Rumen outflow rate estimated from the decline of chromium concentration in faecal -and rumen samples after the dosage of sodium dichromate treated fish meal.

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 131-131
Author(s):  
J.A. Guada ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
A. Vega ◽  
J. Gasa
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Cr Concentration

The declining rate of Cr concentration in faeces after the dosage of a Sodium dichromate treated protein supplement can be used as an estimate of the protein outflow; rate. The experiment reported was planned to show wheter the variation in the rate of decline of Cr concentration in faeces induced by level of feeding and processing of the diet reflect the variation in rumen outflow determined by the rumen dilution rate of the marker.In a duplicate 3x3 square latin design, 6 mature ewes cannulated in rumen were fed a ground pelleted diet of ‘0.6 alfalfa hay and 0.4 barley grain at 1 or 2 x maintenance energy level (P1,P2) or the same proportions of chopped hay and -cracked barley offered in a loose mix at twice maintenance (Ch2). 50 g. of fish meal treated withsodium dichromate were given as a single dose after 15 days of adaptation period to the diet and faecal grab samples taken at 6,12,18,24,32,36,42,48,60, 72,96 and 120 h. A second dosage was given 7 days later and rumen samples withdraw-ned at 1,3,6,9,12,15,18,22,28,36,48,60 and 72 h.

The effect of roughage or concentrate feeding and rumen retention time on total degradation of protein in the rumen

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ganev ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
R. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Mathematical Expressions ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYSamples of soya-bean meal, groundnut meal, sunflower meal and fish meal were incubated in nylon bags in the rumens of sheep receiving either whole barley or dried grass. For the vegetable sources of protein the rate of disappearance of protein was greater when they were incubated in the rumens of sheep receiving dried grass than in sheep receiving whole barley. The rate of disappearance of fish meal did not vary between sheep fed whole barley or dried grass.Rate of outflow of protein particles from the rumen was determined by rendering the protein supplement totally indigestible by a treatment with sodium dichromate. The rate of outflow was greatest with sheep receiving dried grass and increased with increasing feeding level.The mathematical expressions of degradation rate and outflow rate were combined to give the total amount of protein degraded in the rumen for the grass and barley diets at two levels of feeding.The amino acid composition of residues left in the nylon bags after 9 h of incubation were shown to be almost identical to the amino acid composition of the original protein supplement, indicating that the composition of the amino acid in the undegraded protein entering the abomasum essentially resembled that of the supplements.

scholarly journals The Fatty Acid Profile of Meat from New Zealand White Rabbits Raised under Intensive and Extensive Production Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3126
Author(s):  
Tomasz Daszkiewicz ◽  
Andrzej Gugołek ◽  
Dorota Kubiak ◽  
Krzysztof Kerbaum ◽  
Ewa Burczyk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Wire Mesh ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Pelleted Diet

The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profile of meat from New Zealand White rabbits raised from 30 to 90 days of age under intensive (IPS) and extensive (EPS) production systems. In group IPS, the rabbits were housed in wire mesh cages with a slatted floor (16.7 animals/m2) and were fed a commercial pelleted diet. In group EPS, the rabbits were housed in free-standing cages on straw litter (2.5 animals/m2) and were fed a conventional farm-made diet (green fodder, barley grain, stale bread, hay). The FA profile of intramuscular fat (IMF) was analyzed in samples of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. The analyzed production systems had no significant effect on the content of most FAs in IMF. However, the differences between group means contributed to more desirable values of the quality indicators of IMF (in particular in the LTL muscle) in group IPS. The study demonstrated that the claim that meat produced under less intensive farming systems is of superior quality could be an oversimplified generalization that should be validated in research.

scholarly journals Comparative Studies of Lead and Chromium Concentration in Red Chili and Turmeric Powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Sara Khalid ◽  
Shahid Tufail ◽  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Spectrometric Technique ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cr Concentration ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometric ◽  
Mean Concentration

  The red chili and turmeric powder available commercially in Lahore supermarkets which were randomly analyzed to evaluate the lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) concentration by atomic absorption spectrometric technique. Lead and chromium were found to be in the ranges of 0.0050-0.01 ppm and 0.0430-0.1482 ppm, respectively. The mean concentration of lead in the red chili and turmeric powders were found to be 2.6 mg/Kg and 5.3 mg/Kg respectively, while that of the chromium was found to be 0.0419 mg/Kg and 0.1142 mg/Kg respectively. Levels of both these metals (lead and chromium) are  therefore lower in the red chili compared to the turmeric powder. Also, both the samples are comparatively rich in lead as compared to chromium.    

The effect of protein source on the performance of suckling Chios ewes and Damascus goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hadjipanayiotou ◽  
E. Georghiades ◽  
A. Koumas
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Supplemental Protein

AbstractTwo trials, one with 36 twin-suckling Chios ewes and the other with 32 twin-suckling Damascus goats, were conducted to study the effect of protein source (fish meal v. soya-bean meal) on the pre-weaning milk yield of the dams, and the growth performance of their offspring. The control (C) concentrate mixture was similar in both trials, using soya-bean meal (SBM) (195 kg/t) as a source of supplemental protein. In the experimental diet (FME) of the ewe trial, SBM was replaced completely by fish meal (FM) whereas in the goat trial (FMG) 83 kg of SBM were replaced by 50 kg FM. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of the three isonitrogenous mixtures were measured using nylon bags incubated in the rumens (2, 6, 16, 24 and 32 h) of three Damascus goats. There were no significant differences between mixtures for DM and CP effective degradability at 005 per h outflow rate. At 0·08 per h outflow rate however, lower degradability values were obtained with the FME than with the C diet. There were differences in the effective CP degradability of SBM and FM used in the ewe trial, but the FM used in the goat trial was of higher CP degradability and similar to that of SBM. Ewes on FM produced more milk than those on the control diet (C 3·44 v. FME 3·84 kg/day), whereas milk yield of goats was similar in the two treatments (C 3·87 v. FMG 3·82 kg/day). There were no differences between treatments for ewe milk fat (C 44 v. FME 43 g/kg) or protein concentration (C 54 v. FME 53 g/kg). Goats on fish meal (FMG) produced milk of higher protein (C 37 v. FMG 40 g/kg), but of similar fat (C 42 v. FMG 43 g/kg) concentration to those on the SBM (C) diet. With the exception of the better conversion (milk: gain ratio) efficiency (C 5·17 v. FME 4·44) of male lambs sucking ewes on the FM diet, no other differences were observed in the performance of lambs or kids. Lambs consumed less milk than kids (lambs: males 4·69, females 5·13; kids: males 6·63, females 6·98) per unit of weight gain.

Body chemical composition of churra lambs at 20kg live-weigth: effect of level of milk-intake and Protein content in the post-weaning diet

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
T. Manso ◽  
A.R. Mantecó ◽  
T. Castro ◽  
P. Lavin
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Composition Changes

Body composition changes in animals undergoing compensatory growth and these response vary with the age or stage of maturity at which the restriction is applied and with the undegradable protein in the diet during post-restriction period (O'Donovan, 1984; Ryan, 1990).This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period and the energy/protein relationship during post-weaning period on changes in carcass, non-carcass and empty body weigth (EBW) components in lambs slaughtered at 20 Kg live weigth (LW).A total of 16 lambs of Churra breed were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to determinate the effect of level of intake during milk-fed period (4 weeks) and the protein supplement in the diet during post-weaning period on chemical body composition at 20 Kg LWThe lambs were assigned to a 2×2×4 factorial design, defined by 2 levels of milk intake (High: 1.5 MJ GE/Kg LW°75/day and Low: 0.9 MJ GE/kg LW°75/day) during milk-fed period, 2 post-weaning concentrate supplements (HP: barley grain plus 200g/kg fish meal and LP: barley) and 4 lambs per treatment.All lambs were individually penned. During post-weaning period low quality hay and concentrate were independently offered ad libitum. Intake and LW were recorded daily and three times a week respectively. At slaughter (20Kg LW), EBW was estimated and carcass and non-carcass chemical composition (water, fat, ash and protein) and energy content was measured.

A study on consistency of differences between cows in rumen outflow rate of fibrous particles and other substrates and consequences for digestibility and intake of roughages

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
I. Ojwang ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Practical Implications

AbstractIn 22 cows given complete diets of 500 g straw and 500 g concentrates per kg fresh weight the outflow rate of small fibrous particles was determined on two occasions to investigate the consistency of this measurement and its association with apparent digestibility. The correlation between the outflow rates on the two occasions werer= +0·90 and the correlation with apparent digestibility wasr= −0·80.In a second experiment, the outflow rates of long and small particles were determined together with rumen retention time. There was no difference between outflow rate of long and small particles but rumen retention times were greater with the long particles. The correlation between the two estimates of outflow rate wasr= +0·84. The outflow rate of fish meal was found to be 0·070 while that of short fibrous particles was 0·031 per h. The average liquid outflow rate was 0·146 per h.The three cows with the highest outflow rate and the three with the lowest outflow rate from experiment 2 were selected for experiment 3. While voluntary food intakes of the two groups were similar, the differences in outflow rates between the cows persisted both withad libitumand restricted intakes of both a high and a low roughage diet. The differences were reflected in significant differences between the two groups in apparent digestibility of the diets. The practical implications for breeding and selection are discussed.

The simultaneous use of ribonucleic acid, 35S, 2,6-diaminopimelic acid and 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid as markers of microbial nitrogen entering the duodenum of sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Ling ◽  
P. J. Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

1. Three sheep, each fitted with a ruminal cannula and duodenal re-entrant cannulas were given three isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets in a Latin-Square design. Each diet contained (/kg) approximately 400 g N as white fish meal, soya-bean meal or urea and approximately 600 g dry matter (dm) was barley grain. The diets were fed continuously and supplied about 28 g N/d.2. Total duodenal digesta was collected manually for 72 h and the proportions of microbial N in that digesta were simultaneously estimated for all sheep using RNA, radioactive sulphur (35S), diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEPA) as markers.3. Three of the estimation methods showed that the variable source of dietary N had the greatest (RNA P < 0.05, 35S P < 0.005, DAPA P < 0.1) effect on the proportions of microbial N in duodenal digesta, though differences between sheep accounted for some variation.4. These methods also ranked the diets in the order: urea > soya-bean meal > fish meal with respect to the proportions of digesta N that were microbial in origin; the respective mean values for these diets with the different markers were: RNA 0.98, 0.70, 0.56; 35S 0.92, 0.64, 0.54; DAPA 0.80, 0.47, 0.42.5. AEPA was found to be present in substantial quantities not only in isolated rumen protozoa, but also in dietary and bacterial material; an observation that invalidated its further use as a protozoal marker.6. Calculations using values obtained from the 35S procedure showed that the proportions of dietary N degraded within the rumen were 0.38, 0.43 and 0.89 for the white fish meal, soya-bean meal and barley respectively.7. The marker methods are compared and their advantages and disadvantages (real and apparent) are discussed. It is concluded that where microbial N estimates of a more general and comparative nature are required, the use of RNA as a marker is probably adequate. Where information for more exacting purposes is required, the use of 35S appears to be more appropriate.

Performance and nutrient utilization of growing pigs given an expanded and pelleted diet

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vande Ginste ◽  
R. De Schrijver
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Pelleted Diet

AbstractA grower diet containing barley, wheat and soya-bean meal was expanded at 110°C and subsequently pelleted at 80°C. This processing was evaluated in laboratory tests as well as in digestibility experiments involving 12 barrows with an average initial live weight of 40 kg. The unprocessed control diet was offered as a meal. Each diet was offered ad libitum to six pigs during a 5-week period. The 1st week was an adaptation period and measurements were not carried out. Each pig was used in two 5-day digestibility trials which were performed in weeks 2 and 4. Neither food intake, weight gain nor food: gain ratio during the whole 4-week experimental period, nor apparent faecal digestibility and apparent retention of protein were significantly affected (P > 0·05) by expanding and pelleting the diet. Processing caused an increase in the in vitro protein solubility (P < 0·05) and reduced the dietary contents of free lysine and methionine (P < 0·05) while the contents of available lysine and free threonine and tryptophan were not significantly changed (P > 0·05). Apparent faecal digestibility of crude fibre increased substantially (P < 0·05) when the diet was processed, resulting in significantly lower production of faecal mass (P < 0·05) as well as lowerfaecal moisture content (P < 0·05). These phenomena were parallelled by a smaller water consumption (P < 0·05). Apparent digestibility and retention of phosphorus and calcium were diminished (P < 0·05) when the diet was expanded and pelleted.

Soybean meal can partially replace enzyme-treated fish meal in the diet of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal Biswas ◽  
Biswajit K. Biswas ◽  
Junichi Ito ◽  
Osamu Takaoka ◽  
Norishige Yagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Pacific Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Thunnus Orientalis ◽  
Treated Fish

The effect of previous microbial experience on the gas production profiles in the Gas Pressure Transducer system.

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 170-170
Author(s):  
A T Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Population ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Feed Samples

A technique involving the measurement of the gas production from the microbial fermentation of a specified substrate in sealed conditions has recently been proposed as a method of assessing the fermentation kinetics of tropical feeds (Theodorou et al, 1992). In this technique the feed under test is the sole source of nutrients to the microbes and therefore it is possible that the nutrient release profile may have an influence on the microbial population leading to a modified gas production profile. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of previous microbial experience on gas production.One gram air dried feed samples were placed with 95 ml of modified van Soest media and 5 ml of strained rumen liquor in 150 ml serum bottles and sealed under anaerobic conditions. The rumen liquor was obtained from fistulated yearling wethers fed a maintenance diet of 0.9 good hay: 0.1 commercial 16% CP compound feed). Four replicates of fish meal (FM) and eight of spring barley grain (SPB) were set up together with control blanks.

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