Another claim for cognitive history

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry M. Cowles ◽  
Jamie Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rational Model ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Over Time

Abstract History can help refine the resource-rational model by uncovering how cultural and cognitive forces act together to shape decision-making. Specifically, history reveals how the meanings of key terms like “problem” and “solution” shift over time. Studying choices in their cultural contexts illuminates how changing perceptions of the decision-making process affect how choices are made on the ground.

scholarly journals Strategy selection as rational metareasoning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Lieder ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Strategy Selection ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Rational Model ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Human Rationality

Many contemporary accounts of human reasoning assume that the mind is equipped with multiple heuristics that could be deployed to perform a given task. This raises the question how the mind determines when to use which heuristic. To answer this question, we developed a rational model of strategy selection, based on the theory of rational metareasoning developed in the artificial intelligence literature. According to our model people learn to efficiently choose the strategy with the best cost-benefit tradeoff by learning a predictive model of each strategy’s performance. We found that our model can provide a unifying explanation for classic findings from domains ranging from decision-making to problem-solving and arithmetic by capturing the variability of people’s strategy choices, their dependence on task and context, and their development over time. Systematic model comparisons supported our theory, and four new experiments confirmed its distinctive predictions. Our findings suggest that people gradually learn to make increasingly more rational use of fallible heuristics. This perspective reconciles the two poles of the debate about human rationality by integrating heuristics and biases with learning and rationality.

The German Länder: From Milieu-Shaping to Territorial Politics

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Member State ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Collective Rights ◽  
German Länder ◽  
Territorial Politics ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

This chapter looks at Europeanization through the lens of how the German Länder have responded to challenges posed by European integration since 1985. It does this by conceiving of ‘Europeanization’ as a two-way process in which the EU imposes adaptational pressures on, but is also subject to adaptational pressures from, the Länder. The chapter also uses the timescale of fifteen years to explore the dynamics of Europeanization. It finds that the Länder have persistently sought to minimize any perceived ‘misfit’ between the EU decision-making process and their domestic role as constituent units of the German federation. The nature of the misfit, and ideas on its resolution, have, however, changed over time as both the EU and Germany have adapted to the post-Cold War era. An initial concern for winning collective rights of access to a deepening EU is now being supplanted by a concern to protect individual Länder autonomy within the framework of the German member state from what is increasingly perceived as an unnecessarily interventionist EU.

scholarly journals International Judicial Cooperation in Game Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Tang
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Judicial Cooperation ◽  
Battle Of The Sexes ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
First Mover ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article utilizes the game theory to assess the feasibility and weaknesses of different methods to promote international judicial cooperation. It starts by justifying the game theory as a proper model to understand the pattern of interaction between states. It then applies typical games to analyse states’ decision-making process. It suggests that states should not update their domestic laws to unilaterally offer judicial cooperation to other countries even if reciprocity is adopted to urge other states to cooperate. The only effective means is through an international judicial cooperation treaty, which encounters relatively small compliance and enforcement problems. The first-mover disadvantage at the ratification stage is not a fundamental barrier and may disappear over time. The battle-of-the-sexes game at the negotiation stage can be mitigated through the facilitation of a reputable institute, increasing cooperation interests and needs and reducing cooperation standards.

Literasi Politik Komunitas Samin di Bojonegoro dalam Pemilu Perspektif Fiqih Siyasah

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-238
Author(s):  
Muh Fathoni Hasyim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
General Election ◽  
The Political ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Political Literacy ◽  
Community Meeting ◽  
Over Time

The dynamics of political participation of the Samin community in Bojonegoro show significant development of political literacy. This study is focused on answering the political literacy of the Samin community in voicing their aspirations in the General Election from the perspective of Fiqh Siyasah. The results of the study show that the level of political literacy of the Samin community is increasing. The indicator is that the enthusiasm of the Samin people in exercising their voting rights in the general election. In facing elections, the Samin community usually holds a community meeting led by the customary head, to determine the direction of their political aspirations. Over time, this tradition, although still valid, the results of its decisions are not binding. This means that the Samin people are given the freedom to make their own choices. This is different from previous times where the results of the deliberations were a collective decision in determining political aspirations. In the context of Fiqh Siyasah, the political literacy of the Samin community in the General Election is an exciting process of democratization, because the participation of the Samin community shows a growing awareness of living as a nation and a state within the frame of diversity. The practice of deliberation carried out by the Samin community is the application of the principle of deliberation in Islam, so that even though the results are not binding, the decision-making process creates a dialogue between community members to build an increasingly dynamic and progressive political literacy of the Samin community.

Prostate cancer care in Canada: Informed decision-making, patterns of care, and treatment trends.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 289-289
Author(s):  
Kim Tran ◽  
Rami Rahal ◽  
Carolyn Sandoval ◽  
Geoff Porter ◽  
Sharon Fung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Treatment Trends ◽  
Over Time

289 Background: Because treatment options for localized prostate cancer (PCa) have similar survival outcomes but varying side effects, it is important that patients are meaningfully involved in the decision-making process to ensure the chosen treatment aligns with their needs, wants and preferences. Here, we describe PCa patients’ experience with informed decision-making as well as treatment patterns and trends over time. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with 47 men treated for PCa across Canada to understand their cancer journey experience. Thematic analysis was conducted. A subset of this data on informed decision-making is described. Men (≥ 35 years) diagnosed with localized, low-risk PCa from 2011-2013 were identified using data from six provincial cancer registries. Treatment data were identified by linking hospital/cancer centre data with registry data. Descriptive statistics were generated to describe treatment patterns and trends. Results: Focus group participants expressed a desire to be involved in the treatment decision-making process. While many participants felt completely informed about the treatment choices available to them, others felt they had not been properly engaged in the treatment decision-making process. Some participants felt they had opted for surgery or radiation therapy (RT) without full knowledge of the trade-offs between potential benefits and side effects. Others felt they may have made different decisions about their care had they been more informed. From registry data, in 2013 surgery was the most common primary treatment for men with low-risk PCa ranging from 12.0% in New Brunswick to 41.7% in Nova Scotia. RT was the second most common ranging from 6.4% in New Brunswick to 18.3% in Saskatchewan. Varying majorities of men had no record of surgical or radiation treatment, a proxy for active surveillance. Treatment trends over time suggest an increase in the use of non-active treatment approaches from 60.7% in 2011 to 69.9% in 2013. Conclusions: System performance indicators yield useful information about oncology practice patterns and trends. This information is enhanced when combined with patient level information on how men felt about decision-making around their PCa care.

Getting what you want from your transorganizational partners

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 2017-2035
Author(s):  
Michael Halinski ◽  
Linda Duxbury
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decision Alternatives ◽  
Advance Theory ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how the group decision-making process unfolds over time in a transorganizational system (TS) planning change. Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal qualitative case study was designed to enable researchers to identify different stages in the group decision-making process. Findings – The findings from this case study indicated that the group decision-making process in a TS planning change could be conceptualized to include five distinct steps: working in solitude; starting a dialogue; finding a common goal; suggesting decision alternatives; and deciding among alternatives. The group proceeded through these steps sequentially over time. Practical implications – The paper offers TS practitioners a framework to follow when making group decisions within TSs. Originality/value – The study develops a conceptual framework that describes how the group decision-making process unfolds over time in a TS planning change. This framework can be tested in other contexts and advance theory in both the TS and group decision-making areas.

scholarly journals The ‘Trio Presidency’ of the Council of the European Union: Towards More Continuity?

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ele Raik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Formal Tool ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Council Presidency ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article addresses the Council presidency trio mechanism codified in the Lisbon Treaty with a particular focus on the continuity question in the Council's decision-making framework. The aim of the article is to explore the effect of the formalised trio programme on continuity in the Council's decision-making process. To this end, the article looks at how the trio mechanism has evolved over time and how it functions in practice.While some analysts have been sceptical about the usefulness of the trio programme, these findings demonstrate that the launch of this institutional tool has improved the continuity in the Council's decision-making process. The positive effect on continuity results from three main factors-the trio programme as a formal tool in the Council's institutional tool-kit; the existence of political will among the presidencies to cooperate; and, lastly, the guiding role of the Council Secretariat. The article presents evidence gathered by tracing the preparations of joint trio programmes from 2007 to 2012.

scholarly journals Has patients' involvement in the decision-making process changed over time?

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atie van den Brink-Muinen ◽  
Sandra M. van Dulmen ◽  
Hanneke C.J.M. de Haes ◽  
Adriaan Ph. Visser ◽  
François G. Schellevis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FALSE NEWS ON DECISION MAKING, ACCORDING TO ISLAMIC OUTLOOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Shama Razi ◽  
◽  
Hamma Jillani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Rational Model ◽  
False Information ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Administrative Model ◽  
False News ◽  
Decision Making Model

In Islam, there is strict prohibition of sneering at people, mocking and bad-mouthing. Islamic perspective shows spreading of such news which isn’t verified and is solely on the basis of guess, suspicion and delusions is prohibited. Moreover, Muslims are forbidden of spreading rumors and false information/news without any verification. There are different models studied under the decision making such as a) rational model, b) the administrative model, and c) the Retrospective Decision-Making Model. Fabrication of false/wrong accusation about any person is another atrocious sin. Muslims rely on moral principles for their decision making process, any false/fake news not only harm their mutual relationships in the society also it will lead to misconceptions. The foremost theme is to keep Muslims away from any commotion which intentionally or unintentionally hurts any other person and he has to be in the pang of guilty afterwards. This study identifies the adverse impacts of spreading fake news and how it is prohibited from Islamic evidences. Moreover, a link between decision making and impact of news on it is developed based on the review of existing literature.

Stability and Innovation in Athenian Policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-107
Author(s):  
Federica Carugati
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time

This chapter argues that the constitution fostered political stability and economic growth by imposing a set of constraints on the decision-making process based on the consensus on Solonian legality, while at the same time enabling citizens to introduce innovative new measures. To overcome evidentiary concerns, this chapter presents a model that reconstructs the incentives regulating actors' behaviour under the new constitutional rules. The model yields several results: first, institutional design incentivized proposers of new measures to take into account the preferences of the median, or the average Athenian. Moreover, because the median was relatively stable throughout the fourth century, preferences did not dramatically shift, ensuring a modicum of predictability and consistency over time. Another result is institutional design and actors' preferences that interacted to enable proposers of new measures to depart from the status quo, sometimes in significant ways. Finally, innovation was more likely to occur when sub-elite actors were involved in politics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document