Schools Do Make a Difference, But…!

Professor Watts’ (1980) review article ofFifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Childrenwas a welcome, optimistic view of the positive effect schools can have on pupils. It was particularly welcome for the optimistic view that teachers and schools can achieve something in the area of Aboriginal education. Watts reviewed this book against the background reality that many teachers of Aboriginescome to feel that there is little the schools can do to help Aboriginal children learn; that the problems are so great that until there is a considerable improvement in the socio-cultural and socio-economic conditions of Aboriginal people, particularly in the urban and rural areas where the people do not follow a tradition-oriented life, there is little the schools can do.(Watts, 1980:3)While accepting Watts’ view, I will argue that an overly optimistic view of the possibilities of schooling for Aboriginal children can be just as debilitating as the pessimistic view that broader structural inequalities such as poverty, poor housing, poor health have to be redressed before teachers and schools can achieve anything. To this extent it will be argued that teachers need to be positive about what they and schools can achieve. Teachers need to be aware of the specific ways in which schools can make a difference.15,000 Hours…outlines some of these.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Hedgerows in Urban Areas

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v33i230141 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Paullyne Charllotte Gonçalves Celestino ◽

Lúcia de Fatima de Carvalho Chaves ◽

André Luiz Alves de Lima Galdino ◽

Jéssica de Oliveira Souza ◽

Uaine Maria Félix Dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Architectural Elements ◽

The People ◽

Ecological Importance ◽

Homogeneous Composition ◽

Composition Structure ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The One

The research aimed to analyze the maintenance, composition, pruning, planting aspects and architectural elements on urban hedgerows. This study was carried out in an area of Imbiribeira, Recife, PE, Brazil, during six months. The survey was conducted in an area of 30 city blocks (37.024 hectares). The application of the questionnaire was directed to people residing, working, or owning real estate that contained hedgerows. Maintenance (person with the responsibility of pruning and maintenance of the hedge and types of maintenance performed on the hedges); Plant species aspects (species used were classified into groups of plant species: arboreal, shrub, herbaceous and climbing plants); Composition (homogeneous or heterogeneous); Pruning (maintenance or topiary); Planting aspects (planting alignment, spacing rhythm and dimensions of the hedge). In the study area, 30 blocks were sampled, where the presence of hedgerows was observed in 18 of them. The people responsible for the maintenance and management of hedgerows were mostly non-professional workers. The practice of watering hedgerows was found in 95.24% of the visited properties. The use fertilizer was found in 28.57% of the cases and only 4.76% of the properties use pesticide products due to phytosanitary problems. Most of the hedgerows had a homogeneous composition. Topiary pruning is the most practiced treatment on the hedgerows, with a frequency of 82.28% in the study area. The quincux planting with no definite spacing rhythm was the most found. The most observed Planting Alignment in the study area was in line. The most observed Spacing Rhythm was the one with no rhythm of planting. Although hedgerows are widely used in urban and rural areas, studies on their maintenance, composition, structure, ecological importance and relevance to biodiversity conservation are scarce.

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Mass Vaccination

10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mary Augusta Brazelton

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Health Campaigns ◽

Deep Roots ◽

Daily Lives ◽

The People ◽

Global Health Policy ◽

The Republic ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Public Health Campaigns

While the eradication of smallpox has long been documented, not many know the Chinese roots of this historic achievement. This book examines the People's Republic of China's public health campaigns of the 1950s to explain just how China managed to inoculate almost six hundred million people against this and other deadly diseases. The book tells the story of the people, materials, and systems that built these campaigns, exposing how, by improving the nation's health, the Chinese Communist Party quickly asserted itself in the daily lives of all citizens. This crusade had deep roots in the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when researchers in China's southwest struggled to immunize as many people as possible, both in urban and rural areas. But its legacy was profound, providing a means for the state to develop new forms of control and of engagement. The book considers the implications of vaccination policies for national governance, from rural health care to Cold War-era programs of medical diplomacy. By embedding Chinese medical history within international currents, the book highlights how and why China became an exemplar of primary health care at a crucial moment in global health policy.

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“The system of compulsory education is failing”

History of Education Review ◽

10.1108/her-11-2017-0024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 143-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Beth Marsden

Keyword(s):

Indigenous People ◽

Aboriginal People ◽

Compulsory Education ◽

The State ◽

Aboriginal Education ◽

Content Type ◽

Aboriginal Students ◽

Aboriginal History ◽

Aboriginal Children ◽

State Schools

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which the mobility of indigenous people in Victoria during the 1960s enabled them to resist the policy of assimilation as evident in the structures of schooling. It argues that the ideology of assimilation was pervasive in the Education Department’s approach to Aboriginal education and inherent in the curriculum it produced for use in state schools. This is central to the construction of the state of Victoria as being devoid of Aboriginal people, which contributes to a particularly Victorian perspective of Australia’s national identity in relation to indigenous people and culture. Design/methodology/approach This paper utilises the state school records of the Victorian Department of Education, as well as the curriculum documentation and resources the department produced. It also examines the records of the Aborigines Welfare Board. Findings The Victorian Education Department’s curriculum constructed a narrative of learning and schools which denied the presence of Aboriginal children in classrooms, and in the state of Victoria itself. These representations reflect the Department and the Victorian Government’s determination to deny the presence of Aboriginal children, a view more salient in Victoria than elsewhere in the nation due to the particularities of how Aboriginality was understood. Yet the mobility of Aboriginal students – illustrated in this paper through a case study – challenged both the representations of Aboriginal Victorians, and the school system itself. Originality/value This paper is inspired by the growing scholarship on Indigenous mobility in settler-colonial studies and offers a new perspective on assimilation in Victoria. It interrogates how curriculum intersected with the position of Aboriginal students in Victorian state schools, and how their position – which was often highly mobile – was influenced by the practices of assimilation, and by Aboriginal resistance and responses to assimilationist practices in their lives. This paper contributes to histories of assimilation, Aboriginal history and education in Victoria.

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Aboriginal Education in Victoria: An Evaluation of an Innovatory Emphasis

The Aboriginal Child at School ◽

10.1017/s0310582200008294 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C.J. Bourke

Keyword(s):

State Government ◽

Aboriginal People ◽

Educational Services ◽

Aboriginal Education ◽

Australian Government ◽

Education Department ◽

Special Schools ◽

Traditional Practice ◽

Full Responsibility ◽

Aboriginal Children

The Victorian Education Department is philosophically opposed to the unnecessary segregation of children. Consequently, and with the approval of the Victorian Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, the two special schools for Aboriginal children at Lake Tyers and Framlingham were closed some years ago.During the existence of the Victorian Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs it had been traditional practice for that Ministry to undertake special projects, after consultation with the Education Department, to alleviate educational disadvantages of Aboriginal children. Generally this support took the form of funding specific school projects or school equipment. However, in relation to other states the Victorian funding for education was at a low level.The transfer of responsibility for Aboriginal Affairs from the Victorian State Government to the Australian Government on 1st January, 1975, made it imperative for the Victorian Education Department to assume full responsibility for the administration of all funding pertaining to the education of Aboriginal children. This step was necessary because the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs does not seek to provide educational services for Aboriginal people. They believe that the provision of such services is the responsibility of existing State Government educational authorities. The Department of Aboriginal Affairs seeks to stimulate, co-ordinate and if necessary, support the extension, and where appropriate the accommodation of existing services to Aboriginals, and to ensure that special measures are taken to overcome any particular handicaps which Aboriginal people may suffer.

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COVID-19 Impacts on Employment and Livelihood of Marginal People in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned and Way Forward

South Asian Survey ◽

10.1177/0971523121995072 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 097152312199507

Author(s):

Mohammad Imran Hossain

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Poor People ◽

Economic Policies ◽

The Novel ◽

Marginal Population ◽

The People ◽

Poverty And Inequality ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) has created tremendous negative impacts on the livelihood of the marginal population in Bangladesh. Many people working in the informal sector have lost their job and income due to the ongoing pandemic. Unemployment and poverty among the people in both urban and rural areas throughout the country have increased. The success in economic growth in the last few decades could not save poor people to become extreme poor because economic prosperity was not inclusive in Bangladesh. This study tries to identify some of the impacts that COVID-19 has imposed on the lives of marginal population. Then it indicates some of the serious limitations of the existing economic policies. This article suggests that only growth-oriented policy measures are not sufficient to reconstruct the economy in the post-COVID era. Rather Bangladesh needs to adopt employment-oriented economic policies that are capable to create more jobs and reduce poverty and inequality.

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The Dynamics of the Housing Construction in the Republics of the USSR in the 1920s-1980s

Историко-экономические исследования ◽

10.17150/2308-2488.2021.22(4).567-595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 567-595

Author(s):

Igor Pilipenko

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Housing Stock ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Housing Tenure ◽

Housing Construction ◽

Individual Housing ◽

The People ◽

The Usa ◽

Per Capita ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Despite 30 years of market reforms, the main difference between the housing sector in Russia and other post-socialist countries and that of the advanced Western nations lies in housing tenure distribution. In the former states, outright homeowners with property mainly built in the planned economy dominate the market. At the same time, in the latter countries, the majority of households pay rent or take out a mortgage (these types of households account for three-quarters of households in the USA and on average almost two-thirds of households in Western and Northern European nations). This article examines the evolution of main indicators of housing construction in the USSR as well as in the 15 Union republics from 1918 to 1990. The research rests upon a database composed by the author from more than 120 official statistical sources at the national and Republics' level. This work covers not only state housing construction but also individual housing construction as well as housing construction cooperatives in the USSR republics, which the post-Soviet and foreign scholarly literature have often neglected. We identify the main stages of housing construction in the USSR and analyze the data on housing completions in urban and rural areas, the evolution of the housing stock, flats and houses built, and the statistics on the people in the Union Republics who improved their living conditions. The time series collected and per capita indicators across the 15 republics of the USSR calculated by the author, reveal quite synchronized development of their housing sectors. Nevertheless, the three Baltic republics were leaders in many per capita indicators, whereas the RSFSR, the Kazakh, Byelorussian and Armenian SSR stood out in terms of housing completions and share of people who improved their living conditions. At the same time, the Georgian, Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR excelled in floor area per person.

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The Flipped Classroom: Its Effectiveness & impact on the learners in Asian schools and institutes.

International Journal on Integrated Education ◽

10.31149/ijie.v3i10.658 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (10) ◽

pp. 32-36

Author(s):

Sonam Tshering ◽

Tshering Yangden ◽

Ugyen Choden

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Research Method ◽

Flipped Classroom ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Living Standards ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

The People ◽

Rich People ◽

The Rich

The Imams of the mosques are woefully lagged behind from the development in rural areas. Therefore, the author aimed to conduct this study for generating knowledge on the living standards of Imams in the context of rural areas of Bangladesh. In this case, he applied the qualitative research method and collected data based on the observation and the Focus Group Discussion methods. In consequence, this study identified that a student can be appointed as an Imam of the mosque as usual by studying at the religious educational institutions. Along with they are far away from many activities, banned by religion, society, and the country’s law. As a result, they get the highest honor from all and sundry in the society. But as a matter of fact, the economic conditions of them are vastly lowest among all professionals, signaling inequity towards them. Even so, it is worth noting that they are poor members of society. Therefore, the rich people and policymakers have to pay all attention to reduce the economic vulnerabilities of them so that they can exist to serve the people as usual.

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Reflection for learning, learning for reflection: Developing Indigenous competencies in higher education

Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice ◽

10.53761/1.13.2.7 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 99-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dawn Bennett ◽

◽

Anne Power ◽

Chris Thomson ◽

Bonita Mason ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Service Learning ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Aboriginal People ◽

Project Work ◽

Team Members ◽

Three Stages ◽

Reflective Development ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Past Experiences

Reflection is an essential part of students’ critically reflective development within experiential-learning contexts; it is arguably even more important when working cross-culturally. This paper reports from a national, arts-based service-learning project in which students in creative arts, media and journalism, and pre-service teachers worked with Aboriginal people in urban and rural areas of Australia. The paper uses Ryan and Ryan’s (2010) 4Rs model of reflective thinking for reflective learning and assessment in higher education to ascertain the effectiveness of the project work toward engendering a reflective mindset. The paper discusses how students learned to engage in critical self-monitoring as they attended to their learning experiences, and it describes how they “wrote” their experiences and shaped their professional identities as they developed and refined the philosophy that related to their developing careers. Examples taken from the narratives of students, community partners and academic team members illustrate the principal finding, which is that through a process of guided reflection, students learned to reflect in three stages: a preliminary drawing out of existing attitudes and expectations; a midway focus on learning from and relating to past experiences; and a final focus on reciprocal learning, change and future practice. The three stages were apparent regardless of program duration. Thus, program phase rather than academic year level emerged as the most important consideration when designing the supports that promote and scaffold reflection.

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Correlation of predictions to get a new dental caries with residence area and parental socio-economic conditions in adolescents in Sleman DIY

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i3.p115-119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Bambang Priyono ◽

Hari Kusnanto ◽

Al Supartinah Santoso ◽

Dibyo Pramono

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Survey Study ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Adolescence is a period when an individual experiences physical and psychological growth, thus requiring higher energy intake. As a result, they have a high appetite, but at the same time the supervision of parents on their oral hygiene behavior is decreases. They become free to choose their preferred food, sometimes containing high carbohydrates that may increase risks of dental caries and overweight. Sleman is one of districs in Yogyakarta, also considered as an agglomeration area of Yogyakarta town, which still has urban and rural areas. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the correlation between residence area and parental socioeconomic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Method: This study was an analytic survey study conducted on 275 adolescents in Sleman. Samples were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling technique. Prediction to get a new dental caries was measured by using cariogram, involving 10 variables. Residence area was observed based on territorial characteristics, such as urban and rural areas matched to their ID card. Meanwhile, parental socio-economic condition was measured on daily expenses of their parents. A multiple regression analysis with dummy variables was used to analyses the correlation between the independent and dependent variables at a confidence level of 95%. Result: The results showed that the prevalence of caries in those adolescents in urban areas was 70.7%, while 81.95% in rural areas. The DMFT index in urban areas was 2.27, while 2.65 in rural areas. The mean percentage of prediction to get a new dental caries in urban areas was 47.83 ± 23.63, while 53.61 ± 24.68 in rural areas. The results of the statistical analysis then showed that there was no significant correlation of residence area and parental sosio-econimic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Conclusion: In conclusion, residence areas, rural and urban areas, and parental socio-economic conditions, from low to high economic status were not correlated with prediction to get a new dental caries in adolescents.

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