scholarly journals Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 1136-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
FELICIA V. WHEATON ◽  
EILEEN M. CRIMMINS
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Objectively Measured

ABSTRACTThe objectives were to determine whether women always fare more poorly in terms of physical function and disability across countries that vary widely in terms of their level of development, epidemiologic context and level of gender equality. Sex differences in self-reported and objective measures of disability and physical function were compared among older adults aged 55–85 in the United States of America, Taiwan, Korea, Mexico, China, Indonesia and among the Tsimane of Bolivia using population-based studies collected between 2001 and 2011. Data were analysed using logistic and ordinary least-squares regression. Confidence intervals were examined to see whether the effect of being female differed significantly between countries. In all countries, women had consistently worse physical functioning (both self-reported and objectively measured). Women also tended to report more difficulty with activities of daily living (ADL), although differences were not always significant. In general, sex differences across measures were less pronounced in China. In Korea, women had significantly lower grip strength, but sex differences in ADL difficulty were non-significant or even reversed. Education and marital status helped explain sex differences. Overall, there was striking similarity in the magnitude and direction of sex differences across countries despite considerable differences in context, although modest variations in the effect of sex were observed.

Profiles in workplace giving: a cluster analysis of ‘types’ of givers within a public university

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Ruiz-Menjivar ◽  
Tracy Johns ◽  
Tara Counts ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Jennifer Amanda Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Public University ◽  
Strategic Marketing ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Job Classification ◽  
Employment Duration

This study examines public employees’ donations to a workplace giving campaign at a large public university in the south-east of the United States. First, we employed logistic regression to predict the likelihood of donating through workplace giving programmes using a sample of employees at a large public university (N = 11,726). Second, we estimated an ordinary least squares regression to identify the significant predictors of donation value with a subsample of employee donors (n=1,832). Third, we developed donor profiles (for example, clusters) of employee benefactors using K-medoids clustering. Factors such as sex, age, education and salary were significant predictors of both being a donor and the donation amount. Additionally, employment duration was significantly related to being a donor and the donation amount, while job classification only predicted being a donor. Employee donors fell into five distinct clusters. These findings contribute to our knowledge of workplace giving campaigns and can be used to develop strategic marketing campaigns.

scholarly journals Bikes or Bust? Analyzing the Impact of Bicycle Infrastructure on Business Performance in San Francisco

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 277-289
Author(s):  
Raleigh McCoy ◽  
Joseph A. Poirier ◽  
Karen Chapple
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Bicycle Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Transportation agencies at the local, state, and federal levels in the United States (U.S.) have shown a growing interest in expanding bicycle infrastructure, given its link to mode shift and safety goals. These projects, however, are far from universally accepted. Business owners have been particularly vocal opponents, claiming that bicycle infrastructure will diminish sales or fundamentally change the character of their neighborhoods. Using the case of San Francisco, this research explores the relationship between bicycle infrastructure and business performance in two ways: change in sales over time, and a comparison of sales for new and existing businesses. An ordinary least squares regression is used to model the change in sales over time, isolating the effect of location on bicycle infrastructure while controlling for characteristics of the business, corridor, and surrounding neighborhood. Through a series of t-tests, average sales for businesses that pre-date bicycle infrastructure and for those that opened after the installation of such projects are compared. Ultimately, the research suggests that location on bicycle infrastructure and changes in on-street parking supply generally did not have a significant effect on the change in sales, with a few exceptions. Businesses that sell goods for the home or auto-related goods and services saw a significant decline in sales when located on corridors with bike lanes. New and existing businesses generally had similar sales, though not across the board. New restaurants and grocery stores had significantly higher sales than their existing counterparts, suggesting bicycle infrastructure may attract more upmarket businesses in those industries.

The Relationship of Caregiving to Work Conflict and Supervisor Disclosure With Emotional, Physical, and Financial Strain in Employed Family Caregivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 698-707
Author(s):  
Maureen E. Templeman ◽  
Adrian N. S. Badana ◽  
William E. Haley
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Conflict ◽  
Workplace Policies ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To determine whether employed family caregiver reports of caregiving to work conflict (CWC) are associated with emotional, physical, and financial strain, and whether organizational factors, including supervisor disclosure and caregiver-friendly workplace policies, attenuate these effects. Method: We examined 369 full-time employed caregivers of adults aged 50 years and above from the 2015 AARP and National Alliance for Caregiving population-based study, Caregiving in the United States, using ordinary least squares hierarchical regression and moderation analyses. Results: Regression analyses showed that caregiver reports of more CWC, in addition to disclosure of caregiving, were associated with greater emotional, physical, and financial strain after controlling for demographics and caregiving stressors, and workplace policies did not attenuate strain. Neither disclosure nor policies moderated the impact of CWC on caregiver strain. Discussion: Results suggest the importance of workplace strain in the caregiving stress process and suggest that disclosing caregiving responsibilities to supervisors should be closely examined.

scholarly journals Deciding on Discipline: The Importance of Parent Demeanor in the Transmission of Discipline Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Burke ◽  
Jessica M. Doucet
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Voter Registration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Discipline Practices ◽  
Asking Questions

Although child abuse is a social problem in the United States, many cases go unreported because there is not a consensus as to what disciplinary actions are deemed abusive. Thus, it is paramount to understand the demarcation between physical punishment and physical abuse among parents and their use of certain forms of discipline. This study examines how discipline experienced by adolescent respondents affects their choice of discipline practices in adulthood. A random sample of residents was selected from three South Carolina counties using the 2016 state voter registration list. Respondents were mailed a survey asking questions pertaining to their disciplinary practices and experiences. Analyses were conducted using the ordinary least squares regression. Those who experienced abusive discipline as a child were significantly less likely to report that they use the same discipline techniques as their parents. However, adding parenting traits into the model revealed a mediation effect. Abusive discipline no longer plays a significant role in how respondents discipline their own children once the perceived demeanor of their parent is taken into consideration. These findings suggest that disciplinary techniques are less important than a parent’s attitude when correcting their children’s behavior. Implications for the current research, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Child and Parent Demographic Characteristics and Oral Health Perceptions Associated with Clinically Measured Oral Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Marcus ◽  
C.A. Maida ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
D. Xiong ◽  
R.D. Hays ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
The Look

Objective: To examine child and parent reports about the child’s oral health and assess the associations of these reports with clinical assessments of oral health status by dental examiners. Methods: Surveys with 139 items for children and 133 items for parents were administered by Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview Software. In addition, the Children’s Oral Health Status Index (COHSI) was computed from a dental examination. Results: A total of 334 families with children ages 8 to 17 y participated at 12 dental practices in Los Angeles County. Ordinary least squares regression models were estimated separately for child and parent surveys to identify items uniquely associated with the COHSI. Ten of 139 items the children reported regarding their oral health were associated with the COHSI. The strongest associations were found for child’s age, aesthetic factors (straight teeth and pleased with teeth), and cognitive factors related to perception of dental appearance (pleased/happy with the look of the child’s mouth, teeth, and jaws). Nine of 133 parent items about the child’s oral health were associated with the COHSI in the parent model, notably being a single parent, parent’s gender, parent born in the United States, pleased or happy with the look of their child’s teeth, and accessing the Internet. Conclusion: These child and parent survey items have potential to be used to assess oral health status for groups of children in programs and practices in lieu of dental screenings. Knowledge Translation Statement: The paper’s results inform the development of a toolkit that can be used by schools, public health agencies, and dental programs to identify children with low oral health status based on parents’ and children’s responses to survey items across demographic, physical, mental, and social domains. These survey items can be used to inform parents of the desirability of proactively addressing inadequacies in their child’s oral health status, enabling them to more rationally address dental needs.

scholarly journals Population and Age-Based Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level Investigation and Automatic Prediction

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangliang Xiang ◽  
Kaili Deng ◽  
Qichang Mei ◽  
Zixiang Gao ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Regression

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) reflects aerobic capacity and is crucial for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity level. The purpose of this study was to classify and predict the population-based cardiorespiratory fitness based on anthropometric parameters, workload, and steady-state heart rate (HR) of the submaximal exercise test. Five hundred and seventeen participants were recruited into this study. This study initially classified aerobic capacity followed by VO2max predicted using an ordinary least squares regression model with measured VO2max from a submaximal cycle test as ground truth. Furthermore, we predicted VO2max in the age ranges 21–40 and above 40. For the support vector classification model, the test accuracy was 75%. The ordinary least squares regression model showed the coefficient of determination (R2) between measured and predicted VO2max was 0.83, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 3.12 and 4.24 ml/kg/min, respectively. R2 in the age 21–40 and above 40 groups were 0.85 and 0.75, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides a practical protocol for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness of an individual in large populations. An applicable submaximal test for population-based cohorts could evaluate physical activity levels and provide exercise recommendations.

The Economic and Organizational Basis of Early United States Strikes, 1900–1948

ILR Review ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack W. Skeels
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
Political Variables

This paper examines the question of whether economic factors played an important role in determining strike activity in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. A review of recent research shows one author, David Snyder, concluding that economic factors mattered little during that period and that union organization and political variables explained much more; and another, P. K. Edwards, concluding the opposite. A retest of these authors' analyses, employing ordinary least squares regression and a variety of measures, suggests that Snyder's position is more sound. This author argues, however, that Edwards was correct in claiming that economic factors are major determinants of the extent of unionism as well as of strike activity, and thus one needs to apply a two-stage least squares test of the Snyder hypothesis. When that is done, the results show that economic variables are highly significant determinants of strike activity throughout the pre-1949 period, but for the subperiod 1921–29 noneconomic factors also play a role.

scholarly journals Custodial Grandparent’s Job Loss During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship With Parenting Stress and Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110062
Author(s):  
Qi Wu ◽  
Yanfeng Xu ◽  
Merav Jedwab
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Parenting Stress ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Custodial Grandparents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Involuntary job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic adds challenges, especially for custodial grandparents that are taking care of grandchildren. Grandparents are relatively vulnerable, and they need more attention and support when facing the negative impacts of COVID-19. This study analyzed cross-sectional survey data collected from 234 custodial grandparents via Qualtrics Panels in June 2020 in the United States. After using the propensity score weighting adjustment, results from logistic and ordinary least squares regression showed that compared with grandparents that did not lose their job during the pandemic, grandparents that did had more parenting stress and worse mental health. Moderation analysis also showed that social support was a significant moderator of the relationship between job loss and mental health, but not the relationship between job loss and parenting stress. The findings and implications are discussed.

scholarly journals The relationships that matter: social network site use and social wellbeing among older adults in the United States of America

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1826-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA P. YU ◽  
RYAN J. MCCAMMON ◽  
NICOLE B. ELLISON ◽  
KENNETH M. LANGA
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Perceived Support ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Social Wellbeing ◽  
Nationally Representative

ABSTRACTAn increasing number of middle-aged and older Americans are using social network sites (SNSs), but little research has addressed how SNS use is associated with social wellbeing outcomes in this population. Using a nationally representative sample of 1,620 Americans older than 50 from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we examine the relationship between older adults’ SNS use and social wellbeing associated with non-kin and kin relations and explore how these associations vary by age. Results of ordinary least-squares regression analyses suggest that SNS use is positively associated with non-kin-related social wellbeing outcomes, including perceived support from friends (β = 0.13; p < 0.001; N = 460) and feelings of connectedness (β = 0.10; p < 0.001; N = 463). Regression models employing interaction terms of age and SNS use further reveal that SNS use contributes to feelings of connectedness to a greater extent as people age (β = 0.10; p < 0.001; N = 463). Of all kin-related social wellbeing outcomes, SNS use only predicts increased perceived support from children (β = 0.08; p < 0.05; N = 410), and age negatively shapes this relationship (β = −0.14; p < 0.001; N = 410). As older people engage with an increasingly smaller and narrower network with a greater proportion of kin contacts, our results suggest that SNS use may help older adults access differential social benefits throughout later life.

scholarly journals Model Correlates Many Factors to Undergraduates’ Perceived Importance of Library and Research Activities, but Low Explanation Power Suggests More Research Needed

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Diana K. Wakimoto
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Academic Engagement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Academic Variables ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
World Class

A Review of: Soria, K. M. (2013). Factors predicting the importance of libraries and research activities for undergraduates. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 39(6), 464-470. Objective – The purpose is to analyze characteristics and perceptions of undergraduate students to determine factors that predict the importance of library and research activities for the students. Design – Student Experience in the Research University (SERU) survey questionnaire. Setting – Nine large, public, research universities in the United States of America. Subjects – 16,778 undergraduates who completed the form of the survey that included the academic engagement module questions. Methods – The researcher used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze student responses. Descriptive statistics included coding demographic, collegiate, and academic variables, as well as student perceptions of the importance of library and research activities. These were used in the inferential statistical analyses. Ordinary least squares regression and factor analysis were used to determine variables and factors that correlated to students’ perceptions of the importance of libraries and research activities. Main Results – The response rate for the overall SERU survey was 38.1%. The results showed that the majority of students considered having access to a “world-class library collection,” learning research methods, and attending a university with “world-class researchers” to be important. The regression model explained 22.7% of variance in the importance students placed on libraries and research activities; factors important to the model covered demographics, collegiate, and academic variables. Four variables created in factor analysis (academic engagement, library skills, satisfaction with libraries and research, and faculty interactions) were significantly correlated with the importance students placed on libraries and research activities. The most important predictors in the model were: student satisfaction, interest in a research or science profession, interest in medical or health-related profession, academic engagement, and academic level. Conclusion – Based on the results of this study, librarians should be able to tailor their marketing to specific student groups to increase the perception of importance of libraries by undergraduates. For example, more success may be had marketing to students who are Hispanic, Asian, international, interested in law, psychology or research professions as the study found these students place more importance on libraries and research activities than other groups. These students may be targeted for being peer advocates for the libraries. Further research is suggested to more fully understand factors that influence the value undergraduate students place on libraries and find ways to increase the value of libraries and research activities for those demographic groups who currently rate the importance lower.

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