scholarly journals Why Is There No Income Gap between the Hui Muslim Minority and the Han Majority in Rural Ningxia, China?

2014 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 968-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Gustafsson ◽  
Ding Sai
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
High Likelihood ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rural Part

AbstractUsing a household sample survey for 2006, this article shows that the Hui population in the rural part of Ningxia Autonomous Region in China is disadvantaged compared to the Han majority as regards length of education and household per capita wealth. Yet, there is no gap in average disposable incomes between the two ethnic groups and poverty rates are very similar. This paradox is owing to members of Hui households earning more off-farm income than members of Han households. In particular, young Hui males living in poor villages have a remarkably high likelihood of migrating, thereby bringing back income to their households.

scholarly journals What Remains of Cross-Country Convergence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Johnson ◽  
Chris Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Absolute Convergence ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Distribution Of Income

We examine the record of cross-country growth over the past fifty years and ask if developing countries have made progress on closing the income gap between their per capita incomes and those in the advanced economies. We conclude that, as a group, they have not and then survey the literature on absolute convergence with particular emphasis on that from the last decade or so. That literature supports our conclusion of a lack of progress in closing the income gap between countries. We close with a brief examination of the recent literature on cross-individual distribution of income, which finds that despite the lack of progress on cross country convergence, global inequality has tended to fall since 2000. ( JEL E01, E13, O11, O47, F41, F62)

scholarly journals The role of subsidies in managing the operating risk of agricultural enterprises

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Špička ◽  
J. Boudný ◽  
B. Janotová
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Operating Risk ◽  
Livestock Productivity

The paper examines the relationship between the farmers’ operating risk and current subsidies. Focused at the commodity level, the analysis is based on a sample survey of costs and yields of two crops (winter wheat and rapeseed) and two livestock commodities (cow milk and fattening cattle) carried out in 2005–2007 in the Czech Republic. The risk analysis relates to the growing conditions, crop yields and the livestock productivity. The future role of the subsidies as the risk management tool in the farming business, as well as the position of this instrument against the other risk management instruments is analysed. The break even analysis and the Monte Carlo simulation are used as analytical tools. The results indicate that the current subsidies have an impact on the stability of the farmers’ income. Partially or fully decoupled payments serve as a “financial pillow” increasing the level of the farmers’ income and extending the farmers’ decision-making possibilities. Furthermore, the current subsidies reduce the variability of the farmers’ income. The current subsidies are a suitable complement to other commonly used risk management tools primarily designed to reduce the farmers’ and farm income variability.

scholarly journals Research on the Self-Repairing Model of Outliers in Energy Data Based on Regional Convergence

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4909
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
Xunwen Zhao ◽  
Hailin Mu ◽  
Yimeng Li ◽  
Jingru Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergence Theory ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Regional Convergence ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Grouping Method ◽  
Per Capita

The need for the statistical stability of data is increasing nowadays as the data resource has become a more and more important production factor. In this study, a set of general identification and correction models are established for data outlier modification. The research object we chose is the data of per capita energy consumption. Based on the joint diagnosis method of outliers and the regional convergence theory, the abrupt outliers are identified and corrected. The study finds that there is an outlier in the data of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. According to the club grouping method, 30 provinces in China are divided into two clubs and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is determined to be in the first club. We calculate the convergence rate and obtain the correction results combining the half-life cycle model.

Growth and Distribution Effects of Changes in Levels of Living in Rural India: A Decomposition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-423
Author(s):  
Jayanta Sen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Consumer Expenditure ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Physical Infrastructure

This article deals with the changing pattern of levels of living in the rural regions of India during the period of 1993–1994 to 2011–2012 which also corresponds to the on-going economic reforms. These changes may be attributed either to the change in growth component or to the change in equity component or to both. The article therefore examines the effects of growth and distribution components on the variations in levels of living and their relative roles by a scheme of algebraic decomposition. It also investigates the influence of socio-economic factors on levels of living using econometric models. National Sample Survey Organisation consumer expenditure data for 15 major states of India are used for this analysis. Results show an improvement in levels of living (actual) in rural areas of all Indian states. Positive growth effect more than compensates the negative distribution effect and yield positive changes in some of the states. Further, this article argues that the main drivers of this positive change in the levels of living are development of rural physical infrastructure, attainment in education, farm income per capita, non-farm employment and livelihood diversification.

Comparisons of changes over time in per capita health expenditures across racial and ethnic groups

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junling Wang ◽  
C. Daniel Mullins ◽  
Cyril F. Chang ◽  
Dick R. Gourley ◽  
Ya Chen Tina Shih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Estimation of the Effect of Cassava Commercialization on Different Household Income Measurements in Kilifi County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Florence Opondo ◽  
George Owuor ◽  
Patience Mshenga ◽  
Andre Louw ◽  
Daniel Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cassava Crop

The transformation of agricultural production from subsistence to commercially oriented outcomes is a topical matter in the rural and socio-economic development discourse. Cassava crop is being promoted for commercialization because of its tolerance to harsh climatic conditions experienced in arid and semi-arid areas. Furthermore, there is high potential for the tuber crop to improve household income. In Kenya, a number of interventions have been directed towards commercializing cassava. The effect of commercialization on household income has not been established. Distinct from other studies, this study estimated the effect of cassava commercialization on three different income measures namely per capita, annual and per acre revenue. A household survey was conducted in Kilifi County in Kenya where 200 respondents were randomly selected. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A two-stage endogenous switching regression model was fitted to determine the effect of commercialization on the different income measures. The proportion of households that commercialized was 69% while the remaining 31% did not. The study found that majority of the households marketed low value-added cassava products. The results reveal that farmers who engaged in cassava commercialization enjoyed relatively more income than their counterparts. Off-farm income, age of the household head and distance to market had a negative significant influence in all the income estimates. Group membership was only significant for the per acre income while household size was negative and statistically significant in both per acre and per capita incomes. Findings point out the importance of promoting policies that will enhance cassava commercialization.

scholarly journals Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18–65 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through November 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252454
Author(s):  
Yea-Hung Chen ◽  
Maria Glymour ◽  
Alicia Riley ◽  
John Balmes ◽  
Kate Duchowny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Essential Work ◽  
California Department ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transportation Logistics ◽  
Excess Deaths

Background Though SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have been documented in occupational settings and in-person essential work has been suspected as a risk factor for COVID-19, occupational differences in excess mortality have, to date, not been examined. Such information could point to opportunities for intervention, such as vaccine prioritization or regulations to enforce safer work environments. Methods and findings Using autoregressive integrated moving average models and California Department of Public Health data representing 356,188 decedents 18–65 years of age who died between January 1, 2016 and November 30, 2020, we estimated pandemic-related excess mortality by occupational sector and occupation, with additional stratification of the sector analysis by race/ethnicity. During these first 9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, working-age adults experienced 11,628 more deaths than expected, corresponding to 22% relative excess and 46 excess deaths per 100,000 living individuals. Sectors with the highest relative and per-capita excess mortality were food/agriculture (39% relative excess; 75 excess deaths per 100,000), transportation/logistics (31%; 91 per 100,000), manufacturing (24%; 61 per 100,000), and facilities (23%; 83 per 100,000). Across racial and ethnic groups, Latino working-age Californians experienced the highest relative excess mortality (37%) with the highest excess mortality among Latino workers in food and agriculture (59%; 97 per 100,000). Black working-age Californians had the highest per-capita excess mortality (110 per 100,000), with relative excess mortality highest among transportation/logistics workers (36%). Asian working-age Californians had lower excess mortality overall, but notable relative excess mortality among health/emergency workers (37%), while White Californians had high per-capita excess deaths among facilities workers (70 per 100,000). Conclusions Certain occupational sectors are associated with high excess mortality during the pandemic, particularly among racial and ethnic groups also disproportionately affected by COVID-19. In-person essential work is a likely venue of transmission of coronavirus infection and must be addressed through vaccination and strict enforcement of health orders in workplace settings.

scholarly journals Right to Education Act: Universalisation or Entrenched Exclusion?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhay Kumar ◽  
Sudheer Kumar Shukla ◽  
Mary Panmei ◽  
Vir Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Government

Right to Education (RTE) Act is intended to provide free and compulsory elementary education to all children aged 6–14 years. This article examines key constituents of elementary education in view of the RTE Act such as current attendance rate, types of institutions, medium of instruction, neighbourhood schools, Monthly per capita expenditure on elementary education (MPCEE)and incentives during pre- and post-RTE period using National Sample Survey Organisation’s 64th (2007–2008) and 71st (2014) round of unit level data. The result shows that far from the universalisation, exclusion is getting entrenched across gender, sector, and socio-religious and economic groups. Female children, children from deprived socio-religious groups, rural areas and from the bottom MPCE quintile have not only fared lower in most of the studied parameters during the pre-RTE period, but the gap from their counterpart has widened immensely during the post-RTE period. Free education has declined and monthly per capita expenditure on elementary education has increased sharply. Children are moving out of the government to private schools. The findings raise serious questions on the intention of the government to fulfil its mandate under RTE.

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