scholarly journals Revisiting the form and function of conflict: Neurobiological, psychological, and cultural mechanisms for attack and defense within and between groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten K. W. De Dreu ◽  
Jörg Gross
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Status ◽  
Group Defense ◽  
Attack And Defense ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hostile Attributions

AbstractConflict can profoundly affect individuals and their groups. Oftentimes, conflict involves a clash between one side seeking change and increased gains through victory and the other side defending the status quo and protecting against loss and defeat. However, theory and empirical research largely neglected these conflicts between attackers and defenders, and the strategic, social, and psychological consequences of attack and defense remain poorly understood. To fill this void, we model (1) the clashing of attack and defense as games of strategy and reveal that (2) attack benefits from mismatching its target's level of defense, whereas defense benefits from matching the attacker's competitiveness. This suggests that (3) attack recruits neuroendocrine pathways underlying behavioral activation and overconfidence, whereas defense invokes neural networks for behavioral inhibition, vigilant scanning, and hostile attributions; and that (4) people invest less in attack than defense, and attack often fails. Finally, we propose that (5) in intergroup conflict, out-group attack needs institutional arrangements that motivate and coordinate collective action, whereas in-group defense benefits from endogenously emerging in-group identification. We discuss how games of attack and defense may have shaped human capacities for prosociality and aggression, and how third parties can regulate such conflicts and reduce their waste.

Why Quasi-Alliances Will Persist in the Indo-Pacific? The Fall and Rise of the Quad

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-304
Author(s):  
Frederick Kliem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
Threat Theory

The rise of and increasing assertiveness by China presents a significant structural challenge in the Indo-Pacific region (IPR). In an effort to retain the status quo, a number of states have signed-up to the ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP). In support of FOIP, operational mechanisms have emerged—most importantly the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). The United States, Japan, Australia and India have come together in this informal format to exchange views on current security challenges and coordinate their strategic approaches. This article analyses both form and function of Quad and argues that both the diplomatic and military arrangements between Quad members are a direct response to ever-increasing Chinese assertiveness. Alongside a detailed empirical analysis of Quad, this paper addresses the question why Quad 2.0 will thrive although previous attempts at security networks failed. Balance of threat theory will illuminate why informal quasi-alliances vis-à-vis China are going to be the structural new normal for the IPR.

scholarly journals Is Extreme in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Assessment of Extremist Cognitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095864
Author(s):  
Neil Shortland ◽  
Elias Nader ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Marek Palasinski
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Function

Scholars have extensively discussed the topic of “online radicalization,” often seeking to understand the form and function of online extremist material. However, this work has neglected to examine the role that the Internet plays alongside individual personality factors in the process through which someone develops violent extremist cognitions. This article aims to extend the understanding of the role of personality differences in the effect of exposure to extremist material online. In this study, we experimentally measure the short-term psychological consequences of exposure to extremist material on extremist cognitions. We use a between-group experimental design in which participants are shown extremist propaganda with either pre- or post-counter messages. Our results indicate that trait personality, and specifically aggression, may be more influential than exposure to extremist propaganda in influencing extremist cognitions. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of future research directions.

The Riverrun of Rewriting Scripture: From Textual Cannibalism to Scriptural Completion

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 475-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Klostergaard Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Second Temple ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Jewish Literature ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract To retain the concept of rewritten Bible as a scholarly category it is not only crucial to slightly change the name of the notion by re-designating it “rewritten Scripture” but also to accord the term the status of a cross-cultural third-order concept. This will allow research to detach the notion from its somewhat current “parochial” nature intrinsically linked as it is to the study of Second Temple Jewish literature. Rewritten Scripture should be conceived of as an excessive form of intertextuality that signifies the relationship existing between scriptural predecessor and rewritten piece with respect to the question of authority. Apart from advancing the theoretical discussion of the nomenclature, the essay takes a fresh look at a moot point that has loomed large in previous debates, whether rewritten Scripture strives to replace its scriptural predecessor or aims to complement it in an irenic fashion. The acknowledgement of some aspectualism grants legitimacy to both viewpoints, when they are rightfully understood within their proper perspectives. Finally, the article engages in typological considerations that will allow us to distinguish between three continua defined by respectively content, form, and function. Each constitutes a continuum on its own that advantageously may be segmented by several caesuras, which will allow us to differentiate between irenic scriptural completion at the one end of the spectrum and scriptural cannibalism at the other end of the spectrum. The fact that two works belonging to the category diverge on one continuum does not imply a corresponding divergence at other continua.

scholarly journals Aquaculture: a rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Little ◽  
R. W. Newton ◽  
M. C. M. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Food Sources ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function

The status and potential of aquaculture is considered as part of a broader food landscape of wild aquatic and terrestrial food sources. The rationale and resource base required for the development of aquaculture are considered in the context of broader societal development, cultural preferences and human needs. Attention is drawn to the uneven development and current importance of aquaculture globally as well as its considerable heterogeneity of form and function compared with established terrestrial livestock production. The recent drivers of growth in demand and production are examined and the persistent linkages between exploitation of wild stocks, full life cycle culture and the various intermediate forms explored. An emergent trend for sourcing aquaculture feeds from alternatives to marine ingredients is described and the implications for the sector with rapidly growing feed needs discussed. The rise of non-conventional and innovative feed ingredients, often shared with terrestrial livestock, are considered, including aquaculture itself becoming a major source of marine ingredients. The implications for the continued expected growth of aquaculture are set in the context of sustainable intensification, with the challenges that conventional intensification and emergent integration within, and between, value chains explored. The review concludes with a consideration of the implications for dependent livelihoods and projections for various futures based on limited resources but growing demand.

scholarly journals NAMA PANGGILAN ATAU SAPAAN BERDASARKAN ANGGOTA KELUARGA YANG MENINGGAL DALAM BAHASA KENYAH LEPOQ JALAN DI DESA LUNG ANAI

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Masfufah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function

AbstractResearch on call names or greetings based on family members who died in the Kenyah Lepoq Jalan language is important as a form of documentation and cultural preservation. This study aims to describe the form and function of call names or greetings based on family members who died. Data collection techniques were obtained from informants through interviews with record and note techniques. Data analysis techniques in this study used descriptive analysis, namely the analysis of linguistic and sociolinguistic data. The data analysis model used is an interactive model analysis consisting of three components of analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of research and discussion, the forms of call name or greeting based on the death of family members in Kenyah Lepoq Jalan are classified into three, namely  call names that are neutral (female and male), nicknames for female gender, and  call names for gender Male. The function of the use of these greetings, namely: (a) as the identity of the Kenyah Lepoq Jalan community, (b) to find out the status of the speech partner, (c) gender marker of the speech partner, (d) as a social interaction, and (e) as a control social.Keywords: call name, family who died, Kenyah Lepoq Jalan language AbstrakPenelitian mengenai nama panggilan atau sapaan berdasarkan anggota keluarga yang meninggal dalam bahasa Kenyah Lepoq Jalan ini penting dilakukan sebagai bentuk pendokumentasian dan pelestarian budaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan fungsi nama panggilan atau sapaan berdasarkan anggota keluarga yang meninggal. Teknik pengumpulan data diperoleh dari informan melalui wawancara dengan teknik rekam dan catat. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif, yaitu dengan analisis data linguistik dan sosiolinguistik. Adapun model analisis data yang digunakan, yaitu analisis model interaktif yang terdiri atas tiga komponen analisis, yaitu reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan simpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, diperoleh bentuknama panggilan atau sapaan berdasarkan kematian anggota keluarga dalam bahasa Kenyah Lepoq Jalan diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga, yaitu nama panggilan yang bersifat netral (perempuan dan laki-laki), nama panggilan untuk jenis kelamin perempuan, dan nama panggilan untuk jenis kelamin laki-laki. Adapun fungsi dari pemakaian sapaan tersebut, yaitu: (a) sebagai identitas dari masyarakat Kenyah Lepoq Jalan, (b) untuk mengetahui status mitra tutur, (c) penanda jenis kelamin mitra tutur, (d) sebagai interaksi sosial, dan (e) sebagai kontrol sosial.Kata kunci: nama panggilan, keluarga yang meninggal, bahasa Kenyah Lepoq Jalan

scholarly journals The Growth of Indonesian Aesthetic Value of Kriya (Handicrafts) in the 21st Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Dheni Harmaen
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Status ◽  
Artistic Achievement ◽  
Craft Industry ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
And Function

<p>The development of aesthetic values in the handicraft have been changing in terms of function, shape, appearance and even in terms of its significance, the changes will appear also to changes in the aesthetic value of a work of craft, because the essence of the aesthetic is beauty. In terms of language, the term <em>kriya</em> used in Indonesian language derived from Sanskrit, the word Kriya, when transferred to the Java language has a meaning work or action, and in particular the work related to religious ceremonies. Aesthetic value in a craft covered elements of line, shape, texture, color, composition and so on. The growth of aesthetic value to the craft woven eve of the 21st century can be traced starting from animist civilizations, until the civilization Ekotek Dynamic information (science and technology), or what we call the global community that positions the craft as a commodity. This development is an inter-linkages which always affect one aspect with other aspects including its aesthetic elements. Art craft is one branch or twig arts is undergoing a transformation, both form and function that are often lengthy conversations or discussions, regarding the status and position in the art developments in Indonesia. The development of craft capable of evolving to position itself in three directions, each of which has different interests, they are: 1) preservation oriented, 2) development to economic or commercial interests (craft industry) oriented, and 3) personal expression (artistic achievement) oriented.</p>

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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