Mean Daily Temperatures at the Ben Nevis and Fort-William Observatories

1910 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 693-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Omond
Keyword(s):  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Stevenson Screen

Tables have been prepared of the average temperature at the Ben Nevis and Fort-William Observatories on each day of the year, using the records of the twenty years 1884 to 1903 inclusive. Table I. gives the average daily temperature at Ben Nevis, Table II. that at Fort-William, and Table III. the differences between them. These tables have been prepared as follows :—Ben Nevis Observatory.—In summer the dry- and wet-bulb thermometers were exposed in an ordinary Stevenson screen 4 feet above ground, and in winter in a smaller-sized double-louvred screen, placed on a ladder-like stand, and moved up or down so as to be always about 4 feet above the surface of the snow. These thermometers were read hourly, and the average of the dry-bulb readings for the 24 hours of each day is taken as the temperature of that day. Table I. is the arithmetical mean of the values so computed on each day of the year.

scholarly journals Topography and Climate of Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nadhir Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
The North ◽  
South Iraq ◽  
Semi Arid

Iraq is located between geographic coordinates 33 00 N, 44 00 E, and occupies a total area of 437,072 square kilometers. Land forms 432,162 square kilometers while water forms 4,910 square kilometers of the total area. Iraq is bordered by Turkey from the north. Iran from the east, Syria and Syria from the west, and Saudi Arabia and Kuwait from the south. Iraq can be divided according to the nature of the land terrain into 4 regions (Mountain Region, Plateau and Hills Regions, The Mesopotamian plain and Jazera and Western Plateau). The climate is mainly of continental, subtropical semi-arid type. The mountain region is of Mediterranean climate. In general, rainfall occurs from December to February or November to April in the mountain region. During winter the average daily temperature is about 16oC dropping at night to 2oC with possibility of frost. In summer however, it is very hot with an average temperature of over 45oC during July and August dropping to 25oC at night. Keywords: Topography, Climate, Iraq.

scholarly journals Modeling the spatial distribution of marker species of ground beetles based on GIS technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-188
Author(s):  
Tamara Avtaeva ◽  
Andrey Skripchinsky ◽  
Dmitriy Ivanov ◽  
Raisa Sukhodolskaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Temperature Amplitude ◽  
Pterostichus Oblongopunctatus

Climate change and related changes in natural ecosystems are the most important international issues of the twenty-first century. In this regard, modeling the dynamics of plant and animal habitats based on the analysis of their relationships with climate parameters and environmental characteristics becomes an urgent task. Modeling the geographical distribution of species is not possible without geoinformation analysis, which allows you to identify both the boundaries of factors that affect the distribution of the species, and the features of its range. The paper presents the author’s addition to the existing method of ecological and geographical modeling based on GIS technologies that allow to visualize the dynamics of areas in a certain period of time and in connection with changes in bioclimatic parameters. Modeling the spatial distribution of two marker species of ground beetles makes it possible to extrapolate fragmentary data on specific locations over large territories. The created geoinformation models of the predicted areas revealed their changes for different climate scenarios for 2050 and 2070. Based on ecological and geoinformation modeling, it was found that the formation of the modern range of Zabrus tenebrioides is significantly influenced by the average daily temperature amplitude for each month, the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the minimum temperature of the coldest month. The distribution of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus is influenced by the average annual temperature, the average daily temperature amplitude for each month, and the average temperature of the driest quarter; the average temperature of the warmest quarter of the year and the amount of precipitation in the driest month of the year. The geoinformation analysis made it possible to identify the dependence of the number of points of species finds and the values of bioclimatic factors. Maps and graphs of the range of species comfort were created. The main trends of changes in the range of Pterostichus oblongopunctatus under changing climate conditions in the “soft” and “hard” scenarios are revealed. Under the influence of climate change, the area of habitats is reduced and their structure is changed.

scholarly journals Analysis of climate of Rivnenskyi Nature Reserve from 2000 to 2015

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Horbach
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Autumn Period ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Spring Period ◽  
Unstable Temperature

The analysis of monthly climatic terms of Rivnenskyi Nature Reserve was conducted. It is marked that weather terms have substantial differences due to an unstable temperature condition since creation of reserve. A spring period was the shortest in 2013 – 64 days and had the greatest average daily temperature 11.9 °С. Protracted a spring period was in 2002 – 123 days. The most of precipitations in a spring period was fixed in 2008 – 196.2 mm, and the least in 2011 – 42.1 mm. A summer period in 2015 became the most protracted – 131 day. Moreover, the least protracted summer was in 2006 – 90 days. The warmest summer season was in 2010 with an average daily temperature 19.8 °С. The most raining summer was in 2007 when a 471.3 mm of precipitations is fixed, and the least raining summer was in 2002 (144.6 mm of precipitations). The most protracted autumn period was in 2006 – 107 days and the shortest one was in 2001 – 57 days. The warmest autumn was in 2004 when an average daily temperature reached 9.2°С. The most of precipitations in the autumn period is fixed in 2009 – 178 mm, and the least in 2001 – 39 mm. The winter periods were protracted in 2004/05 and 2005/06. Their duration was 114 days. Winter period in 2009/10 with an average daily temperature -7.9°С was the coldest one. The most precipitations are fixed in winter 2005/06 – 208.4 mm, and the least in a winter period 2012/13 are a 52.2 mm. The most of precipitations for a year fell out 777.8 mm in 2012, and the least one in 2011 – 427 mm. The average long-term dates of the beginning of the year seasons are defined. The average long-term date of the beginning of the spring season is on February 27; the summer season is on May 26; the autumn season is on September 14; the winter season is on December 5. Key words: Rivnenskyi Nature Reserve, seasons of the year, precipitation, climatic terms, temperature, long-term date.

scholarly journals Вплив погодних умов веґетаційного періоду на елементи продуктивності та урожайність проса прутоподібного

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
М. І. Кулик ◽  
І. І. Рожко
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Quantitative Indices ◽  
The Third ◽  
Number Of Stems

З'ясовано вплив погодних умов веґетації на мінливість елементів продуктивності (висоти та густоти стеблостою) проса прутоподібного. Визначено вплив середньодобової температури повітря та суми опадів під час веґетації рослин на урожайність фітомаси культури в розрізі років дослідження. Наведено кореляційні залежності між кількісними показниками рослин (елементами продуктивності) третього–шостого років веґетації та урожайністю фітомаси проса прутоподібного. Встановлено, що урожайність сухої надземної веґетативної маси проса прутоподібного в більшій мірі обумовлюється кількістю стебел на одиницю площі у тісному взаємозв’язку із середньодобовою температурою повітря, в меншій мірі – висотою рослин та сумою опадів за веґетаційний період. The influence of weather conditions of vegetation on the variability of the elements of productivity (height and density of stems) of switchgrass is determined. The influence of average daily temperature of air and the amount of precipitation during vegetation of plants on the yield of phytomass of culture in terms of research years is determined. The correlation between quantitative indices of plants (elements of productivity) of the third–sixth years of vegetation and yield of phytomass of switchgrass is shown. It has been established that the yield of dry vegetative mass of switchgrass is largely determined by the number of stems per unit area in close correlation with the average daily temperature of air, to a less extent – the height of plants and the amount of precipitation during the vegetation period.

scholarly journals Forecasting Average Daily Temperature in the Khorasan Razavi Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (52) ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Sayyed Mohamad Hosseini ◽  
Abdolhossein Adelzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Temperature

scholarly journals A Graphical Control Chart for Monitoring Leaf count of Easter Lily to Support Crop Timing Decisions

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
P.R. Fisher ◽  
R.D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Control Chart ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Quantitative Models ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Intuitive Method ◽  
Over Time

A graphical control chart was developed to monitor leaf count of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) and make temperature recommendations based on predictions of a leaf unfolding rate (LUR) model. The graph allows observed and target leaf count to be compared visually over time. Timing of the visible bud stage, when flower buds are visible externally on the plant, is important to time flowering for the Easter sales period. The optimum LUR and average daily temperature required to achieve a target visible bud date can be read directly from the chart. The approach provides an intuitive method for transferring quantitative models to growers.

42. The Yield and Composition of Milk with Special Reference to the Influence of Climatic Conditions and other Factors

1932 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Houston ◽  
R. W. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Two Temperatures

This article records the preliminary results of an investigation of some of the causes of the variations in the yield and composition of milk. The influence of the season of the year, and the influence of climatic conditions on the average yield and composition of the milk of a herd, are discussed.The relationships between the data are studied by means of simple corre-lation and also by means of partial correlation. The temperatures used are the average temperatures for the periods between the milkings. Thus the day-temperature is the average temperature of the interval between the morning and evening milking, and the night temperature is the average temperature of the interval between the evening milking and the next morning milking. The daily temperature is the average of these two temperatures.

Significance of Preventing Primary Infections by Didymella rabiei and Development of a Model to Estimate the Maturity of Pseudothecia

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1027-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shtienberg ◽  
E. Gamliel-Atinsky ◽  
B. Retig ◽  
S. Brener ◽  
A. Dinoor
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Temperature ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rainy Days

The significance of preventing primary infections resulting from the teleomorph stage of Didymella rabiei was tested in field experiments in 1998 and 2000. Control efficacy was greater and yield and its components were higher in plots where the fungicide difenoconazole had been sprayed in time to protect the plants from infections resulting from airborne ascospores than in plots where sprays were not applied on time. Forty empirical models reflecting the influence of temperature and interrupted wetness on initial maturation of D. rabiei pseudothecia were developed and verified by using data recorded in chickpea fields in 1998. Seven of the models then were validated with data recorded in 1999 and 2000. The following model provided the best predictions: starting at the beginning of the rainy season (October to December), the predictor of the model was assigned one severity value unit when there was a rain event (1 day or more) with ≥10 mm of rain and an average daily temperature (during the rainy days) of ≤15°C. According to the model, pseudothecia mature after accumulation of six severity values and ascospores will be discharged during the following rain.

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