Control of ethylene synthesis and ripening by sense and antisense genes in transgenic plants

1992 ◽  
Vol 99 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
Foreign Genes ◽  
Antisense Genes

SynopsisRipening of tomato and other fruits involves changes in quality attributes that make them attractive to consumers. These alterations are brought about by the coordinated expression of specific genes. Ethylene, synthesised by cells of climacteric fruit at the onset of ripening, stimulates the expression of genes required for ripening to occur. Experiments with transgenic plants have shown that a 5′ flanking region from the fruit polygalacturonase (PG) gene directs the ripening-specific expression of foreign genes in tomato. Antisense genes have also been used to down-regulate expression of the PG gene, causing a reduction in pectin degradation during ripening. This reduction in PG has beneficial effects on fruit storage life and processing characteristics. Antisense technology has also been used to assign functions to previously unknown genes. This has led to the identification of the gene for ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) which catalyses the terminal step in ethylene synthesis. Detached fruit from tomato plants in which EFE is inhibited by antisense genes produce much less ethylene and ripening is greatly slowed. The rate of ripening can be restored by adding ethylene externally. These results raise the possibility of manipulating ripening of many fruits and also of controlling processes such as abscission and senescence of leaves and flowers.

Expression of the wax-specific condensing enzyme CUTI in Arabidopsis

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kunst ◽  
S. Clemens ◽  
T. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gus Expression ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Translation Start ◽  
Condensing Enzyme

The Arabidopsis thaliana gene CUT1 encodes a very-long-chain fatty acid-condensing enzyme required for the production of epicuticular wax in bolting stems. We have examined the expression pattern of CUT1 in Arabidopsis at different developmental stages and under different environmental conditions. RNA blot analysis showed that CUT1 was highly expressed in shoots, but not in roots. CUT1 expression was detectable throughout development. Light was required for CUT1 expression, and expression was increased by salt and drought treatments. The promoter region of the CUT1 gene was cloned, and 1.2 kb of the sequence 5′ to the translation start codon was used to direct β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression in transgenic plants. Histochemical and fluorometric (quantitative) GUS assays confirmed that the CUT1 promoter directed epidermal-specific expression and was highly active in Arabidopsis and in tobacco. A construct using the CUT1 promoter to drive CUT1 expression (CUT1p-CUT1) was used to transform Arabidopsis. Transgenic plants which had somewhat increased (overexpression) or greatly reduced (co-suppression) wax loads were recovered. Thus, the CUT1 promoter should be useful for genetic engineering applications that require epidermis-specific expression of genes.

scholarly journals 1-Methylcyclopropene Inhibits Apple Ripening

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuetong Fan ◽  
Sylvia M. Blankenship ◽  
James P. Mattheis
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Apple Ripening

An ethylene action inhibitor, MCP, was applied to preclimacteric and climacteric apple [Malus sylvestris L. (Mill.) var. domestica Borkh. Mansf.] fruit. Experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Washington State utilizing the following cultivars: Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Jonagold, and Delicious. MCP inhibited loss of fruit firmness and titratable acidity when fruit were held in storage at 0 °C up to 6 months and when fruit were held at 20 to 24 °C for up to 60 days. For all cultivars except `Fuji', differences in firmness between treated and nontreated fruit exceeded 10 N after 6 months storage. These beneficial effects were seen in both preclimacteric and climacteric fruit. Ethylene production and respiration were reduced substantially by MCP treatment. MCP-treated fruit had soluble solids equal to or greater than those in nontreated fruit. Storage and shelf life were extended for all cultivars tested. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP).

Identification of genes for the ethylene-forming enzyme and inhibition of ethylene synthesis in transgenic plants using antisense genes

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mondher Bouzayen ◽  
Andrew Hamilton ◽  
Steve Picton ◽  
Sarah Barton ◽  
Don Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Antisense Genes

scholarly journals The Coordinated Upregulated Expression of Genes Involved in MEP, Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Tocopherol Pathways, Mirrored the Corresponding Metabolite Contents in Rice Leaves during De-Etiolation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Xin Jin ◽  
Can Baysal ◽  
Margit Drapal ◽  
Yanmin Sheng ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
Rice Leaves ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Light is an essential regulator of many developmental processes in higher plants. We investigated the effect of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 1/2 genes (OsHDR1/2) and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase 1/2 genes (OsIPPI1/2) on the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phytosterols in 14-day-old etiolated rice (Oyza sativa L.) leaves during de-etiolation. However, little is known about the effect of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes on the corresponding metabolites during the de-etiolation of etiolated rice leaves. The results showed that the levels of α-tocopherol were significantly increased in de-etiolated rice leaves. Similar to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 3 gene (OsDXS3), both OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 genes encode functional 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) activities. Their expression patterns and the synthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol metabolites suggested that OsDXS1 is responsible for the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoids in de-etiolated rice leaves. The expression analysis of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes revealed that the coordinated expression of the MEP (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol pathway genes mirrored the changes in the levels of the corresponding metabolites during de-etiolation. The underpinning mechanistic basis of coordinated light-upregulated gene expression was elucidated during the de-etiolation process, specifically the role of light-responsive cis-regulatory motifs in the promoter region of these genes. In silico promoter analysis showed that the light-responsive cis-regulatory elements presented in all the promoter regions of each light-upregulated gene, providing an important link between observed phenotype during de-etiolation and the molecular machinery controlling expression of these genes.

scholarly journals Molecular and physiological characterization of the effects of auxin-enriched rootstock on grafting

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Longmei Zhai ◽  
Xiaomin Wang ◽  
Dan Tang ◽  
Qi Qi ◽  
Huseyin Yer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Callus Formation ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Graft Healing ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Or Gene

AbstractsGrafting is a highly useful technique, and its success largely depends on graft union formation. In this study, we found that root-specific expression of the auxin biosynthetic gene iaaM in tobacco, when used as rootstock, resulted in more rapid callus formation and faster graft healing. However, overexpression of the auxin-inactivating iaaL gene in rootstocks delayed graft healing. We observed increased endogenous auxin levels and auxin-responsive DR5::GUS expression in scions of WT/iaaM grafts compared with those found in WT/WT grafts, which suggested that auxin is transported upward from rootstock to scion tissues. A transcriptome analysis showed that auxin enhanced graft union formation through increases in the expression of genes involved in graft healing in both rootstock and scion tissues. We also observed that the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACS1 and the ethylene-responsive gene ERF5 were upregulated in both scions and rootstocks of the WT/iaaM grafts. Furthermore, exogenous applications of the ethylene precursor ACC to the junction of WT/WT grafts promoted graft union formation, whereas application of the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor AVG delayed graft healing in WT/WT grafts, and the observed delay was less pronounced in the WT/iaaM grafts. These results demonstrated that elevated auxin levels in the iaaM rootstock in combination with the increased auxin levels in scions caused by upward transport/diffusion enhanced graft union formation and that ethylene was partially responsible for the effects of auxin on grafting. Our findings showed that grafting success can be enhanced by increasing the auxin levels in rootstocks using transgenic or gene-editing techniques.

scholarly journals Transcriptome changes reveal the genetic mechanisms of the reproductive plasticity of workers in lower termites

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenxu Ye ◽  
Humaira Rasheed ◽  
Yuehua Ran ◽  
Xiaojuan Yang ◽  
Lianxi Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
Reproductive Plasticity

Abstract Background The reproductive plasticity of termite workers provides colonies with tremendous flexibility to respond to environmental changes, which is the basis for evolutionary and ecological success. Although it is known that all colony members share the same genetic background and that differences in castes are caused by differences in gene expression, the pattern of the specific expression of genes involved in the differentiation of workers into reproductives remains unclear. In this study, the isolated workers of Reticulitermes labralis developed into reproductives, and then comparative transcriptomes were used for the first time to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive plasticity of workers. Results We identified 38,070 differentially expressed genes and found a pattern of gene expression involved in the differentiation of the workers into reproductives. 12, 543 genes were specifically upregulated in the isolated workers. Twenty-five signal transduction pathways classified into environmental information processing were related to the differentiation of workers into reproductives. Ras functions as a signalling switch regulates the reproductive plasticity of workers. The catalase gene which is related to longevity was up-regulated in reproductives. Conclusion We demonstrate that workers leaving the natal colony can induce the expression of stage-specific genes in the workers, which leads to the differentiation of workers into reproductives and suggests that the signal transduction along the Ras-MAPK pathway crucially controls the reproductive plasticity of the workers. This study also provides an important model for revealing the molecular mechanism of longevity changes.

scholarly journals Spread and survival of promiscuous IncP-1 plasmids.

2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Adamczyk ◽  
Grazyna Jagura-Burdzy
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Conjugative Transfer ◽  
Incompatibility Group ◽  
Global Regulators ◽  
Current State ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Low Copy Number ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
Stable Maintenance

Plasmids classified to the IncP-1 incompatibility group belong to the most stably maintained mobile elements among low copy number plasmids known to date. The remarkable persistence is achieved by various tightly controlled stability mechanisms like active partitioning, efficient conjugative transfer system, killing of plasmid-free segregants and multimer resolution. The unique feature of IncP-1 plasmids is the central control operon coding for global regulators which control the expression of genes involved in vegetative replication, stable maintenance and conjugative transfer. The multivalent regulatory network provides means for coordinated expression of all plasmid functions. The current state of knowledge about two fully sequenced plasmids RK2 and R751, representatives of the IncP-1alpha and IncP-1beta subgroups, is presented.

scholarly journals Preconditioning by Hydrogen Peroxide Enhances Multiple Properties of HumanDecidua BasalisMesenchymal Stem/Multipotent Stromal Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Khatlani ◽  
D. Algudiri ◽  
R. Alenzi ◽  
A. M. Al Subayyil ◽  
F. M. Abomaray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Decidua Basalis ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Toxic Environment ◽  
Stress Environment ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Hostile Environments

Stem cell-based therapies rely on stem cell ability to repair in an oxidative stress environment. Preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to a stress environment has beneficial effects on their ability to repair injured tissues. We previously reported that MSCs from thedecidua basalis(DBMSCs) of human placenta have many important cellular functions that make them potentially useful for cell-based therapies. Here, we studied the effect of DBMSC preconditioning to a stress environment. DBMSCs were exposed to various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and their functions were then assessed. DBMSC expression of immune molecules after preconditioning was also determined. DBMSC preconditioning with H2O2enhanced their proliferation, colonogenicity, adhesion, and migration. In addition, DBMSCs regardless of H2O2treatment displayed antiangiogenic activity. H2O2preconditioning also increased DBMSC expression of genes that promote cellular functions and decreased the expression of genes, which have opposite effect on their functions. Preconditioning also reduced DBMSC expression of IL-1β, but had no effects on the expression of other immune molecules that promote proliferation, adhesion, and migration. These data show that DBMSCs resist a toxic environment, which adds to their potential as a candidate stem cell type for treating various diseases in hostile environments.

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