Sea and Estonian lakes in 2019. In addition, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Level-3 sea-level products and the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) reanalysis outcomes were compared with measurements from Estonia’s 21 tide gauges and the buoy deployed offshore. Our results showed that the uncertainty of the Sentinel-3 Level-2 altimetry product was below decimetre level for the seacoast and the selected lakes of Estonia. Results from CMEMS Level-3 altimetry products showed a correlation of 0.83 (RMSE 0.18 m) and 0.91 (RMSE 0.27 m) when compared against the tide gauge measurements and the NEMO model, respectively. The overall performance of the altimetry products was very good, except in the immediate vicinity of the coastline and for the lakes, where the accuracy was nearly three times lower than for the open sea, but still acceptably good.

Comparison of Dynamic Topography Bias in HIROMB and NEMO-Nordic Model by Utilizing Marine Geoid

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahidreza Jahanmard ◽  
Nicole Delpeche-Ellmann ◽  
Artu Ellmann
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Equipotential Surface ◽  
Geodetic Reference System ◽  
Dynamic Topography ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Geoid Model ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic

<p>Hydrodynamic models (HDM) provide a reasonable estimate of the sea conditions. Thus making them a vital tool for climate change, engineering, and marine ecosystems. One of the parameters often derived from HDM is the Sea Surface Height (SSH). There exists however a very important hidden characteristic with respect to SSH derived from HDM. For instance, the modelled sea level may have a bias relative to a geodetic reference system datum. In many cases, this bias can change both spatially and temporally. This study now examines this bias by comparison of HDM modelled SSH with tide gauges derived SSH that are geodetically referenced to a more stable vertical reference frame such as the marine geoid (equipotential surface of the earth i.e. is the shape of the ocean surface under the influence of the gravity and rotation of Earth alone).</p><p>In this study, the performance of two HDM is analysed for the period 2014‒2015: the Nemo-Nordic (utilised for the Baltic and the North Sea) and the HIROMB-BOOS (used for operational sea forecast in Estonia). In these models, the derived SSH is compared to the fourteen tide gauges (TG) located along the Estonian coastal zone of the Baltic Sea. The vertical reference frame for these tide gauges is fitted to that of a regional high-resolution geoid model, thus deriving the Dynamic Topography. The methodology consisted of: (i) determining the offshore points that are closest to the tide gauge location, (ii) filtering and averaging of the data sets to remove outliers and high-frequency fluctuations (iii) calculation of the SSH bias between TG and HDM (iv) calculation of the standard deviation and root mean square error (RMSE).</p><p>In general, results show that both models conform to a similar trend as tide gauge. The bias however between tide gauge and models varied randomly in magnitude (both spatially and temporally) between both models. The maximum bias for the HIROMB was calculated to be an overestimation of 57 cm and for the Nemo an underestimation of 64 cm. These results hint of possible improvement that can be made in HDM by utilizing a high resolution geoid model that can assist in accurate engineering and scientific studies.</p>

scholarly journals Precise water level measurements using low-cost GNSS antenna arrays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Purnell ◽  
Natalya Gomez ◽  
William Minarik ◽  
David Porter ◽  
Gregory Langston
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Single Antenna ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. We have developed a ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique for monitoring water levels with a comparable precision to standard tide gauges (e.g., pressure transducers) but at a fraction of the cost and using commercial products that are straightforward to assemble. As opposed to using geodetic-standard antennas that have been used in previous GNSS-R literature, we use multiple co-located low-cost antennas to retrieve water levels via inverse modelling of Signal-to-Noise ratio data. The low-cost antennas are advantageous over geodetic-standard antennas because they are much less expensive (even when using multiple antennas in the same location) and they can be used for GNSS-R analysis over a greater range of satellite elevation angles. We validate our technique using arrays of four antennas at three test sites with variable tidal forcing and co-located operational tide gauges. The root mean square error between the GNSS-R and tide gauge measurements ranges from 0.7–1.2 cm when using all four antennas at each site. We find that using four antennas instead of a single antenna improves the precision by 30–50 % and preliminary analysis suggests that four appears to be the optimum number of co-located antennas. In order to obtain precise measurements, we find that it is important for the antennas to track GPS, GLONASS and Galileo satellites over a wide range of azimuth angles (at least 140 degrees) and elevation angles (at least 30 degrees).

scholarly journals Editorial foreword

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Silviu Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Baltic

Having been set up on November 27, 2008, the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies (ARSBN) has established as its fundamental goals the promotion of research activities in the field of Baltic and Nordic studies, the encouragement of knowledge in public benefit regarding this geographical area, including by the means of education, especially of higher education, the cooperation with similar institutions and associations from Romania and abroad, the promotion of the dialogue and cooperation on the axis the Baltic Sea – the Black Sea. In this regard, the establishing of a scientific publication to further our knowledge of Baltic and Nordic societies and to spread information about the Romanian society to Baltic and Northern Europe was essential. The magazine was also regarded as a springboard for the mutual acknowledgment of the bonds and relations between Romanians and the Baltic and Nordic peoples throughout their history and in contemporary times. It was our understanding and hope that the magazine will become a multidisciplinary publication hosting articles in fields such as history, history of international relations, international relations, literature and philology, economics and business, and various other sciences. When established, the editorial college also considered that it will be in the advantage of the magazine to include also book and article reviews, assessments of scientific conferences or notes of doctoral studies in the fields covered by the publication which will promote the dialogue between the two peripheries of the European continent.

DETERMINATION OF COMBINED PROBABILITIES OF OCCURRENCE OF WATER LEVELS AND WAVE HEIGHTS FOR THE SAFETY OF DIKES AT THE BALTIC SEA

2017 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Christian Kaehler ◽  
Christian Schlamkow ◽  
Fokke Saathoff
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Copula Models ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
The Baltic

Large parts of the Baltic Sea coast in Germany are protected by dikes against storm surges and floods. The dikes are designed to resist storm surges and floods, also taking into consideration of climate changes and sea level rise. To ensure the protective function the safety standards of the dikes are validated in regular intervals. This paper presents an approach to determine combined probabilities of occurrence of water level and wave heights for three selected sections. The probabilities of occurrence for defined return periods have been calculated by comparing several Copula models from the Archimedean Copula family.

scholarly journals The Isle of The Dead Benchmark, the Sydney, Fort Denison Tide Gauge and the Ipcc Ar5 Chapter 13 Sea Levels Revisited

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Albert Parker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Time History ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Key Sites

Abstract The paper revisits the Isle of the Dead benchmark and the Sydney, Fort Denison tide gauge to confirm that long term, high quality tide gauges are acceleration free, consistently to the analysis of key sites suggesting the sea levels are not sharply raising following the carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also discusses the flaws of the IPCC AR5 Chapter13 Sea levels. The time history of the relative rate of rise computed by linear fitting of the data locally collected by tide gauges is the best parameter to assess the effect of global warming providing length and quality requirements are satisfied. There is no reason to search for less reliable alternative methods because the climate models predicted different trends. The Global Positioning System (GPS) inferred vertical tide gauge velocity suffers of significant inaccuracies. Larger inaccuracies are provided by the satellite altimetry Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) that is a computation and not a measurement.

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