The Neglected Missionaries

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Schmidt ◽  
Lewis H. Gann
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Probability Sample ◽  
The People ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
One Year

While doing bibliographic research on Africa for the Permanent Ethnographic Probability Sample at Northwestern University, I have had to comb much literature about Africa in my search for authors who have adequately described at least ten different aspects of the culture, have lived among the people for at least one year, and have some claim to knowledge of the native language of the people. In the investigation of bibliographies on over 400 African tribes, it has become quite evident that there is a relatively large body of detailed material written by missionaries which is seldom consulted in general research about Africa and is not readily available for use by persons with specialized research interests. These missionary reports are usually scattered in missionary records, in many journals (some of which are little known), and in books printed in small quantities by obscure presses. Most frequently they are written in German, Flemish, French, or Portuguese, and this, in addition to their not being readily available in most American libraries, may account for their not being consulted.

scholarly journals LANGUAGE IS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF PRESERVING THE PEOPLE'S CULTURE

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.К. ХУЖЕВА
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
The People ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
National Languages

В статье поднимается актуальный вопрос о сохранении и развитии национальных языков в условиях глобализации и модернизации современного общества. Язык как один из главных факторов сохранения культурного наследия народа должен иметь поддержку со стороны государства. Главной нашей целью является поиск путей оптимального соединения традиционной культуры, ментальности народов и их языков с универсальными интересами процессов модернизации в современном обществе. Выявлены причины беспокойства разных специалистов по вопросу сохранения и развития, как национальных языков, так и национальной культуры. Предложены способы решения возникших языковых проблем, влиявших на их жизнеспособность. Так как язык является частью культуры народа, то важно при обучении родному языку вести обучение элементам культуры своего народа, которое предполагает ознакомление детей с культурой народа-носителя изучаемого языка, с особенностями быта, образа жизни, истории, традиций, обычаев, правил поведения и других ценностей. Наша задача, объединив усилия, привить детям любовь к своему народу, родному слову, народным традициям, всем тем духовным ценностям, накопленным народом из поколения в поколение, не допустить исчезновения родных языков, сохранить больше исконных слов родного языка, развивать свои традиции, обычаи и свой родной язык для будущих поколений. Начиная с детского садика, начальных классов школы, необходимо знакомить детей с историей, культурой своего народа. Они должны изучать свой родной язык, знать свою родословную. Обучение необходимо начинать с детского возраста потому, что дети легче воспринимают услышанное, увиденное. Только при такой системе обучения и воспитания дети вырастут полноценными и интеллектуальными людьми, способными внести свою лепту в национальную культуру. The article raises an urgent question about the preservation and development of national languages in the context of globalization and modernization of the modern society. Language as one of the main factors in preserving the cultural heritage of the people should gain the state support. Our main goal is to find ways to optimally combine traditional culture, the mentality of peoples and their languages with the universal interests of modernization processes in modern society. The reasons for the concern of various experts on the preservation and development of both national languages and national culture are revealed. This article suggests ways to solve the language problems that have affected viability of the languages. Since language is part of culture, it is important to teach elements of the culture when teaching the native language, which involves familiarizing children with the culture of the people carrier of the language, the peculiarities of customs, lifestyles, history, traditions, customs, rules of conduct and other values. Our task is through joint work to instill in children love of their people, of their mother tongue, national traditions, all those spiritual values accumulated by the people from generation to generation, to prevent the disappearance of native languages, to preserve more native word of the native language, develop their traditions, customs and their native language for future generations. Starting from kindergarten and primary school, it is necessary to introduce children to the history and culture of their people. They must learn their native language and know their ancestry. It is necessary to start learning from childhood because children perceive what they hear and see more easily. Only within such system of education and upbringing will children grow up to be full-fledged and intelligent people who can contribute to the treasury of their national culture.

scholarly journals Listening to a second language through the ears of a first

Interpreting ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Continuous Speech ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
Heuristic Procedures ◽  
Phonetic Contrasts

The processes by which listeners recognize spoken language are highly language-specific. Listeners’ expectations of how meaning is expressed in words and sentences are formed by the lexicon and grammar of the native language; but the phonology plays an even more immediate role. Thus the native phoneme repertoire constrains listeners’ ability to discriminate phonetic contrasts; and a further area in which such constraints arise is the segmentation of continuous speech into its component words. A large body of research is summarised here, motivating three conclusions: (1) In segmenting speech, speakers of different languages apply different heuristic procedures, efficiently exploiting the specific phonological structure of their various languages. (2) These procedures have become part of the listeners’ processing system, to an extent that they are also applied when listening to nonnative languages, even though this may lead to inefficiency. (3) It may be impossible to acquire the use of multiple procedures of this kind; but it is possible to inhibit the misapplication of native procedures to other languages for which they are inefficient.

3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM): A nutritional intervention and its impact on breast density in healthy BRCA carriers compared to non-treated carriers—A prospective clinical trial.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1556-1556
Author(s):  
Rinat Yerushalmi ◽  
Sharon Bargil ◽  
Yaara Ber ◽  
Rachel Ozalvo ◽  
Sivan Sela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Breast Density ◽  
Breast Imaging ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
One Year ◽  
Brca Carriers

1556 Background: Women who carry the BRCA mutation are at high lifetime risk of breast cancer, but there is no consensus regarding an effective and safe chemoprevention strategy. A large body of evidence suggests that 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM), a dimer of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) found in cruciferous vegetables, can potentially prevent carcinogenesis and tumor development. The primary aim of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of DIM supplementation on breast density, a recognized predictive factor of breast-cancer risk. Methods: Participants were 23 healthy female BRCA carriers (median age 47 years; 78% postmenopausal) who were treated with oral DIM 100 mgx1/d for one year. The amount of fibroglandular tissue (FGT) and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed before and after the intervention were scored by two independent expert radiologists using the Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS). Each woman in the cohort was matched by age (within 3 years) and menopausal status to a woman attending the clinic who was not participating in the study and who underwent breast MRI in parallel year. Results: A decrease in the average score for FGT amount from 2.8±0.8 at onset to 2.65±0.842.8 after one year (p = 0.031), with no significant change in BPE (p = 0.429). A group of DIM-untreated age- and menopausal-status-matched clinic patients did not show a significant change in FGT amount (p = 0.33) or BPE (p = 0.814) in a parallel year. Mean estradiol level decreased from 159 to 102 pmol/L (p = 0.01), and mean testosterone level, from 0.42 to 0.31 pmol/L (p = 0.007). Side effects were grade 1. Conclusions: One year’s supplementation with DIM 100 mgX1/d in BRCA carriers was associated with a significant decline in FGT amount on MRI. Larger randomized studies are warranted to corroborate these findings. Clinical trial information: NCT02197000.

scholarly journals The Struggle for Native Language in Ladakh: A History of a Journal

2015 ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Ekaterina L. Komissaruk
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Native Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Considers the problem of the native language of the people of Ladakh, a region of India in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The situation is analysed in relation to the history of the “Ladags Melong” journal (1992-2005) published in English and Ladakhi and the regional educational system.

scholarly journals BANJARESE GREETINGS SYSTEM IN DISTRICT KAPUAS OF CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Indra Perdana ◽  
Achmad HP
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
The People ◽  
Qualitative Data Collection ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Research on the study of the use of greeting in Banjarese which stay in Kapuas District of Central Borneo.This Research focused to describe the greeting word used by the people, particularly the greeting word in Banjarese used by the first generetion in Kapuas. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection by observation with a look at, involved notes. Sources of research data used is the preference of all speech that is displayed by 1) Aged over 30 years, 2) Native language studied. 3) Knowing its own culture, 4) The Banjarese are the first generation derived from Banjarmasin, 5) The Banjarese who had lived in Kapuas. Based on this research shows 1) Greetings kinship to greet our parents (father + mother) → (+ Uma Abah); Greetings kinship parents to greet our father and mother (grandfather + grandmother) → (kai + nini); Greetings kinship to greet parents our grandparents are corrected; Greetings kinship to greet both parents protested was waring; Greetings kinship to say hello (brother + sister) → (kaka + ading). Greetings kinship to say hello if our children have children (grandchildren) → (grandchildren); Greetings kinship to say hello if we have children and grandchildren is a great-grandfather. And 2) The system of daily greeting, to call people who may be called ikam lifetime, lives. I use the word, unda to appoint themselves. As for honor or call older used the word pian, and said ulun to appoint its own self.

scholarly journals Bagaimana Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Bertransformasi Menjadi Inovasi Pelayanan Publik?

PERSPEKTIF ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 616-626
Author(s):  
Fadian Nur Aziz ◽  
Fathum Mubin ◽  
Rizky Juda Putra Hidayat ◽  
Asep Nurjaman ◽  
Achmad Apriyanto Romadhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
City Government ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
The People ◽  
Success Indicators ◽  
The Government ◽  
One Year

This study aims to analyze how ICT can change the mechanism of public service innovation and see the success indicators, with an empirical study on the Among Warga application in Batu City. Basically, ICT is a technology that can help reduce government performance, thus making a demand for the dynamics of public service delivery at the regional level. The method used in this research is a qualitative paragraph with a descriptive model in which the researcher looks for key informants or data sources based on facts in the field, and is supported by literature studies.. Referring to the results of the data that have been processed, the researchers found research results that show that the Among Warga application is an online-based complaint service facility which is shown for the people of Batu City in submitting public complaints such as infrastructure damage, fallen trees and natural disasters. However, the Among Warga application's journey has stopped for only one year since it was created in 2017. Meanwhile, the Batu City government is not ready to take advantage of ICT, this is due to the absence of innovative organizational capacity and transformational leadership. Therefore, in this study the authors would like to provide advice to government organizations in building ICT-based innovation concepts, the government is not a single actor, but requires cooperation with the private sector and participation from the community as an indicator..

scholarly journals In the Foot Step of Consolidating Ummah: Highlights from the 7th Indonesian Muslim Congress

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endi Aulia Garadian
Keyword(s):  
Religious Values ◽  
The People ◽  
One Year

Indonesia might be considered as "fortunate". In fact every five years, and often to concur one year after the election took place, Indonesian Muslims have a routine assembly called the Indonesian Muslim Congress (Kongres Umat Islam Indonesia, KUII). The Congress has reached the seventh (KUII VII) in 2020, and one of the its main goals is to consolidate Indonesian Muslims. On top of that, acting as a facilitator, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) through this congress also aspires that Muslims in Indonesia to become the finest community (khayra ummah), to realize the unity of the people (tawhidul ummah), to achieve empowerment of the people (taqwiyatul ummah), to mainstream wasathiyah al-Islam (center and moderate Islam) as well as Islam rahmatan lil alamin, and to install religious values as a spirit of devotion to the nation and state. All of these goals are covered under the grand theme of the congress entitled "Strategies for the Struggle of Indonesian Muslims to Achieve Advanced, Fair and Civilized of Indonesia".

scholarly journals «GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Usatenko ◽  
Galyna Usatenko ◽  
Myroslava Marushchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.

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