Developmental and cultural factors in economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Miton ◽  
Dan Sperber
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Environment Of Evolutionary Adaptedness

AbstractBoyer & Petersen (B&P) assume that the intuitive systems underlying folk-economic beliefs (FEBs), and, in particular, emporiophobia, evolved in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), before markets. This makes the historical development of markets puzzling. We suggest that what evolved in the EEA are templates that help children develop intuitive systems partly adjusted to their cultural environment. This helps resolve the puzzle.

scholarly journals Sense or non-sense? a critical discussion of a recent evolutionary–cognitive approach to “folk-economic beliefs”

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theiss Bendixen
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Dual Inheritance Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Massive Modularity ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Environment Of Evolutionary Adaptedness ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Dual Inheritance

Laypeople hold beliefs about economics and policy issues—so-called folk-economic beliefs (FEBs)—that are often wrong or misleading according to professional economists. Here, I critically discuss a recent evolutionary–cognitive approach to understanding folk-economic beliefs. According to this approach (Boyer & Petersen 2018a), some economic beliefs are more prevalent than others, because such beliefs (i.e., folk-economic beliefs) resonate with evolved features of the human mind. I refer to this as the “FEB hypothesis”. A central challenge to the FEB hypothesis, with its heavy reliance on universal cognitive features, is to explain individual and cultural differences in economic beliefs and behavior. This challenge is the starting point for the discussion. Overall, the conclusion of this paper is that the FEB hypothesis relies on unnecessarily strong and controversial theoretical assumptions (e.g., “massive modularity” and the “Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness”), and that it overlooks important findings from adjacent fields, but that the FEB hypothesis, following some modifications inspired by Dual Inheritance Theory, can be integrated with robust findings from the rest of the evolutionary, cognitive, and anthropological sciences, as well as standard political psychology. Based on this discussion, the paper ends with brief reflections on how to correct inaccurate folk-economic beliefs.

scholarly journals The Name of the Russian Game

2019 ◽  
pp. 482-506
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Ohryzko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
The Future ◽  
Economic Interaction

The article analyses the historical, geographical, and cultural factors that influenced the formation of the Russian mentality. The author proves that the society forms the rules of coexistence – this is how the legal and ethical framework is formed, on which development is based. At that time, the socio-economic situation of the Finno-Ugric tribes that lived on the territory of the future Moscovia was historically marked by several hundred years of vassalage from the Golden Horde. Historical development and culture also significantly influenced the existence of peoples. Potential threats to the dualistic position of Western politicians who condemn Russia’s aggression in Eastern Ukraine and at the same time emphasize the need to “maintain communication” with Russia, despite the economic advantages of the Russian market’s accessibility for large businesses. The concept of “Russian policy” of Ukraine is proposed, which is more adequate to meet modern challenges. It is recommended to recognize that relations with Russia on an equal basis are impossible; to minimize all existing economic interaction with the aggressor country; to form and implement a Ukrainian-centric humanitarian policy; eliminate the influence of Russia’s “fifth column” in Ukraine. The author of the article notes that Ukrainian foreign policy (and “Russian policy” as its important component) will become successful when we are consolidated, unified, and self-sufficient. It will be possible to implement the above only if the new government demonstrates transparency, responsibility and commitment to the principles of civilized governance, when it testifies with real steps that it is the Ukrainian government. Ukraine and the collective West should finally decide whether to remain hostage to the policy of an inadequate Kremlin, or work on their secure future. Keywords: Russia, Finno-Ugric tribes, “Russian policy” of Ukraine, deterrence policy.

scholarly journals Typology and Audience Engagement of University Galleries

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Eva Gartnerová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Audience Engagement ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
The Subject

The main objective of this study is to analyse the environment and the processes of university galleries and their exhibition spaces, primarily on the territory of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The historical development of university galleries and their role in society are briefly introduced. An important part of this research paper deals with the definition and typology of university galleries, followed by an analysis of their role and a discussion on the aspect of audience and public engagement. The study draws on research conducted by the author in the years 2016–2020 predominantly in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, described in detail in her doctoral thesis. The methodology of the research is mainly based on semi-structured interviews and study visits of the various institutions in question. The research paper brings forth the subject of university galleries and their role in the advancement of the academic cultural environment.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT OF A RURAL SCHOOL

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peprone Barseghyan
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
The Social

The article presents the socio-cultural factors contributing to the socialization of schoolchildren. It is substantiated that the historical - geographical and socio - cultural environment of the community significantly affects the formation of the socio - cultural environment of the educational institution, and the school, in turn, affects the social life of the community. The characteristics of the formation of the socio-cultural environ-ment of a rural school are characterized.

scholarly journals SOCIAL-CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL DIGNITY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE POST-COLONIAL AND POST-TOTALITARIAN UKRAINIAN NARRATIVE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Linda Papitchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The author focused her research on dignity determinants and their links with the social-cultural environment on the example of Ukrainian society. For this purpose, an analysis of the cultural and historical imperial and totalitarian background of the Ukrainian past has been conducted. The research used the following methods: theoretical-analytical, structural-systemic, historical-comparative. The author has specified and outlined that dignity is an integral formation, based on the intersection of three axiological spheres: personal, professional and social values. The article outlines the impact of artificially created cultural regimes on people’s dignity and the determinants of the higher and lower order of formed dignity in the context of Ukrainian realities. The former include external factors – postcolonial and post-totalitarian Ukrainian society – and internal factors – life-purpose orientation, values, and spirituality. Determinants of the lower order are represented by the behavioural, verbal and emotional spheres of a personality. A particular focus has been placed on the close connection between human freedom and the issue of human dignity. Emphasis has been given to one of the key values attacked by the empire or totalitarian regime, namely freedom in almost all its manifestations: an individual’s freedom of thought, freedom of action, freedom of creative development, free expression and development of the culture of the enslaved people. The current consequences for this phenomenon in the Ukrainian society are: lowered ability of many people to accept responsibility as a key concept of freedom and to avoid simple answers to complex and multidimensional challenges, that is, non-desire to consider complex phenomena from different points of view and to search for multilevel solutions. The author has examined the influence of the socio-cultural environment on an individual’s dignity development. The list of the following socio-cultural factors is presented: social factors, as politics in its various aspects, ideology, social environment, interpersonal interactions; cultural factors, a language, mentality, spiritual and emotional experiences, broadly defined: the culture of free thinking and creative realization, the culture of meaningful cooperation, civility, culture in its artistic aspect, and so on.

CHALLENGES BEFORE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF A SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL TOURSIM

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322
Author(s):  
Milena Filipova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
World Culture ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
New Knowledge

Tourism as a world culture phenomenon furthers the discovery of various aspects and manifestations of culture. The cultural tourism allows the familiarization with and illustration of the historical development of various civilizations throughout the centuries and the achievements in the various fields of human activities. The tourist travel activates cognitive, informative, communicational and evaluating functions of perception of reality at the place of destination. Each travel brings a new knowledge and a touch to an alien social cultural environment; each tourist, even at a subconscious level, performs a comparative analysis of the alien and of their own culture. Cultural tourism furthers the knowledge, study and comparison of the cultural heritage. The more unique, authentic and valuable it is, the greater is the power of attraction of the corresponding tourism destination. Apart and independent from the expert’s evaluation of the cultural heritage qualities and features, its value is influenced also by the nature of tourists’ expectations. Therefore from a tourism point of view the greater these expectations are, the higher is the evaluation of the cultural heritage of the corresponding destination.

Ritual Experts and Participants in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

2020 ◽  
pp. 178-193
Author(s):  
Thomas Hieke
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Near East ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
First Millennium

The chapter summarizes the roles and tasks of ritual experts and participants within the Hebrew Bible and its cultural environment. The first part reflects on the responsibilities of the kings, the priests, and the priestesses within the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, Mari, Hittite Anatolia) and ancient Egypt. Then the chapter turns to the concepts of the Hebrew Bible. The second part demonstrates how the priests and Levites take care for the rituals, the sacrifices, purity, teaching, and administration. Cult prophets and the king have their limited and special functions. Third, at certain points lay people may participate in the cult: the offering person, women, children, and the non-Israelite (the foreigner). The fourth section provides a brief overview over the historical development within the first millennium bce regarding the concepts and circumstances as they are represented in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.

Sociocultural Factors in Mental Illness: Biopsychosocial Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S492-S492
Author(s):  
S. Rodríguez Vargas ◽  
M.J. Navarro Clemente ◽  
A.R. Ivorra Mayoral
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Biopsychosocial Model ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Monthly Administration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Competing Interest

Every human being needs to acquire by interacting with peers, learning and gradually adapted to their socio-cultural environment, attitudes, group, class, gender, provided it fits the circumstances of the environment, personal values to their They come again, a reference system which is considered to be “culture”. You cannot assess psychiatric disorders in isolation, so it is essential to study the socio-cultural context in which it occurs. It is dynamic, its historic time and not everyone integrates alike. Through a case we try to show how culture influences the expression of psychiatric pathology. Specifically, in this patient it is evident that we are beings bio-psycho-social. It is a continuation and must integrate these three areas when assessing a patient. Here we start with a family history unrelated to the Mental Health so that adherence to antipsychotic treatment is guaranteed with monthly administration depot preparation. These socio-cultural factors are the main trigger for the breakdown of the subject that cause the patient psicotización (exacerbations related to stressful situations).Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Multicultural Counseling in Islamic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Multicultural Counseling ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
Islamic Perspective

<p>In this globalization and information era, the role of multicultural counseling is very urgent for the community. Given the cultural exchange between one country and another country is so massive. If a counselor only focuses on the client's person without regard to the cultural factors influence it, then the process of implementing counseling can cause bias and ineffective. In its historical development, the theory and practice of multicultural counseling is still dominated by multicultural counseling originating from the West. Meanwhile, Indonesia is a country where the majority of the population is Muslim and in terms of culture differs from rational, individualist, and materialist of Western cultures. Therefore, this paper describes multicultural counseling in an Islamic perspective as an alternative to the development of multicultural counseling in Indonesia. The different human concepts, cultures, and values developed by Islam form the basic foundation in the multicultural counseling process. From this basic difference, the author further explains the competence and practice of multicultural counseling in Islam, especially in Indonesia. In obtaining the comprehensive data, the authors conducted a qualitative study by taking data sources derived from the al-Qur'an, al-Hadith, and the results of the thinking of Muslim scientists related to multicultural counseling.</p>

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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